From 09525a8325696e401025b97aac9f3f24e9317816 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Marek Zaremba-Pike Date: Sat, 21 Sep 2024 01:09:00 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] Added citation extraction --- citation_analysis_results.json | 31526 ++++++++++++++++ llm-debate/extract_citations.py | 284 + .../citation_analysis_results.json | 286 + poetry.lock | 971 +- pyproject.toml | 1 + 5 files changed, 33067 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) create mode 100644 citation_analysis_results.json create mode 100644 llm-debate/extract_citations.py create mode 100644 llm-debate/response_copy/citation_analysis_results.json diff --git a/citation_analysis_results.json b/citation_analysis_results.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ad78c49 --- /dev/null +++ b/citation_analysis_results.json @@ -0,0 +1,31526 @@ +[ + { + "filename": "islam_encourages_violence_towards_women_20240911_064304.json", + "model": "gpt-3.5-turbo", + "topic": "Islam encourages violence towards women", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Georgetown Institute for Women", + "Islamic", + "Muslim", + "Islam", + "Muslims", + "Journal of International Women's Studies" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Women in Islamic Law: Examining Five Prevalent Myths", + "Patriarchy and Violence Against Women in the Name of Islam", + "Quran 4:34" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Verses that have been interpreted to suggest that men have authority over women and are allowed to discipline them if they disobey." + }, + { + "source": "Women in Islamic Law: Examining Five Prevalent Myths", + "quote": "Islamic legal systems in many countries have been shown to discriminate against women, with laws that make it difficult for women to seek justice or protection from violence. In some cases, women who report violence or abuse are even punished themselves under laws that prioritize men's rights over women's well-being." + }, + { + "source": "Patriarchy and Violence Against Women in the Name of Islam", + "quote": "Cultural practices that are justified or perpetuated by religious beliefs can also contribute to violence against women. For example, honor killings and female genital mutilation are practices that are still prevalent in some Muslim-majority countries, and are often justified using religious arguments." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect references to Multiple Islamic texts", + "quote": "There are teachings within Islamic texts and interpretations that promote and justify violence against women, including teachings on modesty and obedience." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect references to Cultural practices justified by religion", + "quote": "Islamic teachings and cultural practices, such as honor killings and female genital mutilation, that lead to violence against women." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Bukhari", + "The Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The best of you are those who are best to their wives.", + "O you who have believed, it is not lawful for you to inherit women by compulsion.", + "Quran 4:19", + "Hadith - Sahih Bukhari" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "O you who have believed, it is not lawful for you to inherit women by compulsion." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith - Sahih Bukhari, Book 18, Hadith 19", + "quote": "The best of you are those who are best to their wives." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Journal of Transcultural Nursing", + "L.W. Stewart", + "Islamic", + "Muslim", + "Islam", + "Quranic" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah An-Nisa" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Men are in charge of women by [right of] what Allah has given one over the other and what they spend [for maintenance] from their wealth. So righteous women are devoutly obedient, guarding in [the husband's] absence what Allah would have them guard. But those [wives] from whom you fear arrogance - [first] advise them; [then if they persist], forsake them in bed; and [finally], strike them. But if they obey you [once more], seek no means against them. Indeed, Allah is ever Exalted and Grand.", + "Honor-Based Violence Against Women: A Nurse's Role in Protection, Support, and Care", + "Quran 4:34" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the principle of respect and equal treatment for women stated in the verse." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Men are in charge of women by [right of] what Allah has given one over the other and what they spend [for maintenance] from their wealth. So righteous women are devoutly obedient, guarding in [the husband's] absence what Allah would have them guard. But those [wives] from whom you fear arrogance - [first] advise them; [then if they persist], forsake them in bed; and [finally], strike them. But if they obey you [once more], seek no means against them. Indeed, Allah is ever Exalted and Grand." + }, + { + "source": "Honor-Based Violence Against Women: A Nurse's Role in Protection, Support, and Care, L.W. Stewart, Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 2016", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the existence of honor killings and female genital mutilation in some Muslim-majority countries, often justified using religious arguments." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "person": [ + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Surah An-Nisa", + "Muhammad M. Pickthall", + "Fatima Mernissi" + ], + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Understanding the Quran: Themes and Styles", + "Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Muslim Society" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "The interpretation of Surah An-Nisa (4:34) regarding men having authority over women, which stresses the responsibilities of both men and women in a marital context and emphasizes mutual respect and cooperation. It also mentions that in cases of persistent disobedience by the wife, a temporary separation may be considered as a last resort." + }, + { + "source": "Understanding the Quran: Themes and Styles, Muhammad M. Pickthall", + "quote": "Interpretations of Quran 4:34, emphasizing mutual respect, communication, and patience in resolving conflicts within a marriage." + }, + { + "source": "Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Muslim Society, Fatima Mernissi, 1975", + "quote": "The discussion on the difference between cultural practices in some Muslim-majority countries (like honor killings and female genital mutilation) and Islamic teachings, which stress respect, equality, and compassion. These harmful cultural practices have no basis in Islam and are contrary to its teachings." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Journal of Transcultural Nursing", + "Georgetown Institute for Women", + "L.W. 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Indeed, Allah is ever Exalted and Grand." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Verses that have been interpreted to suggest that men have authority over women and are allowed to discipline them if they disobey." + }, + { + "source": "Women in Islamic Law: Examining Five Prevalent Myths", + "quote": "Islamic legal systems in many countries have been shown to discriminate against women, with laws that make it difficult for women to seek justice or protection from violence. In some cases, women who report violence or abuse are even punished themselves under laws that prioritize men's rights over women's well-being." + }, + { + "source": "Patriarchy and Violence Against Women in the Name of Islam", + "quote": "Cultural practices that are justified or perpetuated by religious beliefs can also contribute to violence against women. For example, honor killings and female genital mutilation are practices that are still prevalent in some Muslim-majority countries, and are often justified using religious arguments." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect references to Multiple Islamic texts", + "quote": "There are teachings within Islamic texts and interpretations that promote and justify violence against women, including teachings on modesty and obedience." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect references to Cultural practices justified by religion", + "quote": "Islamic teachings and cultural practices, such as honor killings and female genital mutilation, that lead to violence against women." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the principle of respect and equal treatment for women stated in the verse." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Men are in charge of women by [right of] what Allah has given one over the other and what they spend [for maintenance] from their wealth. So righteous women are devoutly obedient, guarding in [the husband's] absence what Allah would have them guard. But those [wives] from whom you fear arrogance - [first] advise them; [then if they persist], forsake them in bed; and [finally], strike them. But if they obey you [once more], seek no means against them. Indeed, Allah is ever Exalted and Grand." + }, + { + "source": "Honor-Based Violence Against Women: A Nurse's Role in Protection, Support, and Care, L.W. Stewart, Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 2016", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the existence of honor killings and female genital mutilation in some Muslim-majority countries, often justified using religious arguments." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Muslim", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Bukhari", + "Surah An-Nisa", + "Muhammad M. 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It also mentions that in cases of persistent disobedience by the wife, a temporary separation may be considered as a last resort." + }, + { + "source": "Understanding the Quran: Themes and Styles, Muhammad M. Pickthall", + "quote": "Interpretations of Quran 4:34, emphasizing mutual respect, communication, and patience in resolving conflicts within a marriage." + }, + { + "source": "Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Muslim Society, Fatima Mernissi, 1975", + "quote": "The discussion on the difference between cultural practices in some Muslim-majority countries (like honor killings and female genital mutilation) and Islamic teachings, which stress respect, equality, and compassion. These harmful cultural practices have no basis in Islam and are contrary to its teachings." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_homosexuality_20240913_183715.json", + "model": "llama3", + "topic": "Islam permits homosexuality", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": {}, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": {}, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": {}, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": {}, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": {}, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": {}, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": {}, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": {}, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_peace_20240911_065730.json", + "model": "gpt-3.5-turbo", + "topic": "Islam promotes peace", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Arabic", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam", + "Salaam,", + "O you who have believed, enter into Islam completely [and perfectly] and do not follow the footsteps of Satan. Indeed, he is to you a clear enemy." