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Cronos | Modules
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Learn about the important modules on Cronos including Bank, Distribution, Governance, Mint, Slashing, Staking and more.
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Learn about the important modules on Cronos including Bank, Distribution, Governance, Mint, Slashing, Staking and more.
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Learn about the important modules on Cronos including Bank, Distribution, Governance, Mint, Slashing, Staking and more.
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Modules

Overview

Cronos utilizes Ethermint and the Tendermint Core consensus engine underneath. Specifically, the Cosmos SDK is a framework that facilitates the development of secure state-machines on top of Tendermint. In particular, we utilize different SDK modules to facilitate the special features of Cronos.

In this documentation, we will be focusing on some of the important modules we used, for example:

  • Bank - Token transfer functionalities and query support for the total supply of all assets;
  • Distribution - Fee distribution, and staking rewards to the validators and delegator;
  • Governance - On-chain proposals and voting;
  • Mint - Creation of new units of staking token;
  • Slashing - Validator punishment mechanisms;
  • Staking - Proof-of-Stake layer for public blockchains;

bank

Introduction

The bank module maintains the state of two primary objects:

  • Account balances by address;
  • Total supply of tokens of the chain

bank module tracks and provides query support for the total supply of all assets used in the application. It also supports token transfer functionalities. Specifically, the total supply is updated whenever a token is:

  • Minted, e.g. Token created by the mint module; or
  • Burned, e.g. Token distorted by the slashing module.

Transactions and Queries

Transactions

tx bank send [from_key_or_address] [to_address] [amount] [network_id] - Send Funds

You can transfer of tokens between to a designated address by the tx bank send command. For example, we can send 1 basetcro from address_a to address_b by

$ cronosd tx bank send <address_a> <address_b> 1basetcro --keyring-backend test --chain-id <chain-id>

## Transaction payload##
{"body":{"messages":[{"@type":"/cosmos.bank.v1beta1.MsgSend","from_address":<address a>,"to_address":<address b>,"amount":[{"denom":"basetcro","amount":"1"}]}],"memo":"","timeout_height":"0","extension_options":[],"non_critical_extension_options":[]},"auth_info":{"signer_infos":[],"fee":{"amount":[],"gas_limit":"200000","payer":"","granter":""}},"signatures":[]}

confirm transaction before signing and broadcasting [y/N]: y

Queries

query bank balances [address] - Check the balance of a specified account

One can check the current balance of a specified account by:

$ cronosd query bank balances <address> --output json | jq
    {
    "balances": [
        {
        "denom": "basetcro",
        "amount": "[token_balance]"
        }
    ],
    "pagination": {
        "next_key": null,
        "total": "0"
    }
    }

query bank total - Check the total supply of the token

You can also check the current total supply of the token by:

$ cronosd query bank total --output json | jq
    {
    "supply": [
        {
        "denom": "basetcro",
        "amount": "[total_supply_amount]"
        }
    ]
    }

Appendix

bank module: Network Parameters and configuration

Key Type Example
SendEnabled []SendEnabled [{denom: "basetcro", enabled: true }]
DefaultSendEnabled bool true

distribution

Introduction

The distribution module is responsible for the distribution of rewards to the validators and delegators.

Overview

Network Parameters

Below are all the network parameters for the distribution module:

  • community_tax - The rate of community tax;
  • base_proposer_reward - Base bonus on transaction fees collected in a valid block;
  • bonus_proposer_reward - Maximum bonus on transaction fees collected in a valid block;
  • withdraw_addr_enabled - Whether delegators can set a different address to withdraw their rewards.

Rewards

There are two main types of rewards

Block reward

Block rewards are distributed proportionally to all validators relative to their voting power. This means that even though each validator gains cro with each reward, all validators will maintain equal weight over time.

