concept-properties.md

Properties

In PHP, class member variables are also called properties. These variables are part of the class definition, and are used to represent the state of a class instance (i.e., to differentiate one instance of the class from another). In practice, you may often want to handle the reading or writing of properties in special ways. For example, you may want to always trim a string when it is being assigned to a label property. You could use the following code to achieve this task:

$object->label = trim($label);

The drawback of the above code is that you would have to call trim() everywhere in your code where you might set the label property. If, in the future, the label property gets a new requirement, such as the first letter must be captialized, you would again have to modify every bit of code that assigns a value to label. The repetition of code leads to bugs, and is a practice you want to avoid as much as possible.

To solve this problem, Yii introduces a base class called [[yii\base\Object]] that supports defining properties based on getter and setter class methods. If a class needs that functionality, it should extend from [[yii\base\Object]], or from a child class.

Info: Nearly every core class in the Yii framework extends from [[yii\base\Object]] or a child class. This means that whenever you see a getter or setter in a core class, you can use it like a property.

A getter method is a method whose name starts with the word get; a setter method starts with set. The name after the get or set prefix defines the name of a property. For example, a getter getLabel() and/or a setter setLabel() defines a property named label, as shown in the following code:

namespace app\components;

use yii\base\Object;

class Foo extend Object
{
    private $_label;

    public function getLabel()
    {
        return $this->_label;
    }

    public function setLabel($value)
    {
        $this->_label = trim($value);
    }
}

(To be clear, the getter and setter methods create the property label, which in this case internally refer to a private attributed named _label.)

Properties defined by getters and setters can be used like class member variables. The main difference is that when such a property is being read, the corresponding getter method will be called; when the property is being assigned a value, the corresponding setter method will be called. For example:

// equivalent to $label = $object->getLabel();
$label = $object->label;

// equivalent to $object->setLabel('abc');
$object->label = 'abc';

A property defined by a getter without a setter is read only. Trying to assign a value to such a property will cause an [[yii\base\InvalidCallException|InvalidCallException]]. Similarly, a property defined by a setter without a getter is write only, and trying to read such a property will also cause an exception. It is not common to have write-only properties.

There are several special rules for, and limitations on, the properties defined via getters and setters:

• The names of such properties are case-insensitive. For example, $object->label and $object->Label are the same. This is because method names in PHP are case-insensitive.
• If the name of such a property is the same as a class member variable, the latter will take precedence. For example, if the above Foo class has a member variable label, then the assignment $object->label = 'abc' will affect the member variable 'label'; that line would not call the setLabel() setter method.
• These properties do not support visibility. It makes no difference for the visibility of a property if the defining getter or setter method is public, protected or private.
• The properties can only be defined by non-static getters and/or setters. Static methods will not be treated in this same manner.

Returning back to the problem described at the beginning of this guide, instead of calling trim() everywhere a label value is assigned, trim() now only needs to be invoked within the setter setLabel(). And if a new requirement comes that requires the label be initially capitalized, the setLabel() method can quickly be modified without touching any other code. The one change will universally affect every assignment to label.