For the validator operator, the distribution information is updated if:

  • the amount of delegation to a validator is updated (delegation, unbond, slashing etc.);
  • a validator successfully proposes a block and receives the reward;
  • any delegator withdraws from a validator, or
  • the validator withdraws it's commission.

For delegators, once they have delegated to a validator, they will be entitled to a portion of the total reward obtained by the validators. The reward is proportional to their delegated amount, and the commission charged by the validator operator (if any).

Transaction Fees Bonus

When a validator is selected to propose the next block, they must include at least 66% precommits of the previous block. To incentivise validators to include more than 66% precommits, the module provide a bonus reward (portion of the transaction fee in the block) to the proposer.

This bonus reward is dependent linearly on the precommits from the other validators. Stating from 66% of the precommits, the basic bonus will be base_proposer_reward and increase linearly to bonus_proposer_reward when the validator includes 100% of the precommits.

This mechanism aims to incentivize non-empty block proposals, better networking between validators as well as to mitigate censorship. For further example, kindly refers to this link.

Community tax

The community_tax is the tax rate to the reward obtained by the validator. Specifically, part of the reward will be taxed and send to the community pool. The funds in the community pool can be withdrawn by submitting a community pool spend proposal with the gov module.

Even if the community_tax is set to be zero, the balance of the community pool could be non-zero. For example, the truncated remainder in some accounting edge cases will be sent to the community pool as well. Besides that, users can fund the community pool voluntary, and there could be funds allocated to the community pool in the genesis.

Transactions and Queries

Transactions

tx distribution withdraw-all-rewards - Withdraw all delegations rewards for a delegator

Delegator can withdraw their reward(s) from the validator(s) that they have delegated all at once.

tx distribution withdraw-rewards [validator-addr] - Withdraw rewards from a given validator address

Delegator can withdraw their reward from a specific validator.

:::tip Remark: Validator operation can withdraw the commission in addition to the rewards by adding the commission flag --commission. :::

tx distribution set-withdraw-addr [withdraw-addr] - Change the default withdraw address for rewards associated with an address

Delegator can set a different address to withdraw their rewards.

tx distribution fund-community-pool [amount] - Funds the community pool with the specified amount

Users can make a contribution to the community pool with a specific amount.

Queries

query distribution commission [validator] - Query distribution validator commission

We can check the commission of a specific validator.

query distribution community-pool - Query the amount of coins in the community pool

We can check the balance of the community pool.

query distribution rewards [delegator-addr] [validator-addr] - Query all distribution delegator rewards or rewards from a particular validator

we can check the current rewards for a delegation on a specific validator.

query distribution slashes [validator] [start-height] [end-height] - Query distribution validator slashes

We can check the history of slashing event of a validator.

query distribution validator-outstanding-rewards [validator] - Query distribution outstanding rewards for a validator and all their delegations

We can check distribution outstanding (un-withdrawn) rewards for a validator and all of their delegations.

query distribution params - Query the current distribution parameters

We can query the current distribution parameters by

$ cronosd query distribution params --output json | jq

  {
    "community_tax": "0.000000000000000000",
    "base_proposer_reward": "0.010000000000000000",
    "bonus_proposer_reward": "0.040000000000000000",
    "withdraw_addr_enabled": true
  }

Appendix

distribution module: Network Parameters and configuration

The following tables show overall effects on different configurations of the distribution related network parameters:

community_tax base_proposer_reward bonus_proposer_reward
Type string (dec) string (dec) string (dec)
Higher More reward will goes into the community pool Higher basic transaction fees bonus for the proposer Easier for a proposal to be passed
Lower Less reward will goes into the community pool Lower basic transaction fees bonus for the proposer Harder for a proposal to be passed
Constraints Value has to be less or equal to 1 Value has to be less or equal to 1 Value has to be less or equal to 1
Sample configuration 0 (0%) 0.01 (1%) 0.04 (4%)

gov

Introduction

The gov module enables on-chain governance which allows Cronos token holder to participate in the decision-making processes. For example, users can:

  • Form an idea and seek the feedback;
  • Create the proposal and adjust according to feedback as needed;
  • Submit a proposal along with an initial deposit;
  • Deposit tokens and fund an active proposal;
  • Vote for an active proposal.

The details about the governance proposal process are available on The Proposal Process page.

Overview

Network parameters

Below are all the network parameters for the gov module:

  • deposit_params - Deposit related parameters:
    • min_deposit: Minimum deposit for a proposal to enter voting period; and
    • max_deposit_period: Maximum period for Cro holders to deposit on a proposal.
  • voting_params - Voting related parameters
    • voting_period: The length of the voting period.
  • tally_params - Tally related parameters
    • quorum: The minimum percentage of voting power that needs to be casted on a proposal for the result to be valid;
    • threshold: Minimum proportion of Yes votes (excluding Abstain votes) for the proposal to be accepted; and
    • veto: Minimum proportion of Veto votes to total votes ratio for proposal to be vetoed.

The Governance Procedure

Phase 0 - Submit a proposal along with an initial deposit:

Users can submit a proposal with an initial deposit. The proposal will then become "active" and entre the deposit period.

Phase 1 - Deposit period

During the deposit period, users can deposit and support an active proposal. Once the deposit of the proposal reached min_deposit, it will enter the voting period. Otherwise, if the proposal is not successfully funded within max_deposit_period, It will become inactive and all the deposit will be refunded.

Phase 2 - Voting period

During the voting period, staked (bonded) token will be able to participate in the voting. Users can choose one of the following option: "yes", "no", "no_with_veto" and "abstain"

After the voting_period has passed, there are several scenarios that a proposal will consider to be "Rejected", for example, if

  • No one votes (everyone "abstain");
  • Votes did not reach the quorum;
  • More than veto of voters vote for "no_with_veto";
  • More than threshold that non-abstaining voters vote "no".

Otherwise, the proposal will be accepted and changes will be implemented according to the proposal.

Transactions and Queries

Transactions

tx gov submit-proposal - Submit a proposal along with an initial deposit

  • Submit a parameter change proposal - param-change [proposal-file]

    Users can submit a proposal to modify network parameters during run time, Here is a demon proposal if we would like to change the parameter MaxValidators (maximum number of validator) in the staking module,

    {
  "title": "Staking Param Change",
  "description": "Update max validators",
  "changes": [
    {
      "subspace": "staking",
      "key": "MaxValidators",
      "value": 151
    }
  ]
}

  • Submit a community pool spend proposal - community-pool-spend [proposal-file]

    Users can submit a proposal and request funds from the community pool to support their projects or other usages.

  • Submit a software upgrade proposal- software-upgrade [name] (--upgrade-height [height] | --upgrade-time [time]) (--upgrade-info [info])

    Users can submit an upgrade proposal and suggest a software upgrade at a specific block height.

  • Cancel the current software upgrade proposal - cancel-software-upgrade

    On the other hand, users can submit a proposal to cancel the planned software upgrade.

tx gov deposit [proposal-id] [deposit] - Deposit tokens for an active proposal

Users can submit a deposit transaction to fund and support an active proposal.

tx gov vote [proposal-id] [option] - Vote for an active proposal

Users can vote for an active proposal. Valid value of "option" field can be "yes", "no", "no_with_veto" and "abstain".

Queries

query gov proposals [proposal-id] - Query proposals with optional filters

We can check the proposal with optional filters by:

$ cronosd query gov proposals -o json | jq

In the above example, there is only one proposal with "proposal_id": "1", with the title: "Staking Param Change" that change the MaxValidators parameter of the staking module to 151. We can also see that the status of the proposal is "PROPOSAL_STATUS_PASSED", which means that this proposal has bee passed.

query gov proposal [proposal-id] Query details of a single proposal

Similarly, we can check the details of a proposal with a given "proposal_id".

query gov tally [proposal-id] Get the tally of a proposal vote

We can also the tally of a proposal with a given "proposal_id".

query gov params - Query the current gov parameters

We can query the current gov parameters by

$ cronosd query gov params --output json | jq

  {
    "voting_params": {
      "voting_period": "43200000000000"
    },
    "tally_params": {
      "quorum": "0.334000000000000000",
      "threshold": "0.500000000000000000",
      "veto_threshold": "0.334000000000000000"
    },
    "deposit_params": {
      "min_deposit": [
        {
          "denom": "basetcro",
          "amount": "10000000"
        }
      ],
      "max_deposit_period": "43200000000000"
    }
  }

Appendix

gov module: Network Parameters and configuration

The following tables show overall effects on different configurations of the gov related network parameters:

min_deposit max_deposit_period voting_period
Type array (coins) string (time ns) string (time ns)
Higher Larger window for calculating the downtime Longer deposit period Longer voting period
Lower Smaller window for calculating the downtime Shorter deposit period Shorter voting period
Constraints Value has to be a positive integer Value has to be positive Value has to be positive
Sample configuration 100000 (100000 cro) 1209600000000000 (2 weeks) 1209600000000000 (2 weeks)
quorum threshold veto
Type string (dec) string (dec) string (dec)
Higher Easier for a proposal to be passed Easier for a proposal to be passed Easier for a proposal to be passed
Lower Harder for a proposal to be passed Harder for a proposal to be passed Harder for a proposal to be passed
Constraints Value has to be less or equal to 1 Value has to be less or equal to 1 Value has to be less or equal to 1
Sample configuration 0.15 (15%) 0.5 (50%) 0.33 (33%)

mint

Introduction

The mint module is responsible for creating token in a flexible way to reward the validator who participate in the proof of stake consensus process (see also the distribution module). It is also designed in a way to bring a balance between market liquidity and staked supply.

Overview

Network parameters

Below are all the network parameters for the mint module:

  • "blocks_per_year" - The expected number of blocks being produced per year;
  • "goal_bonded" - Goal of bonded token in percentage;
  • "inflation_max" - Maximum annual inflation rate;
  • "inflation_min" - Minimum annual inflation rate;
  • "inflation_rate_change" - Maximum annual change in inflation rate;
  • "mint_denom" - Token type being minted.

The target annual inflation rate is recalculated for each previsions cycle. The inflation is also subject to a rate change (positive or negative) depending on the distance from the desired ratio ("goal_bonded"). The maximum rate change possible is defined to be "inflation_rate_change" per year, where the annual inflation is capped as between "inflation_min" and "inflation_max".

mint module: Queries

Queries

query mint params - Query the current minting annual provisions value

We can query the current minting annual provisions value, for example:

  $ cronosd query mint annual-provisions
  109573801550200370

implies that the current minting annual provisions will be 109573801550200370 basetcro ( i.e. 1,095,738,015 cro)

query mint inflation - Query the current minting inflation value

We can query the current minting inflation value, for example:

  $ cronosd query mint inflation
  0.013687008526984104

implies that the current minting annual provisions will be 0.013687008526984104( i.e. 1.368%)

query mint annual-provisions - Query the current minting parameters

We can query the current query parameters by

$ cronosd query mint params --output json | jq

  {
    "mint_denom": "basetcro",
    "inflation_rate_change": "0.013000000000000000",
    "inflation_max": "0.020000000000000000",
    "inflation_min": "0.007000000000000000",
    "goal_bonded": "0.670000000000000000",
    "blocks_per_year": "6311520"
  }

Appendix

gov module: Network Parameters and configuration

The following tables show overall effects on different configurations of the mint related network parameters:

blocks_per_year goal_bonded mint_denom
Type array (coins) string (dec) string
Higher More expected blocks per year Higher target bonding ratio N/A
Lower Less expected blocks per year Lower target bonding ratio N/A
Constraints Value has to be a positive integer Value has to be less or equal to 1 N/A
Sample configuration 5256000 (5,256,000 blocks) 0.66 (66%) basetcro
inflation_max inflation_min inflation_rate_change
Type string (dec) string (dec) string (dec) (dec)
Higher Higher ceiling for the inflation rate Higher floor for the inflation rate Higher yearly rate of change to the inflation
Lower Lower ceiling for the inflation rate Lower floor for the inflation rate Lower yearly rate of change to the inflation
Constraints Value has to be less or equal to 1 Value has to be less or equal to 1 Value has to be less or equal to 1
Sample configuration 0.02 (2%) 0.01 (1%) 0.01 (1%)

slashing

Introduction

Validators are responsible for signing or proposing block at each consensus round. A penalty should be imposed on validators' misbehavior to reinforce this.

Specifically, slashing functionality that aims to dis-incentivize network-observable actions, such as faulty validations. The penalties may include losing some amount of their stake, losing their ability to perform the network functionality for a period of time, collect rewards etc.

Overview

Network parameters

Below are all the network parameters used to configure the behavior of validator punishments. Details of all these parameters and their effect on behavior of validator punishments is discussed later in this document.

  • signed_blocks_window: Number of blocks for which the liveness is calculated for uptime tracking;
  • min_signed_per_window: Maximum percentage of blocks with faulty/missed validations allowed for an account in last; signed_blocks_window blocks before it gets deactivated;
  • downtime_jail_duration: Duration for jailing;
  • slash_fraction_double_sign: Percentage of funds being slashed when validator makes a byzantine fault; and
  • slash_fraction_downtime: Percentage of funds being slashed when a validator is non-live.

Slashing mechanism

Punishments for a validator are triggered when they either make a byzantine fault or become non-live:

  • Liveness Faults (Low availability)

    A validator is said to be non-live when they fail to sign at least min_signed_per_window blocks (in percentage) in the last signed_blocks_window blocks successfully. signed_blocks_window and min_signed_per_window are network parameters and can be configured during genesis and can be updated during runtime by the governance module.

:::tip Example: For example, if block_signing_window is 2000 blocks and min_signed_per_window is 0.5, a validator will be marked as non-live and jailed if they fail to successfully sign at least 2000*0.5=1000 blocks in last 2000 blocks. :::

  • Byzantine Faults

    A validator is said to make a byzantine fault when they sign conflicting messages/blocks at the same height and round. Tendermint has mechanisms to publish evidence of validators that signed conflicting votes so they can be punished by the slashing module. For example:

    • Validator who votes for two different blocks within a single round ("Equivocation validator"/ "Double signing");
    • Validator who signs commit messages for arbitrary application state ( "Lunatic validator").

Remark: The evidence of a set of validators attempting to mislead a light client can also be detected and captured. However, even the Amnesia attack can be detected, punishment can not be applied at this stage, as we can not deduce the malicious validators.

:::tip Implementation note: Tendermint passes Evidence of a byzantine validator in BeginBlock request. Before jailing any account due to byzantine fault, that evidence should be verified. Also, it should be checked that evidence provided by tendermint is not older than max_age in tendermint. :::

Inactivity Slashing

It is important that the validators maintain excellent availability and network connectivity to perform their tasks. A penalty should be imposed on validators' misbehavior to reinforce this.

When a validator fails to successfully sign missed_block_threshold blocks in last block_signing_window blocks, it is immediately jailed and punished by deducting funds from their bonded and unbonded amount and removing them from active validator set. The funds to be deducted are calculated based on slash_fraction_downtime. Kindly refer to this link on the logic of the liveness tracking.

Jailing

A validator is jailed when they make liveness or Byzantine fault, when a validator is jailed, it will no longer be considered as an active validator until they are un-jailed. Futhermore, it cannot be un-jailed before downtime_jail_duration. This downtime_jail_duration is a network parameter which can be configured during genesis.

:::warning Important: When a validator is jailed because of a byzantine fault, their validator public key is added to a list of permanently banned validators and cannot re-join the network as a validator with the same public key, see staking tombstone :::

Un-jailing

When a jailed validator wishes to resume normal operations (after downtime_jail_duration has passed), they can create anunjail transaction which marks them as un-jailed. Validator will then rejoin the validator set once it has bee successful un-jailed.

Slashing for Byzantine Fault

When there is byzantine fault detected, they are immediately slashed other than jailed. The funds to be deducted are calculated based on slash_fraction_double_sign. Furthermore, validator who commit this double-signing fault will also be put into the "tombstone state", which means it will be blacklisted and jailed forever.

Transactions and Queries

Transactions

tx slashing unjail - Unjailing a validator

Validator could be punished and jailed due to network misbehaviour, for example if we check the validator set:

$ cronosd query staking validators -o json | jq
................................
    "operator_address": "ethvaloper1zwm45n5r3u3xcpsd00d3arwzhz7250rtsadv65",
    "consensus_pubkey": {
        "@type": "/cosmos.crypto.ed25519.PubKey",
        "key": "fD6cWVYv5rsNbXDw3hVIbB3nd9x57HsTyeMgwmH472U="
    },
    "jailed": false,
    "status": "BOND_STATUS_BONDED",
................................

After the jailing period has passed, one can broadcast a unjail transaction to unjail the validator and resume its normal operations by

$ cronosd tx slashing unjail --from node1 --chain-id cronostestnet_338-1
  {"body":{"messages":[{"@type":"/cosmos.slashing.v1beta1.MsgUnjail"...}]}
  confirm transaction before signing and broadcasting [y/N]: y

Queries

query slashing params - Query the current slashing parameters

We can query the current slashing parameters by

$ cronosd query slashing params --output json | jq

  {
    "signed_blocks_window": "2000",
    "min_signed_per_window": "0.500000000000000000",
    "downtime_jail_duration": "3600s",
    "slash_fraction_double_sign": "0.050000000000000000",
    "slash_fraction_downtime": "0.001000000000000000"
  }

Appendix

slashing module: Network Parameters and configuration

The following tables show overall effects on different configurations of the slashing related network parameters:

signed_blocks_window min_signed_per_window downtime_jail_duration
Type string (int64) string (dec) string (int64)
Higher Larger window for calculating the downtime Higher availability is required Longer jailing duration
Lower Smaller window for calculating the downtime Lower availability is required Longer jailing duration
Constraints Value has to be a positive integer Value has to be positive Value has to be a positive integer
Sample configuration 2000 (2000 blocks) 0.5 (50%) 3600s (1 hour)
slash_fraction_double_sign slash_fraction_downtime
Type string (dec) string (dec)
Higher Heavier penalty on byzantine faults Heavier penalty on liveness faults
Lower Lighter penalty on byzantine faults Lighter penalty on liveness faults
Constraints Value has to be less or equal to 1 Value has to be less or equal to 1
Sample configuration 0.001 (0.1%) 0.05 (5%)

staking

Introduction

The staking module handles Proof-of-Stake related logics, which plays a very import part to the underneath consensus protocol.

Overview

Cronos is based on Tendermint Core's consensus engine, it relies on a set of validators to participate in the proof of stake (PoS) consensus protocol, and they are responsible for committing new blocks in the blockchain.

  • unbonding_time: The time duration of unbonding;
  • max_validators: The maximum number of validator;
  • max_entries: The max entries for either unbonding delegation or redelegation;
  • historical_entries: The number of historical entries to persist; and
  • bond_denom: Coin denomination for staking.

Validator

Validators are responsible for signing or proposing block at each consensus round. It is important that the validators maintain excellent availability and network connectivity to perform their tasks. To incentivise the validator nodes to run the network, rewards are distributed to the validators according to their performance and amount of staked token (see distribution and mint). On the other hand, a penalty should be imposed on validators' misbehavior (see slashing).

Delegator

The staking module enables CRO owners to delegate their tokens to active validators and share part of the reward obtained by the validator during the proof of stake protocol(see distribution module). Specifically, It allows token owners to take part in the consensus process without running a validator themselves.

It is important to point out that the delegator and the validator are on the same boat: They share the reward and the risk. In particular, part of their delegated token could be slashed due to validator's misbehaviour (see slashing). Therefore, It is very important to choose a reliable validator to delegate. Kindly refer to this link for detailed specification and state transitions of delegation.

Transactions and Queries

Transactions

tx staking create-validator - Create new validator initialized with a self-delegation

First of all, we can create a validator with the create-validator transaction, for example:

$ cronosd tx staking create-validator \
--from=[name_of_your_key] \
--amount=[staking_amount] \
--pubkey='{"@type":...,"key":...}'  \
--moniker="[moniker_id_of_your_node]" \
--security-contact="[security contact email/contact method]" \
--chain-id="[chain-id]" \
--commission-rate="[commission_rate]" \
--commission-max-rate="[maximum_commission_rate]" \
--commission-max-change-rate="[maximum_rate_of_change_of_commission]" \
--min-self-delegation="[min_self_delegation_amount]"

## Transactions payload##
{"body":{"messages":[{"@type":"/cosmos.staking.v1beta1.MsgCreateValidator"...}
confirm transaction before signing and broadcasting [y/N]: y

tx staking delegate [validator-addr] [amount] - Delegate liquid tokens to a validator

As discussed in the delegator section, one can delegate their tokens to an active validators by:

$ cronosd tx staking delegate [validator-addr] [amount]

## Transactions payload##
{"body":{"messages":[{"@type":"/cosmos.staking.v1beta1.MsgDelegate"...}

tx staking unbond [validator-addr] [amount] - Unbond shares from a validator

Delegator can unbond their staked tokens by

$ cronosd tx staking unbond [validator-addr] [amount]

## Transactions payload##
{"body":{"messages":[{"@type":"/cosmos.staking.v1beta1.MsgUndelegate"...}

Remark: Note that funds will only be available after the unbonding_time has passed.

tx staking redelegate [src-validator-addr] [dst-validator-addr] [amount] - Redelegate illiquid tokens from one validator to another

We can also move our staked tokens from one validator to another by:

$ cronosd tx staking redelegate [src-validator-addr] [dst-validator-addr] [amount]

## Transactions payload##
{"body":{"messages":[{"@type":"/cosmos.staking.v1beta1.MsgBeginRedelegate"...}

Queries

We will be covering most of the commonly used queries here. Meanwhile, you can use

cronosd query staking -h

to check all the supported sub-commands.

query staking delegation [delegator-addr] [validator-addr] - Query a delegation based on address and validator address

With a given delegator address and the validator account that it is associated with, we can check the by:

$ cronosd query cronosd query staking delegation [delegator-addr] [validator-addr] --output json | jq

  {
    "delegation": {
      "delegator_address": "[delegator-addr]",
      "validator_address": "[validator-addr]",
      "shares": "[delegator_shares]"
    },
    "balance": {
      "denom": "basetcro",
      "amount": "[delegator_balance]"
    }
  }

query staking delegations-to [validator-addr] - Query all delegations made to one validator

We can check all the delegations made to a specific validator:

$ cronosd query staking delegations-to [validator-addr] --output json  | jq

  {
    "delegation_responses": [
      {
        "delegation": {
          "delegator_address": "[delegator-addr-1]",
          "validator_address": "[validator-addr]",
          "shares": "[delegator_shares]"
        },
        "balance": {
          "denom": "basetcro",
          "amount": "[delegator_balance_1]"
        }
      },
      {
        "delegation": {
          "delegator_address": "[delegator-addr-2]",
          "validator_address": "[validator-addr]",
          "shares": "[delegator_shares-2]"
        },
        "balance": {
          "denom": "basetcro",
          "amount": "[delegator_balance_2]"
        }
      }
    .......
    ],
    "pagination": {
      "next_key": null,
      "total": "0"
    }
  }

query staking pool - Query the current staking pool values

We can check the amount of bonded and unbonded amount in the staking pool:

$ cronosd query staking pool --output json | jq

  {
    "not_bonded_tokens": "[not_bonded_amount]",
    "bonded_tokens": "[bonded_amount]",
  }

query staking unbonding-delegation [delegator-addr] [validator-addr] - Query an unbonding-delegation record based on delegator and validator address

$ cronosd query staking unbonding-delegation [delegator-addr] [validator-addr] --output json | jq

  {
    "delegator_address": "[delegator-addr]",
    "validator_address": "[validator-addr]",
    "entries": [
      {
        "creation_height": "[height_of_unbonding]",
        "completion_time": "[completion_time]",
        "initial_balance": "[unbonding_initial_balance]",
        "balance": "[unbonding_balance]"
      }
    ]
  }

query staking validator [validator-addr] - Query a specific validator

We can query the details of a specific validator with its validator address (ethvaloper...) by:

$ cronosd query staking validator [validator-addr] --output json | jq

  {
    "operator_address": "[validator_address (ethvaloper...)]",
    // address of the validator's operator
    "consensus_pubkey": "[consensus_pubkey '{"@type":...,"key":...}']",
    // the consensus public key of the validator
    "jailed": "[jailed_or_not]",
    // if it has been jailed from bonded status?
    "status": "[validator_statuses]",
    // validator status (bonded/unbonding/unbonded)
    "tokens": "[total_tokens]",
    // total delegated tokens
    "delegator_shares": "[delegator_shares]",
    // total shares issued to a validator's delegators
    "description": {
      "moniker": "[validator_moniker_id]",
      "identity": "",
      "website": "",
      "security_contact": "[security_contact]",
      "details": ""
    },
    // description terms for the validator
    "unbonding_height": "[unbonding_height]",
    "unbonding_time": "[unbonding_time]",
    "commission": {
      "commission_rates": {
        "rate": "[commission_rates]",
        // the commission rate charged to delegators
        "max_rate": "[maximum_commission_rates]",
        // maximum commission rate which validator can ever charge
        "max_change_rate": "[maximum_rate_of_change_of_commission]"
        // maximum daily increase of the validator commission
      },
      "update_time": "[last_update_time]"
      // the last time the commission rate was changed
    },
    "min_self_delegation": "[min_self_delegation_amount]"
    // validator's self declared minimum self delegation
  }

query staking validators - Query all validators

A full list of validators and their details can be found by this query.

query staking params - Query the current staking parameters

Finally, we can query the current staking parameters by

$ cronosd query staking params --output json | jq

  {
    "unbonding_time": "1814400s",
    "max_validators": 100,
    "max_entries": 7,
    "historical_entries": 100,
    "bond_denom": "basetcro"
  }

Appendix

staking module: Network Parameters Configuration

The following tables show overall effects on different configurations of the staking related network parameters:

bond_denom historical_entries max_entries
Type string uint16 uint16
Higher N/A More historical entries to persist More entries for either unbonding delegation or redelegation
Lower N/A Less historical entries to persist Fewer entries for either unbonding delegation or redelegation
Constraints N/A Value has to be positive Value has to be a positive
Sample configuration basetcro 100 (50%) 7
max_validators unbonding_time
Type uint16 string
Higher More active validators Longer waiting period for unbonding
Lower Fewer active validators Shorter waiting period for unbonding
Constraints Value has to be less or equal to 1 Positive value in seconds
Sample configuration 100 (maximum 100 active validator) "1814400s" (3 weeks)