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:208", + "quote": "O you who have believed, enter into Islam completely [and perfectly] and do not follow the footsteps of Satan. Indeed, he is to you a clear enemy." + }, + { + "source": "Farewell Sermon of Prophet Muhammad", + "quote": "His farewell sermon, delivered during his final pilgrimage, reiterated the principles of equality, compassion, and peaceful coexistence among diverse communities." + }, + { + "source": "Historic examples of interfaith harmony in Islamic civilizations", + "quote": "Islamic history is replete with instances of peaceful coexistence and interfaith harmony. During the golden age of Islam, Muslim scholars and scientists made significant contributions to fields such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy, while living in harmony with people of different faiths." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "ISIS", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Muslims", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah Al-Baqarah 2:191", + "Al-Fitnah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And kill them wherever you find them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out. And Al-Fitnah is worse than killing. And fight not with them at Al-Masjid-al-Haram until they fight with you there. But if they attack you, then kill them. Such is the recompense of the disbelievers." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:191", + "quote": "And kill them wherever you find them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out. And Al-Fitnah is worse than killing. And fight not with them at Al-Masjid-al-Haram until they fight with you there. But if they attack you, then kill them. Such is the recompense of the disbelievers." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to historical events", + "quote": "The spread of Islam through conquests and wars" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to extremist groups", + "quote": "Acts of terror committed by ISIS and Al-Qaeda in the name of Islam" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "ISIS", + "Jews", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Christians", + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah Al-Baqarah 2:191" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:191", + "quote": "The verse refers to self-defense in the face of persecution and aggression. It does not promote indiscriminate violence but rather addresses the necessity of protecting oneself and one's community from harm." + }, + { + "source": "Historical example - Ottoman Empire", + "quote": "During the Ottoman Empire, Jews, Christians, and Muslims lived together in relative peace and prosperity." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "ISIS", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah Al-Baqarah 2:191" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Surah Al-Baqarah 2:191" + }, + { + "source": "Unnamed source", + "quote": "Potential for misinterpretation of Quranic verses" + }, + { + "source": "Unnamed source", + "quote": "Actions of extremist groups like ISIS and Al-Qaeda using Islam to justify violence" + }, + { + "source": "Unnamed source", + "quote": "Historical instances of conflict and violence in the name of Islam" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Arabic" + ], + "person": [ + "Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Salaam" + ], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Islam", + "ISIS", + "Al-Qaeda" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "ISIS", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Christians", + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Arabic" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Baqarah 2:191" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "O you who have believed, enter into Islam completely [and perfectly] and do not follow the footsteps of Satan. Indeed, he is to you a clear enemy.", + "Islam", + "Salaam", + "Salaam," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:208", + "quote": "O you who have believed, enter into Islam completely [and perfectly] and do not follow the footsteps of Satan. Indeed, he is to you a clear enemy." + }, + { + "source": "Farewell Sermon of Prophet Muhammad", + "quote": "His farewell sermon, delivered during his final pilgrimage, reiterated the principles of equality, compassion, and peaceful coexistence among diverse communities." + }, + { + "source": "Historic examples of interfaith harmony in Islamic civilizations", + "quote": "Islamic history is replete with instances of peaceful coexistence and interfaith harmony. During the golden age of Islam, Muslim scholars and scientists made significant contributions to fields such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy, while living in harmony with people of different faiths." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:191", + "quote": "The verse refers to self-defense in the face of persecution and aggression. It does not promote indiscriminate violence but rather addresses the necessity of protecting oneself and one's community from harm." + }, + { + "source": "Historical example - Ottoman Empire", + "quote": "During the Ottoman Empire, Jews, Christians, and Muslims lived together in relative peace and prosperity." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "ISIS", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah Al-Baqarah 2:191", + "Al-Fitnah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And kill them wherever you find them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out. And Al-Fitnah is worse than killing. And fight not with them at Al-Masjid-al-Haram until they fight with you there. But if they attack you, then kill them. Such is the recompense of the disbelievers." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:191", + "quote": "And kill them wherever you find them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out. And Al-Fitnah is worse than killing. And fight not with them at Al-Masjid-al-Haram until they fight with you there. But if they attack you, then kill them. Such is the recompense of the disbelievers." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to historical events", + "quote": "The spread of Islam through conquests and wars" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to extremist groups", + "quote": "Acts of terror committed by ISIS and Al-Qaeda in the name of Islam" + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Surah Al-Baqarah 2:191" + }, + { + "source": "Unnamed source", + "quote": "Potential for misinterpretation of Quranic verses" + }, + { + "source": "Unnamed source", + "quote": "Actions of extremist groups like ISIS and Al-Qaeda using Islam to justify violence" + }, + { + "source": "Unnamed source", + "quote": "Historical instances of conflict and violence in the name of Islam" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_homosexuality_20240911_073557.json", + "model": "claude-3-sonnet-20240229", + "topic": "Islam permits homosexuality", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christianity", + "the Duke Islamic Studies Center", + "the Institute for the Study of Islam", + "Transgender Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "LGBTQ Muslims", + "The Al-Fatiha Foundation" + ], + "person": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Omid Safi", + "Khalid Duran", + "Scott Siraj", + "al-Haqq Kugle" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The Quran does not directly condemn homosexuality as a sexual orientation, only the depraved actions of a certain group of people in a certain place and time.", + "There is no mention of homosexuality in the Quran. The verses referring to the people of Lut are condemning rape, coercion, and inhospitality, not consensual same-sex relationships.", + "Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims.", + "The Islamic tradition does not condemn homosexuality as such, but only a particular kind of homosexual behavior - namely, the licentious and promiscuous kind, as was practiced by the people of Lut.", + "Islam does not condemn or prohibit homosexuality. The Qur'an and Hadith only condemn lust and oppressive behavior, not homosexuality itself." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Dr. Khalid Duran, Director of the Institute for the Study of Islam and Christianity", + "quote": "The Quran does not directly condemn homosexuality as a sexual orientation, only the depraved actions of a certain group of people in a certain place and time." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle, author of 'Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims.'", + "quote": "There is no mention of homosexuality in the Quran. The verses referring to the people of Lut are condemning rape, coercion, and inhospitality, not consensual same-sex relationships." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Omid Safi, Director of the Duke Islamic Studies Center", + "quote": "The Islamic tradition does not condemn homosexuality as such, but only a particular kind of homosexual behavior - namely, the licentious and promiscuous kind, as was practiced by the people of Lut." + }, + { + "source": "The Al-Fatiha Foundation", + "quote": "Islam does not condemn or prohibit homosexuality. The Qur'an and Hadith only condemn lust and oppressive behavior, not homosexuality itself." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Tirmidhi", + "the Shariah (Islamic law", + "Al-Azhar University" + ], + "person": [ + "Ibn Kathir", + "Prophet", + "Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Sunnah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam permits homosexuality", + "fahisha", + "And [We had sent] Lot when he said to his people, 'Do you commit immorality while you are seeing? Show you desire towards men instead of women? Rather, you are a people acting ignorantly.", + "Whoever you find committing the act of the people of Lut, kill them, both the one who does it and the one to whom it is done.", + "The rulings of the Shariah (Islamic law) apply to homosexuality, which is one of the greatest of sins and immoral actions." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7:80-81", + "quote": "And [We had sent] Lot when he said to his people, 'Do you commit immorality while you are seeing? Show you desire towards men instead of women? Rather, you are a people acting ignorantly.'" + }, + { + "source": "Tirmidhi, Abu Dawood", + "quote": "Whoever you find committing the act of the people of Lut, kill them, both the one who does it and the one to whom it is done." + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "The rulings of the Shariah (Islamic law) apply to homosexuality, which is one of the greatest of sins and immoral actions." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Azhar University", + "quote": "While some try to argue for a different interpretation, mainstream Islamic institutions, including Al-Azhar University, have repeatedly affirmed that homosexual acts are impermissible based on the clear injunctions in the Quran and Sunnah." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "the Muslim Alliance for Sexual and Gender Diversity", + "Sufi", + "The Al-Fatiha Foundation" + ], + "person": [ + "Omid Safi", + "Shams al-Din", + "Scott Siraj", + "al-Haqq Kugle", + "Rumi" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "There is no mention of homosexuality in the Quran. The verses referring to the people of Lut are condemning rape, coercion, and inhospitality, not consensual same-sex relationships.", + "The Islamic tradition does not condemn homosexuality as such, but only a particular kind of homosexual behavior - namely, the licentious and promiscuous kind, as was practiced by the people of Lut.", + "Islam does not condemn or prohibit homosexuality. The Qur'an and Hadith only condemn lust and oppressive behavior, not homosexuality itself." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Dr. Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle", + "quote": "There is no mention of homosexuality in the Quran. The verses referring to the people of Lut are condemning rape, coercion, and inhospitality, not consensual same-sex relationships." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Omid Safi", + "quote": "The Islamic tradition does not condemn homosexuality as such, but only a particular kind of homosexual behavior - namely, the licentious and promiscuous kind, as was practiced by the people of Lut." + }, + { + "source": "The Al-Fatiha Foundation", + "quote": "Islam does not condemn or prohibit homosexuality. The Qur'an and Hadith only condemn lust and oppressive behavior, not homosexuality itself." + }, + { + "source": "Rumi", + "quote": "Indirect reference to Rumi's writings about his love for his spiritual companion, Shams al-Din." + }, + { + "source": "Muslim Alliance for Sexual and Gender Diversity (MASGD)", + "quote": "Indirect reference to MASGD's position advocating for a more inclusive and compassionate understanding of LGBTQ identities within an Islamic framework, emphasizing principles of mercy, compassion, and respect for human dignity." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "the Islamic Fiqh Council of North America", + "Allah", + "the International Islamic Fiqh Academy", + "Quranic", + "Sunni Islam", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Al-Azhar University" + ], + "person": [ + "Jonathan Brown", + "His Messenger", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Sunnah", + "Misquoting Muhammad", + "Fath al-Bari", + "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Allah condemned the people of Lut for going against the innate nature by leaving the pure natural way of desire for women, which Allah created for them, and committing the immoral action of homosexuality.", + "This hadith provides a clear argument against those who approve of homosexuality.", + "The sources celebrating same-sex love in the Islamic tradition are few and far between, and almost always coded in metaphor or allegory." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Tafsir Ibn Kathir, 7:80", + "quote": "Allah condemned the people of Lut for going against the innate nature by leaving the pure natural way of desire for women, which Allah created for them, and committing the immoral action of homosexuality." + }, + { + "source": "Fath al-Bari", + "quote": "This hadith provides a clear argument against those who approve of homosexuality." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Azhar University", + "quote": "The university's repeated affirmations of the position that homosexual acts are impermissible, based on Quranic verses and hadith." + }, + { + "source": "Misquoting Muhammad, p. 236", + "quote": "The sources celebrating same-sex love in the Islamic tradition are few and far between, and almost always coded in metaphor or allegory." + }, + { + "source": "The International Islamic Fiqh Academy and the Islamic Fiqh Council of North America", + "quote": "Their consistent rulings that homosexual acts are impermissible based on the clear injunctions in the Quran and Sunnah." + }, + { + "source": "Quran and Sunnah", + "quote": "The scriptural sources' clear injunctions against homosexual acts." + }, + { + "source": "MASGD (Muslim Alliance for Sexual and Gender Diversity)", + "quote": "Their representation of a minority view within the Islamic community." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "LGBTQ Muslims", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Al-Azhar University", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "His Messenger Muhammad", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Sunnah", + "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam permits homosexuality", + "Islam permits homosexuality" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "The story of the people of Lut, which condemns the act of homosexuality itself as an immoral transgression against natural laws" + }, + { + "source": "Sunnah", + "quote": "Authentic hadiths from the Prophet Muhammad that explicitly prohibit and denounce homosexual behavior in the strongest terms" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "Affirmed that homosexuality is impermissible in Islam based on clear scriptural injunctions" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "quote": "Affirmed that homosexuality is impermissible in Islam based on clear scriptural injunctions" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Azhar University", + "quote": "Affirmed that homosexuality is impermissible in Islam based on clear scriptural injunctions" + }, + { + "source": "Major Islamic fiqh councils", + "quote": "Affirmed that homosexuality is impermissible in Islam based on clear scriptural injunctions" + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christianity", + "Sufi", + "the Duke Islamic Studies Center", + "the Institute for the Study of Islam", + "Transgender Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "LGBTQ Muslims", + "the Muslim Alliance for Sexual and Gender Diversity", + "The Al-Fatiha Foundation" + ], + "person": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Omid Safi", + "Islam", + "Khalid Duran", + "Shams al-Din", + "Scott Siraj", + "al-Haqq Kugle", + "Rumi" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "There is no mention of homosexuality in the Quran. The verses referring to the people of Lut are condemning rape, coercion, and inhospitality, not consensual same-sex relationships.", + "The Quran does not directly condemn homosexuality as a sexual orientation, only the depraved actions of a certain group of people in a certain place and time.", + "Islam does not condemn or prohibit homosexuality. The Qur'an and Hadith only condemn lust and oppressive behavior, not homosexuality itself.", + "Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims.", + "The Islamic tradition does not condemn homosexuality as such, but only a particular kind of homosexual behavior - namely, the licentious and promiscuous kind, as was practiced by the people of Lut." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Dr. Khalid Duran, Director of the Institute for the Study of Islam and Christianity", + "quote": "The Quran does not directly condemn homosexuality as a sexual orientation, only the depraved actions of a certain group of people in a certain place and time." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle, author of 'Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims.'", + "quote": "There is no mention of homosexuality in the Quran. The verses referring to the people of Lut are condemning rape, coercion, and inhospitality, not consensual same-sex relationships." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Omid Safi, Director of the Duke Islamic Studies Center", + "quote": "The Islamic tradition does not condemn homosexuality as such, but only a particular kind of homosexual behavior - namely, the licentious and promiscuous kind, as was practiced by the people of Lut." + }, + { + "source": "The Al-Fatiha Foundation", + "quote": "Islam does not condemn or prohibit homosexuality. The Qur'an and Hadith only condemn lust and oppressive behavior, not homosexuality itself." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle", + "quote": "There is no mention of homosexuality in the Quran. The verses referring to the people of Lut are condemning rape, coercion, and inhospitality, not consensual same-sex relationships." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Omid Safi", + "quote": "The Islamic tradition does not condemn homosexuality as such, but only a particular kind of homosexual behavior - namely, the licentious and promiscuous kind, as was practiced by the people of Lut." + }, + { + "source": "The Al-Fatiha Foundation", + "quote": "Islam does not condemn or prohibit homosexuality. The Qur'an and Hadith only condemn lust and oppressive behavior, not homosexuality itself." + }, + { + "source": "Rumi", + "quote": "Indirect reference to Rumi's writings about his love for his spiritual companion, Shams al-Din." + }, + { + "source": "Muslim Alliance for Sexual and Gender Diversity (MASGD)", + "quote": "Indirect reference to MASGD's position advocating for a more inclusive and compassionate understanding of LGBTQ identities within an Islamic framework, emphasizing principles of mercy, compassion, and respect for human dignity." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "the Islamic Fiqh Council of North America", + "Allah", + "the International Islamic Fiqh Academy", + "Quranic", + "Sunni Islam", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Tirmidhi", + "the Shariah (Islamic law", + "Al-Azhar University" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Jonathan Brown", + "His Messenger", + "His Messenger Muhammad", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Prophet", + "Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Sunnah", + "Misquoting Muhammad", + "Fath al-Bari", + "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The rulings of the Shariah (Islamic law) apply to homosexuality, which is one of the greatest of sins and immoral actions.", + "Whoever you find committing the act of the people of Lut, kill them, both the one who does it and the one to whom it is done.", + "And [We had sent] Lot when he said to his people, 'Do you commit immorality while you are seeing? Show you desire towards men instead of women? Rather, you are a people acting ignorantly.", + "This hadith provides a clear argument against those who approve of homosexuality.", + "Islam permits homosexuality", + "Allah condemned the people of Lut for going against the innate nature by leaving the pure natural way of desire for women, which Allah created for them, and committing the immoral action of homosexuality.", + "fahisha", + "The sources celebrating same-sex love in the Islamic tradition are few and far between, and almost always coded in metaphor or allegory." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7:80-81", + "quote": "And [We had sent] Lot when he said to his people, 'Do you commit immorality while you are seeing? Show you desire towards men instead of women? Rather, you are a people acting ignorantly.'" + }, + { + "source": "Tirmidhi, Abu Dawood", + "quote": "Whoever you find committing the act of the people of Lut, kill them, both the one who does it and the one to whom it is done." + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "The rulings of the Shariah (Islamic law) apply to homosexuality, which is one of the greatest of sins and immoral actions." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Azhar University", + "quote": "While some try to argue for a different interpretation, mainstream Islamic institutions, including Al-Azhar University, have repeatedly affirmed that homosexual acts are impermissible based on the clear injunctions in the Quran and Sunnah." + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir Ibn Kathir, 7:80", + "quote": "Allah condemned the people of Lut for going against the innate nature by leaving the pure natural way of desire for women, which Allah created for them, and committing the immoral action of homosexuality." + }, + { + "source": "Fath al-Bari", + "quote": "This hadith provides a clear argument against those who approve of homosexuality." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Azhar University", + "quote": "The university's repeated affirmations of the position that homosexual acts are impermissible, based on Quranic verses and hadith." + }, + { + "source": "Misquoting Muhammad, p. 236", + "quote": "The sources celebrating same-sex love in the Islamic tradition are few and far between, and almost always coded in metaphor or allegory." + }, + { + "source": "The International Islamic Fiqh Academy and the Islamic Fiqh Council of North America", + "quote": "Their consistent rulings that homosexual acts are impermissible based on the clear injunctions in the Quran and Sunnah." + }, + { + "source": "Quran and Sunnah", + "quote": "The scriptural sources' clear injunctions against homosexual acts." + }, + { + "source": "MASGD (Muslim Alliance for Sexual and Gender Diversity)", + "quote": "Their representation of a minority view within the Islamic community." + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "The story of the people of Lut, which condemns the act of homosexuality itself as an immoral transgression against natural laws" + }, + { + "source": "Sunnah", + "quote": "Authentic hadiths from the Prophet Muhammad that explicitly prohibit and denounce homosexual behavior in the strongest terms" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "Affirmed that homosexuality is impermissible in Islam based on clear scriptural injunctions" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "quote": "Affirmed that homosexuality is impermissible in Islam based on clear scriptural injunctions" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Azhar University", + "quote": "Affirmed that homosexuality is impermissible in Islam based on clear scriptural injunctions" + }, + { + "source": "Major Islamic fiqh councils", + "quote": "Affirmed that homosexuality is impermissible in Islam based on clear scriptural injunctions" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_muslims_to_eat_any_beef_sold_in_christian_countries_20240913_225046.json", + "model": "mistral-nemo", + "topic": "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Quran", + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "PBUH", + "Non-Muslim Countries:*", + "the Permanent Committee for Fatwa and Research" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Shaykh Yusuf al-Qaradawi", + "Muhammad Saeed Al-Qahtani", + "Mutrah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "He has permitted for you the Mutrah (meat) of those beasts that are slaughtered...", + "None of you truly believes until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself.", + "It is permissible to consume meat slaughtered by non-Muslims in their countries.", + "If a Muslim lives among non-Muslims and cannot find halal meat, it is permissible to consume the meat available there.", + "Quran 5:1", + "Quran 5:87", + "Quran 5:1" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:1", + "quote": "He has permitted for you the Mutrah (meat) of those beasts that are slaughtered..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:87", + "quote": "The Quran emphasizes permissibility unless there's a specific prohibition" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 3, Book 42, Number 699", + "quote": "None of you truly believes until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself." + }, + { + "source": "https://islamqa.info/en/21586", + "quote": "It is permissible to consume meat slaughtered by non-Muslims in their countries. - Dr. Muhammad Saeed Al-Qahtani, member of the Permanent Committee for Fatwa and Research" + }, + { + "source": "http://www.islamonline.net/english/askaboutislam/fatawa/complex_questions/slaughter.shtml", + "quote": "If a Muslim lives among non-Muslims and cannot find halal meat, it is permissible to consume the meat available there. - Shaykh Yusuf al-Qaradawi, renowned Islamic scholar" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "non-Islamic", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Non-Muslims:*" + ], + "person": [ + "Quran", + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Bidayat al-Mujtahid - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidayat_al-mujtahid_wal-jama%E2%80%99ik_ma%E2%80%99labis", + "Ibn Rushd", + "Bidayat al-Mujtahid", + "Sunan Abi Dawud", + "Ibn Rushd's", + "Prophet", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Abu Dawud", + "Quran 6:121" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Meat of Animals Slaughtered for Non-Islamic Rituals", + "The Prohibition of Intoxicants:*" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries.", + "O you who believe! Intoxicating drinks and games of chance, and stone altars [for sacrifices to idols] are nothing but a shameful sin devised by Satan. Avoid such things...", + "Necessity permits the prohibited in all religions.", + "Eat not of that on which the Name of Allah has not been mentioned...", + "If anyone amongst you finds flesh of a sheep or lamb killed by a pagan, he should not eat it...", + "Quran 5:90", + "Quran 6:121", + "Quran 5:90", + "Quran 6:121" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:90", + "quote": "O you who believe! Intoxicating drinks and games of chance, and stone altars [for sacrifices to idols] are nothing but a shameful sin devised by Satan. Avoid such things..." + }, + { + "source": "Bidayat al-Mujtahid, 2/30 by Ibn Rushd (Averroes)", + "quote": "Necessity permits the prohibited in all religions." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:121", + "quote": "Eat not of that on which the Name of Allah has not been mentioned..." + }, + { + "source": "Sunan Abi Dawud, Book 21, Number 3079", + "quote": "If anyone amongst you finds flesh of a sheep or lamb killed by a pagan, he should not eat it..." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Meat Slaughtered for Non-Islamic Rituals", + "Islam", + "PBUH", + "Non-Muslims:*" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Prohibition of Intoxicants" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Al-Mawsu'ah Al-Fiqhiyyah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Allah has permitted trading and forbidden usury.", + "Quran 2:219", + "Quran 2:219", + "Quran 6:121", + "Quran 6:121", + "Quran 6:121" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:219", + "quote": "Alcohol causes harm to one's health, judgment, and ability to practice one's religion" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 3, Book 42, Number 699", + "quote": "Allah has permitted trading and forbidden usury." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Mawsu'ah al-Fiqhiyyah, Volume 34, pages 195-196", + "quote": "The principle of necessity in Islamic law, and its applications regarding meat consumption." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:121", + "quote": "Invocation of Allah's name over food before consumption" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Mawsu'ah Al-Fiqhiyyah, Volume 34, pages 207-211", + "quote": "The permissibility of consuming meat slaughtered without Islamic invocations, especially when it cannot be avoided" + }, + { + "source": "Sunan Abi Dawud, Book 21, Number 3079", + "quote": "The prohibition by Prophet Muhammad for his companions to consume meat slaughtered by pagans" + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir Ibn Kathir on Quran 6:121", + "quote": "Contextual analysis explaining that the prohibition of consuming meat slaughtered by pagans was specific to the time of its revelation" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Mawsu'ah al-Fiqhiyyah, Volume 34, pages 207-211", + "quote": "Scholarly discussion on the differentiation between times when consumption of meat slaughtered without Islamic invocations can be avoided versus when it cannot" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Practical Considerations:*", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Tafsir", + "Al-Majmu'" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Mawsu'ah al-Fiqhiyyah - https://ia802707.us.archive.org/23/items/MawsouatAlfihia/Mawsouat%20Alfihia%20-%20Volume%2034.pdf", + "Ibn Hazm", + "Al-Nawawi", + "Al-Muhalla", + "Al-Mawsu'ah al-Fiqhiyyah", + "Al-Qurtubi", + "Tafsir Al-Qurtubi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "It is better to eat from that (meat) which has been slaughtered in the name of Allah, and if it is not found, then there is no harm in eating other meat.", + "It is not permitted for a Muslim to eat from a carcass (meat) which has not been slaughtered in the name of Allah, because this is a right that belongs to Allah Alone.", + "It is better for a Muslim to abstain from eating such meat, even if he finds it available, so as not to make the disbelievers think that Islam allows this type of food.", + "Quran 6:121", + "Quran 6:121", + "Quran 6:121", + "Quran 6:121" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Al-Mawsu'ah al-Fiqhiyyah, Volume 34, pages 195-196", + "quote": "the principle of necessity (darura) in Islamic law applies only when there is no other option available." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic law and food safety regulations article", + "quote": "many countries have laws and regulations in place for food safety and labeling. This means that consumers can make informed decisions about their purchases based on these labels (e.g., kosher, halal, etc.)." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:121", + "quote": "the verse emphasizes the importance of mentioning Allah's name over food before consumption as a sign of gratitude and remembrance of Him." + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir Al-Qurtubi on Quran 6:121", + "quote": "It is better to eat from that (meat) which has been slaughtered in the name of Allah, and if it is not found, then there is no harm in eating other meat." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Muhalla by Ibn Hazm", + "quote": "It is not permitted for a Muslim to eat from a carcass (meat) which has not been slaughtered in the name of Allah, because this is a right that belongs to Allah Alone." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Majmu' by Al-Nawawi", + "quote": "It is better for a Muslim to abstain from eating such meat, even if he finds it available, so as not to make the disbelievers think that Islam allows this type of food." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Non-Muslims:*" + ], + "person": [ + "Prophet Muhammad's", + "Sunan Abi Dawud 21.3079", + "Prophet" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "if it's doubtful, leave it" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + {"source":"Quran 6:121", "quote": "The Quran encourages invoking Allah's name before consuming food"}, {"source":"Sunan Abi Dawud 21.3079", "quote": "A hadith reports the Prophet forbidding consumption of meat slaughtered by pagans"} + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Al-Majmu'" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Al-Nawawi", + "Ibn Hazm", + "Al-Muhalla" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 6:121" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Ibn Hazm, Al-Muhalla", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) emphasized the importance of mentioning Allah's name over animals before slaughtering them, as this is a right that belongs solely to Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Nawawi, Al-Majmu'", + "quote": "Encourages Muslims to abstain from such meat even if available, to avoid giving the impression that Islam allows this practice." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:121", + "quote": "While the verse does not explicitly prohibit consuming meat slaughtered without Islamic invocations, numerous scholars interpret it as indicating a preference for meat slaughtered according to Islamic rites when available." + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "non-Muslims", + "Quran", + "Allah", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Meat Slaughtered for Non-Islamic Rituals", + "Islam", + "PBUH", + "Non-Muslim Countries:*", + "the Permanent Committee for Fatwa and Research", + "Non-Muslims:*" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Shaykh Yusuf al-Qaradawi", + "Prophet Muhammad's", + "Muhammad Saeed Al-Qahtani", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Sunan Abi Dawud 21.3079", + "Prophet", + "Mutrah", + "Al-Mawsu'ah Al-Fiqhiyyah" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Prohibition of Intoxicants" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 5:87", + "Quran 5:1", + "It is permissible to consume meat slaughtered by non-Muslims in their countries.", + "None of you truly believes until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself.", + "Quran 2:219", + "If a Muslim lives among non-Muslims and cannot find halal meat, it is permissible to consume the meat available there.", + "if it's doubtful, leave it", + "He has permitted for you the Mutrah (meat) of those beasts that are slaughtered...", + "Quran 6:121", + "Allah has permitted trading and forbidden usury." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:1", + "quote": "He has permitted for you the Mutrah (meat) of those beasts that are slaughtered..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:87", + "quote": "The Quran emphasizes permissibility unless there's a specific prohibition" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 3, Book 42, Number 699", + "quote": "None of you truly believes until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself." + }, + { + "source": "https://islamqa.info/en/21586", + "quote": "It is permissible to consume meat slaughtered by non-Muslims in their countries. - Dr. Muhammad Saeed Al-Qahtani, member of the Permanent Committee for Fatwa and Research" + }, + { + "source": "http://www.islamonline.net/english/askaboutislam/fatawa/complex_questions/slaughter.shtml", + "quote": "If a Muslim lives among non-Muslims and cannot find halal meat, it is permissible to consume the meat available there. - Shaykh Yusuf al-Qaradawi, renowned Islamic scholar" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:219", + "quote": "Alcohol causes harm to one's health, judgment, and ability to practice one's religion" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 3, Book 42, Number 699", + "quote": "Allah has permitted trading and forbidden usury." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Mawsu'ah al-Fiqhiyyah, Volume 34, pages 195-196", + "quote": "The principle of necessity in Islamic law, and its applications regarding meat consumption." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:121", + "quote": "Invocation of Allah's name over food before consumption" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Mawsu'ah Al-Fiqhiyyah, Volume 34, pages 207-211", + "quote": "The permissibility of consuming meat slaughtered without Islamic invocations, especially when it cannot be avoided" + }, + { + "source": "Sunan Abi Dawud, Book 21, Number 3079", + "quote": "The prohibition by Prophet Muhammad for his companions to consume meat slaughtered by pagans" + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir Ibn Kathir on Quran 6:121", + "quote": "Contextual analysis explaining that the prohibition of consuming meat slaughtered by pagans was specific to the time of its revelation" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Mawsu'ah al-Fiqhiyyah, Volume 34, pages 207-211", + "quote": "Scholarly discussion on the differentiation between times when consumption of meat slaughtered without Islamic invocations can be avoided versus when it cannot" + }, + {"source":"Quran 6:121", "quote": "The Quran encourages invoking Allah's name before consuming food"}, {"source":"Sunan Abi Dawud 21.3079", "quote": "A hadith reports the Prophet forbidding consumption of meat slaughtered by pagans"} + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Practical Considerations:*", + "non-Islamic", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Non-Muslims:*", + "Tafsir", + "Al-Majmu'" + ], + "person": [ + "Quran", + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Al-Mawsu'ah al-Fiqhiyyah - https://ia802707.us.archive.org/23/items/MawsouatAlfihia/Mawsouat%20Alfihia%20-%20Volume%2034.pdf", + "Bidayat al-Mujtahid - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidayat_al-mujtahid_wal-jama%E2%80%99ik_ma%E2%80%99labis", + "Ibn Hazm", + "Ibn Rushd", + "Bidayat al-Mujtahid", + "Sunan Abi Dawud", + "Al-Nawawi", + "Ibn Rushd's", + "Prophet", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Al-Muhalla", + "Abu Dawud", + "Al-Mawsu'ah al-Fiqhiyyah", + "Tafsir Al-Qurtubi", + "Al-Qurtubi", + "Quran 6:121" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Meat of Animals Slaughtered for Non-Islamic Rituals", + "The Prohibition of Intoxicants:*" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "It is better for a Muslim to abstain from eating such meat, even if he finds it available, so as not to make the disbelievers think that Islam allows this type of food.", + "Eat not of that on which the Name of Allah has not been mentioned...", + "It is not permitted for a Muslim to eat from a carcass (meat) which has not been slaughtered in the name of Allah, because this is a right that belongs to Allah Alone.", + "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries.", + "If anyone amongst you finds flesh of a sheep or lamb killed by a pagan, he should not eat it...", + "It is better to eat from that (meat) which has been slaughtered in the name of Allah, and if it is not found, then there is no harm in eating other meat.", + "Necessity permits the prohibited in all religions.", + "O you who believe! Intoxicating drinks and games of chance, and stone altars [for sacrifices to idols] are nothing but a shameful sin devised by Satan. Avoid such things...", + "Quran 5:90", + "Quran 6:121" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:90", + "quote": "O you who believe! Intoxicating drinks and games of chance, and stone altars [for sacrifices to idols] are nothing but a shameful sin devised by Satan. Avoid such things..." + }, + { + "source": "Bidayat al-Mujtahid, 2/30 by Ibn Rushd (Averroes)", + "quote": "Necessity permits the prohibited in all religions." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:121", + "quote": "Eat not of that on which the Name of Allah has not been mentioned..." + }, + { + "source": "Sunan Abi Dawud, Book 21, Number 3079", + "quote": "If anyone amongst you finds flesh of a sheep or lamb killed by a pagan, he should not eat it..." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Mawsu'ah al-Fiqhiyyah, Volume 34, pages 195-196", + "quote": "the principle of necessity (darura) in Islamic law applies only when there is no other option available." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic law and food safety regulations article", + "quote": "many countries have laws and regulations in place for food safety and labeling. This means that consumers can make informed decisions about their purchases based on these labels (e.g., kosher, halal, etc.)." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:121", + "quote": "the verse emphasizes the importance of mentioning Allah's name over food before consumption as a sign of gratitude and remembrance of Him." + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir Al-Qurtubi on Quran 6:121", + "quote": "It is better to eat from that (meat) which has been slaughtered in the name of Allah, and if it is not found, then there is no harm in eating other meat." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Muhalla by Ibn Hazm", + "quote": "It is not permitted for a Muslim to eat from a carcass (meat) which has not been slaughtered in the name of Allah, because this is a right that belongs to Allah Alone." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Majmu' by Al-Nawawi", + "quote": "It is better for a Muslim to abstain from eating such meat, even if he finds it available, so as not to make the disbelievers think that Islam allows this type of food." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Hazm, Al-Muhalla", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) emphasized the importance of mentioning Allah's name over animals before slaughtering them, as this is a right that belongs solely to Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Nawawi, Al-Majmu'", + "quote": "Encourages Muslims to abstain from such meat even if available, to avoid giving the impression that Islam allows this practice." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:121", + "quote": "While the verse does not explicitly prohibit consuming meat slaughtered without Islamic invocations, numerous scholars interpret it as indicating a preference for meat slaughtered according to Islamic rites when available." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_violence_towards_non_muslims_20240911_065337.json", + "model": "claude-3-sonnet-20240229", + "topic": "Islam promotes violence towards non Muslims", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "People of the Book" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Then, when the sacred months are over, slay the idolaters wherever you find them...", + "Fight those among the People of the Book who do not believe in Allah...", + "Let there be no compulsion in religion...", + "To you be your religion, and to me my religion", + "People of the Book" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "Then, when the sacred months are over, slay the idolaters wherever you find them..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "Fight those among the People of the Book who do not believe in Allah..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:256", + "quote": "Let there be no compulsion in religion..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 109:6", + "quote": "To you be your religion, and to me my religion" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Jews", + "ISIS", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "the Pew Research Center", + "Pew Research Center" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Ibn Hisham", + "Qur'an" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "(Marrakesh Declaration" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Marrakesh Declaration, 2016)", + "(Pew Research Center, 2017)", + "Islam promotes violence towards non-Muslims.", + "There shall be no compulsion in [acceptance of] the religion", + "not being Muslim in any way" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:256", + "quote": "There shall be no compulsion in [acceptance of] the religion" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Hisham, vol. 2, p. 147", + "quote": "During his time in Medina, he established a multi-religious society where Muslims, Christians, Jews, and other faiths lived together in harmony and mutual respect. The Constitution of Medina, which he drafted, ensured the rights and protection of all communities, irrespective of their religious affiliations" + }, + { + "source": "Marrakesh Declaration, 2016", + "quote": "In 2016, over 200 Islamic scholars and religious leaders from around the world issued a joint statement rejecting the use of violence and denouncing extremist groups like ISIS as 'not being Muslim in any way'" + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, 2017", + "quote": "A 2017 study by the Pew Research Center, which surveyed Muslims across 39 countries, found that most Muslims condemn violence against civilians and reject ISIS and other extremist groups" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "person": [ + "Maulana", + "Muhammad", + "Muhammad Ali", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Tafsir al-Quran al-Azim", + "Bat Ye'or", + "Tafsir al-Tabari", + "Al-Tabari", + "Ibn Ishaq" + ], + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "ISIS", + "Muslim", + "The Decline of Eastern Christianity", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Arabs", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "Sirat", + "Yazidi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Then, when the sacred months have passed, slay the idolaters wherever you find them, and take them captive, and besiege them, and lie in wait for them at every place of ambush.", + "Fight those who do not believe in Allah...until they pay the jizya tax in a state of complete abasement." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:5 (Maulana Muhammad Ali translation)", + "quote": "Then, when the sacred months have passed, slay the idolaters wherever you find them, and take them captive, and besiege them, and lie in wait for them at every place of ambush." + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir al-Quran al-Azim by Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "This verse has been widely interpreted by Islamic scholars and jurists as a divine command to wage war against pagan Arabs who had violated treaties." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:29 (Shakir translation)", + "quote": "Fight those who do not believe in Allah...until they pay the jizya tax in a state of complete abasement." + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir al-Tabari by Al-Tabari", + "quote": "This verse has been traditionally understood as sanctioning the subjugation and taxation of non-Muslims living under Muslim rule." + }, + { + "source": "The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam by Bat Ye'or", + "quote": "The Ottoman Empire's discriminatory treatment of non-Muslim minorities was often justified by Islamic jurists citing such verses." + }, + { + "source": "Sirat Rasul Allah by Ibn Ishaq", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad also engaged in numerous military campaigns and battles against non-Muslim tribes and communities." + }, + { + "source": "ISIS's justification for enslaving Yazidi women based on interpretations of Surah 4, Verse 24", + "quote": "Certain extremist groups like the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS), Al-Qaeda, and others have drawn upon selective interpretations of Islamic texts and history to justify their violent actions against non-Muslims." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "ISIS", + "Muslim", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "Arab", + "Al-Baghdadi" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Prophet", + "Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "Karen Armstrong" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(The Amman Message, 2004)", + "there is no compulsion in religion", + "For you is your religion, and for me is my religion", + "Islam prohibits terrorism in all its forms and under all its pretexts", + "Quran 9:7", + "Quran 2:256", + "Quran 9:6", + "Quran 2:190", + "Quran 109:6" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "Indirect reference (no direct quote). The sender refers the recipient to the verse in Quran 9:5 and disputes its interpretation." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "Indirect reference (no direct quote). The sender refers the recipient to shared interpretations of Quran 9:29, highlighting scholarly context and dispute." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Kathir, Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the Tafsir (interpretation) of Quranic verses by Ibn Kathir. The sender refers to Ibn Kathir's context of these verses as revealed during defensive battles against Arab tribes." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:7", + "quote": "Indirect reference. The sender suggests this verse indicates that cited verses do not apply to peaceful non-Muslims." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:256", + "quote": "'there is no compulsion in religion'. The sender quotes this verse to argue that the principles of Islam do not promote violence against non-Muslims." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:6", + "quote": "Indirect reference. The sender suggests this verse guarantees the rights and protection of religious minorities." + }, + { + "source": "Karen Armstrong, Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time", + "quote": "Indirect citation of Karen Armstrong's book 'Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time'. The sender refers to Armstrong's portrayal of the Prophet Muhammad's military conflicts as primarily defensive." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:190-193", + "quote": "Indirect reference. The sender references these Quran verses to argue that the Prophet Muhammad's actions adhered to Quranic principles of just war." + }, + { + "source": "Open Letter to Al-Baghdadi, 2014", + "quote": "Indirect reference. The sender cites this letter to highlight global Islamic scholarly condemnation of extremist group interpretations of Islamic texts." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 109:6", + "quote": "For you is your religion, and for me is my religion." + }, + { + "source": "The Amman Message, 2004", + "quote": "'Islam prohibits terrorism in all its forms and under all its pretexts'. The sender quotes this declaration as an example of widespread Islamic scholarly condemnation of violence and extremism." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "slay the idolaters", + "fight those who do not believe", + "other" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "slay the idolaters" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "fight those who do not believe until subjugated" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Jews", + "ISIS", + "Muslim", + "The Decline of Eastern Christianity", + "Christians", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", 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"Quran 9:5", + "quote": "Then, when the sacred months are over, slay the idolaters wherever you find them..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "Fight those among the People of the Book who do not believe in Allah..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:256", + "quote": "Let there be no compulsion in religion..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 109:6", + "quote": "To you be your religion, and to me my religion" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:5 (Maulana Muhammad Ali translation)", + "quote": "Then, when the sacred months have passed, slay the idolaters wherever you find them, and take them captive, and besiege them, and lie in wait for them at every place of ambush." + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir al-Quran al-Azim by Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "This verse has been widely interpreted by Islamic scholars and jurists as a divine command to wage war against pagan Arabs who had violated treaties." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:29 (Shakir translation)", + "quote": "Fight those who do not believe in Allah...until they pay the jizya tax in a state of complete abasement." + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir al-Tabari by Al-Tabari", + "quote": "This verse has been traditionally understood as sanctioning the subjugation and taxation of non-Muslims living under Muslim rule." + }, + { + "source": "The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam by Bat Ye'or", + "quote": "The Ottoman Empire's discriminatory treatment of non-Muslim minorities was often justified by Islamic jurists citing such verses." + }, + { + "source": "Sirat Rasul Allah by Ibn Ishaq", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad also engaged in numerous military campaigns and battles against non-Muslim tribes and communities." + }, + { + "source": "ISIS's justification for enslaving Yazidi women based on interpretations of Surah 4, Verse 24", + "quote": "Certain extremist groups like the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIS), Al-Qaeda, and others have drawn upon selective interpretations of Islamic texts and history to justify their violent actions against non-Muslims." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "slay the idolaters" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "fight those who do not believe" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "ISIS", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "the Pew Research Center", + "Arab", + "Pew Research Center", + "Al-Baghdadi" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Ibn Hisham", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Prophet", + "Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Karen Armstrong", + "Qur'an" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "(Marrakesh Declaration" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 9:7", + "For you is your religion, and for me is my religion", + "Quran 109:6", + "(Marrakesh Declaration, 2016)", + "(Pew Research Center, 2017)", + "Quran 2:256", + "There shall be no compulsion in [acceptance of] the religion", + "(The Amman Message, 2004)", + "there is no compulsion in religion", + "not being Muslim in any way", + "Islam promotes violence towards non-Muslims.", + "Islam prohibits terrorism in all its forms and under all its pretexts", + "Quran 9:6", + "Quran 2:190" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:256", + "quote": "There shall be no compulsion in [acceptance of] the religion" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Hisham, vol. 2, p. 147", + "quote": "During his time in Medina, he established a multi-religious society where Muslims, Christians, Jews, and other faiths lived together in harmony and mutual respect. The Constitution of Medina, which he drafted, ensured the rights and protection of all communities, irrespective of their religious affiliations" + }, + { + "source": "Marrakesh Declaration, 2016", + "quote": "In 2016, over 200 Islamic scholars and religious leaders from around the world issued a joint statement rejecting the use of violence and denouncing extremist groups like ISIS as 'not being Muslim in any way'" + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, 2017", + "quote": "A 2017 study by the Pew Research Center, which surveyed Muslims across 39 countries, found that most Muslims condemn violence against civilians and reject ISIS and other extremist groups" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "Indirect reference (no direct quote). The sender refers the recipient to the verse in Quran 9:5 and disputes its interpretation." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "Indirect reference (no direct quote). The sender refers the recipient to shared interpretations of Quran 9:29, highlighting scholarly context and dispute." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Kathir, Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the Tafsir (interpretation) of Quranic verses by Ibn Kathir. The sender refers to Ibn Kathir's context of these verses as revealed during defensive battles against Arab tribes." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:7", + "quote": "Indirect reference. The sender suggests this verse indicates that cited verses do not apply to peaceful non-Muslims." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:256", + "quote": "'there is no compulsion in religion'. The sender quotes this verse to argue that the principles of Islam do not promote violence against non-Muslims." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:6", + "quote": "Indirect reference. The sender suggests this verse guarantees the rights and protection of religious minorities." + }, + { + "source": "Karen Armstrong, Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time", + "quote": "Indirect citation of Karen Armstrong's book 'Muhammad: A Prophet for Our Time'. The sender refers to Armstrong's portrayal of the Prophet Muhammad's military conflicts as primarily defensive." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:190-193", + "quote": "Indirect reference. The sender references these Quran verses to argue that the Prophet Muhammad's actions adhered to Quranic principles of just war." + }, + { + "source": "Open Letter to Al-Baghdadi, 2014", + "quote": "Indirect reference. The sender cites this letter to highlight global Islamic scholarly condemnation of extremist group interpretations of Islamic texts." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 109:6", + "quote": "For you is your religion, and for me is my religion." + }, + { + "source": "The Amman Message, 2004", + "quote": "'Islam prohibits terrorism in all its forms and under all its pretexts'. The sender quotes this declaration as an example of widespread Islamic scholarly condemnation of violence and extremism." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_music_20240911_073322.json", + "model": "gpt-4", + "topic": "Islam permits music", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Sahih Bukhari", + "Arab", + "American Trust Publications" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Yusuf", + "Haram", + "Qaradawi", + "Yusuf Qaradawi", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Singing is not haram (prohibited) in itself, but the content of the songs is the matter that decides whether it is lawful or not" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran and Hadith", + "quote": "The Quran, which is the primary source of Islamic law, covers various aspects of life, yet it does not explicitly outlaw music... there is no explicit Quranic verse or Hadith \u2013 the sayings of Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) \u2013 categorically prohibiting music... This silence, one could argue, implies its permissible status." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari 907", + "quote": "The renowned Sahih Bukhari narrates Hadith that signify Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) listening to girls singing on feast days and even expressing his enjoyment" + }, + { + "source": "Qaradawi, Yusuf, The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam, American Trust Publications, 1960", + "quote": "Singing is not haram (prohibited) in itself, but the content of the songs is the matter that decides whether it is lawful or not" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Duff", + "Muslims", + "Imam Muslim", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah Luqman", + "Imam Malik", + "Sahih al-Bukhari 5590", + "Abu Amir", + "Lahwal Hadith'", + "Safi Kaskas", + "Imam Ibn Taymiyyah", + "Imam Bukhari", + "Prophet", + "Abu Malik Al-Ashari" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And of mankind is he who pays for things to make fun of (or let people hear it) from Hadith, without knowledge, to mislead from Allah's way, making a mockery of it. Those will have a humiliating torment.", + "From among my followers, there will be some people who will consider illegal sexual intercourse, the wearing of silk, the drinking of alcoholic drinks, and the use of musical instruments as lawful.", + "Surah Luqman (31:6)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "And of mankind is he who pays for things to make fun of (or let people hear it) from Hadith, without knowledge, to mislead from Allah's way, making a mockery of it. Those will have a humiliating torment." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari 5590", + "quote": "From among my followers, there will be some people who will consider illegal sexual intercourse, the wearing of silk, the drinking of alcoholic drinks, and the use of musical instruments as lawful." + }, + { + "source": "Imam Ibn Taymiyyah, Imam Shafi'i, and Imam Malik (indirect reference)", + "quote": "They have stated the impermissibility of music with the exception of Duff, a particular hand drum, on certain occasions like weddings and other celebrations." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Music and Singing", + "Islam", + "El-Masri", + "the Consensus of Our Great Scholars, Minaret Books", + "American Trust Publications" + ], + "person": [ + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Yusuf", + "Surah Luqman", + "Yusuf Ali", + "Qaradawi", + "Lahwal Hadith'", + "Hadith", + "Yusuf Qaradawi", + "Al-Ghazzali", + "Ijma", + "Imam Bukhari", + "Ali", + "Abdullah Yusuf", + "Sunnah", + "Imam Al-Ghazzali" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Revival of Religious Sciences" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Surah Luqman (31:6)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "'Lahwal Hadith' or 'idle talk'" + }, + { + "source": "Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary, Tahrike Tarsile Quran, 1987", + "quote": "Interprets 'Lahwal Hadith' as 'vain discourses' or 'vain talk,' asserting that it could apply to a variety of distractions, and not necessarily targeted at music" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari 5590", + "quote": "Hadith mentioning 'the use of musical instruments'" + }, + { + "source": "El-Masri, Smyrna. Music and Singing in Islam: In Light of the Qur'an, the Sunnah and the Consensus of Our Great Scholars, Minaret Books, 2006", + "quote": "Interprets the phrase 'the use of musical instruments' as permissible, provided it does not contain immoral or harmful content and doesn't distract from duties or worship" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Ghazzali, The Revival of Religious Sciences, Nicolle, 1910", + "quote": "Expresses permissibility for music and singing as long as they aren't associated with sinful activities or behaviors" + }, + { + "source": "Qaradawi, Yusuf, The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam, American Trust Publications, 1960", + "quote": "Expresses permissibility for music and singing as long as they aren't associated with sinful activities or behaviors" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "American Trust Publications", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-J\u0101mi", + "Yusuf", + "Surah Luqman", + "Tafseer", + "Duff", + "Imam Ghazzali's", + "Dar al-Kutub", + "Imam Qurtubi", + "Lahwal Hadith'", + "Qaradawi", + "Al-Qaradawi", + "Ihya Uloom-ud-Deen", + "Imam Al-Ghazali", + "Sahih Al-Bukhari", + "Imam Qurtubi's" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Surah Luqman (31:6)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "Lahwal Hadith" + }, + { + "source": "Imam Qurtubi, Al-J\u0101mi` li-A\u1e25k\u0101m al-Qur'\u0101n, Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyah, 2014", + "quote": "'Lahwal Hadith' to include 'useless speech, every sound, and every act that distract the heart from God'" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Al-Bukhari 949", + "quote": "The narration where the Prophet PBUH allowed two slave girls to sing during Eid with the use of Duff" + }, + { + "source": "Imam Al-Ghazali, Ihya Uloom-ud-Deen, Darul Syed. 1982", + "quote": "Imam Ghazzali's endorsement of music is pertaining to Samaa, a spiritual kind of music in a religious context" + }, + { + "source": "Qaradawi, Yusuf. The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam, American Trust Publications, 1960", + "quote": "Sheikh Qaradawi distinguishes between music that might elevate the soul toward righteousness and music that can tarnish the soul. His endorsement is for music free from provocative or sinful content and does not incite negligence of religious duties" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf. The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam, American Trust Publications, 1960", + "quote": "We find a predominant frequency in major Islamic school of thoughts that music, except for specified exceptions, is not permissible" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Haram", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam", + "PBUH", + "Arab" + ], + "person": [ + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Yusuf Qaradawi", + "Imam Al-Ghazzali" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Indirect reference to the Quran", + "quote": "it was clear that there existed no explicit verse in the Quran prohibiting music" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to Hadiths", + "quote": "Various Hadiths demonstrate instances where Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) did not object to people around him engaging in music and singing, under specific circumstances." + }, + { + "source": "Sheikh Yusuf Qaradawi and Imam Al-Ghazzali", + "quote": "hold that music can be permissible, as long as it promotes positive emotions, moral behavior and does not contain harmful or inappropriate content" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah Luqman", + "Tafseer", + "Lahwal Hadith'", + "Hadith Sahih", + "al-Bukhari 5590", + "Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Surah Luqman (31:6)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "The interpretation of Surah Luqman (31:6) as including music as a possible 'idle talk' or 'Lahwal Hadith' that distracts from remembering Allah" + }, + { + "source": "Hadith Sahih al-Bukhari 5590", + "quote": "Prophet Muhammad warned about people who would consider the use of musical instruments as lawful" + }, + { + "source": "General interpretation of Islamic teachings", + "quote": "The discussion on Ijma (consensus) revealing that certain scholars permit music in a religious context" + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Haram", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Music and Singing", + "Islam", + "El-Masri", + "PBUH", + "the Consensus of Our Great Scholars, Minaret Books", + "Sahih Bukhari", + "Arab", + "American Trust Publications" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith", + "The Revival of Religious Sciences" + ], + "person": [ + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Yusuf", + "Haram", + "Surah Luqman", + "Yusuf Ali", + "Qaradawi", + "Lahwal Hadith'", + "Hadith", + "Yusuf Qaradawi", + "Al-Ghazzali", + "Ijma", + "Imam Bukhari", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Ali", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Abdullah Yusuf", + "Sunnah", + "Imam Al-Ghazzali" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Singing is not haram (prohibited) in itself, but the content of the songs is the matter that decides whether it is lawful or not", + "Surah Luqman (31:6)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran and Hadith", + "quote": "The Quran, which is the primary source of Islamic law, covers various aspects of life, yet it does not explicitly outlaw music... there is no explicit Quranic verse or Hadith \u2013 the sayings of Prophet Muhammad (Peace Be Upon Him) \u2013 categorically prohibiting music... This silence, one could argue, implies its permissible status." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari 907", + "quote": "The renowned Sahih Bukhari narrates Hadith that signify Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) listening to girls singing on feast days and even expressing his enjoyment" + }, + { + "source": "Qaradawi, Yusuf, The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam, American Trust Publications, 1960", + "quote": "Singing is not haram (prohibited) in itself, but the content of the songs is the matter that decides whether it is lawful or not" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "'Lahwal Hadith' or 'idle talk'" + }, + { + "source": "Ali, Abdullah Yusuf. The Holy Qur'an: Text, Translation and Commentary, Tahrike Tarsile Quran, 1987", + "quote": "Interprets 'Lahwal Hadith' as 'vain discourses' or 'vain talk,' asserting that it could apply to a variety of distractions, and not necessarily targeted at music" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari 5590", + "quote": "Hadith mentioning 'the use of musical instruments'" + }, + { + "source": "El-Masri, Smyrna. Music and Singing in Islam: In Light of the Qur'an, the Sunnah and the Consensus of Our Great Scholars, Minaret Books, 2006", + "quote": "Interprets the phrase 'the use of musical instruments' as permissible, provided it does not contain immoral or harmful content and doesn't distract from duties or worship" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Ghazzali, The Revival of Religious Sciences, Nicolle, 1910", + "quote": "Expresses permissibility for music and singing as long as they aren't associated with sinful activities or behaviors" + }, + { + "source": "Qaradawi, Yusuf, The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam, American Trust Publications, 1960", + "quote": "Expresses permissibility for music and singing as long as they aren't associated with sinful activities or behaviors" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to the Quran", + "quote": "it was clear that there existed no explicit verse in the Quran prohibiting music" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to Hadiths", + "quote": "Various Hadiths demonstrate instances where Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) did not object to people around him engaging in music and singing, under specific circumstances." + }, + { + "source": "Sheikh Yusuf Qaradawi and Imam Al-Ghazzali", + "quote": "hold that music can be permissible, as long as it promotes positive emotions, moral behavior and does not contain harmful or inappropriate content" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Duff", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Imam Muslim", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "American Trust Publications" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-J\u0101mi", + "Tafseer", + "Duff", + "Lahwal Hadith'", + "Imam Ibn Taymiyyah", + "al-Bukhari 5590", + "Imam Al-Ghazali", + "Imam Qurtubi's", + "Surah Luqman", + "Imam Malik", + "Qaradawi", + "Dar al-Kutub", + "Hadith Sahih", + "Prophet", + "Ihya Uloom-ud-Deen", + "Abu Malik Al-Ashari", + "Sahih al-Bukhari 5590", + "Abu Amir", + "Safi Kaskas", + "Imam Bukhari", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Sahih Al-Bukhari", + "Yusuf", + "Imam Ghazzali's", + "Imam Qurtubi", + "Al-Qaradawi" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "From among my followers, there will be some people who will consider illegal sexual intercourse, the wearing of silk, the drinking of alcoholic drinks, and the use of musical instruments as lawful.", + "And of mankind is he who pays for things to make fun of (or let people hear it) from Hadith, without knowledge, to mislead from Allah's way, making a mockery of it. Those will have a humiliating torment.", + "Surah Luqman (31:6)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "And of mankind is he who pays for things to make fun of (or let people hear it) from Hadith, without knowledge, to mislead from Allah's way, making a mockery of it. Those will have a humiliating torment." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari 5590", + "quote": "From among my followers, there will be some people who will consider illegal sexual intercourse, the wearing of silk, the drinking of alcoholic drinks, and the use of musical instruments as lawful." + }, + { + "source": "Imam Ibn Taymiyyah, Imam Shafi'i, and Imam Malik (indirect reference)", + "quote": "They have stated the impermissibility of music with the exception of Duff, a particular hand drum, on certain occasions like weddings and other celebrations." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "Lahwal Hadith" + }, + { + "source": "Imam Qurtubi, Al-J\u0101mi` li-A\u1e25k\u0101m al-Qur'\u0101n, Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyah, 2014", + "quote": "'Lahwal Hadith' to include 'useless speech, every sound, and every act that distract the heart from God'" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Al-Bukhari 949", + "quote": "The narration where the Prophet PBUH allowed two slave girls to sing during Eid with the use of Duff" + }, + { + "source": "Imam Al-Ghazali, Ihya Uloom-ud-Deen, Darul Syed. 1982", + "quote": "Imam Ghazzali's endorsement of music is pertaining to Samaa, a spiritual kind of music in a religious context" + }, + { + "source": "Qaradawi, Yusuf. The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam, American Trust Publications, 1960", + "quote": "Sheikh Qaradawi distinguishes between music that might elevate the soul toward righteousness and music that can tarnish the soul. His endorsement is for music free from provocative or sinful content and does not incite negligence of religious duties" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Qaradawi, Yusuf. The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam, American Trust Publications, 1960", + "quote": "We find a predominant frequency in major Islamic school of thoughts that music, except for specified exceptions, is not permissible" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "The interpretation of Surah Luqman (31:6) as including music as a possible 'idle talk' or 'Lahwal Hadith' that distracts from remembering Allah" + }, + { + "source": "Hadith Sahih al-Bukhari 5590", + "quote": "Prophet Muhammad warned about people who would consider the use of musical instruments as lawful" + }, + { + "source": "General interpretation of Islamic teachings", + "quote": "The discussion on Ijma (consensus) revealing that certain scholars permit music in a religious context" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_encourages_violence_towards_women_20240914_042024.json", + "model": "mistral-nemo", + "topic": "Islam encourages violence towards women", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "I.", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "UNICEF" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Surah 4:34", + "Abu Dawud" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2013)", + "(2020)", + "Men are in charge of women by [right of] what Allah has given one over another and that with which they have been favored over them in degree. And [the men] provide for them from their wealth and make them inherit it. But righteous women are devoutly obedient, guarding in [the husband's] absence what Allah would have them guard. As for those whose disobedience you fear, admonish them [first]; [then if they persist], leave them alone in the beds; then beat them [lightly]; but if they remain defiant after your efforts, seek help from others to enforce obedience.", + "beat them [lightly]", + "A man will not be asked as to why he beat his wife" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "The Holy Quran, 4:34", + "quote": "Men are in charge of women by [right of] what Allah has given one over another and that with which they have been favored over them in degree. And [the men] provide for them from their wealth and make them inherit it. But righteous women are devoutly obedient, guarding in [the husband's] absence what Allah would have them guard. As for those whose disobedience you fear, admonish them [first]; [then if they persist], leave them alone in the beds; then beat them [lightly]; but if they remain defiant after your efforts, seek help from others to enforce obedience." + }, + { + "source": "Abu Dawud, Book 11, Number 2141", + "quote": "Muhammad said, 'A man will not be asked as to why he beat his wife'" + }, + { + "source": "UNICEF", + "quote": "According to UNICEF, up to 190 million women and girls worldwide have undergone female genital mutilation, predominantly in Muslim-majority countries." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Judaism", + "Christianity", + "Sahih International", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Gender-Based Violence", + "the American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences", + "American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Abu-Ras", + "Yusuf Ali", + "Bukhari", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Pickthall" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2005)", + "Treat your parents and your close relatives with kindness and respect.", + "And among His Signs is this, that He created for you mates from among yourselves, that you may dwell in tranquility with them, and He has put love and mercy between your hearts. Indeed in that are signs for those who reflect.", + "The best among people are those who have the best manners and the best of you are those who are best to their wives.", + "A man will not be asked why he beat his wife...", + "Islam does not promote gender-based violence; instead, it condemns such actions", + "Quran 17:23", + "Quran 30:21" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 17:23", + "quote": "Treat your parents and your close relatives with kindness and respect." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 30:21", + "quote": "And among His Signs is this, that He created for you mates from among yourselves, that you may dwell in tranquility with them, and He has put love and mercy between your hearts. Indeed in that are signs for those who reflect." + }, + { + "source": "Tirmidhi", + "quote": "The best among people are those who have the best manners and the best of you are those who are best to their wives." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "A man will not be asked why he beat his wife..." + }, + { + "source": "Abu-Ras, N. (2005). Gender-Based Violence in Islam: Myths and Realities. American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 22(3), 46-79.", + "quote": "Islam does not promote gender-based violence; instead, it condemns such actions" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Sahih International", + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "FGM", + "Egyptian", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Abu Dawud", + "UNICEF" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Yusuf Ali", + "Hadith", + "Ali Gomaa", + "Pickthall" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Men are the maintainers of women by virtue of what Allah has made some of them to have over others...", + "I beat my wife twelve times.", + "Did you beat her with something?", + "No, with my hands and feet.", + "It is not allowed to use anything else (than hands).", + "Do not beat Allah's slaves (women) nor curse them.", + "Quran 17:23", + "Quran 4:34" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 17:23", + "quote": "Not directly quoted. But refers to a Quranic verse said to promote kindness and respect for all individuals, including women." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 30:21", + "quote": "Not directly quoted. But refers to a Quranic verse said to promote kindness and respect for all individuals, including women." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "'Men are the maintainers of women by virtue of what Allah has made some of them to have over others...'" + }, + { + "source": "Hadith: Sahih Muslim, Book 9, Number 3501", + "quote": "In this hadith, it is reported that Abu Dawud said, 'I beat my wife twelve times.' The Prophet Muhammad asked if he beat her with something and Abu Dawud responded, 'No, with my hands and feet.' The Prophet then said, 'It is not allowed to use anything else (than hands).'" + }, + { + "source": "Hadith: Mishkat al-Masabih, Book 2, Number 509", + "quote": "In this hadith, Prophet Muhammad discourages the severe beating and cursing of women but doesn't outright prohibit disciplining wives through physical means." + }, + { + "source": "UNICEF", + "quote": "98% of women and girls who have undergone FGM in Egypt believe it was done to comply with religious practices. URL: https://data.unicef.org/resources/female-genital-mutilation-fgm-in-egypt/ " + }, + { + "source": "Sheikh Ali Gomaa", + "quote": "Islamweb citation indicating that Sheikh Ali Gomaa has issued a fatwa in support of honor killings. URL: https://www.islamweb.net/en/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaID&id=32951" + }, + { + "source": "Quran translations used are Yusuf Ali, Pickthall, and Sahih International versions", + "quote": "Indirect reference" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "OIC", + "the Muslim Council", + "Muslim", + "Sahih International", + "Quranic", + "FGM", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "PBUH", + "the Search for Knowledge (Tirmidhi", + "Al-Azhar University", + "Muslim Council" + ], + "person": [ + "Ibn Rushd", + "Bidayat al-Mujtahid", + "Yusuf Ali", + "Mishkat al-Masabih", + "Shariah", + "Hadith", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Al-Albani", + "Kindness", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Irwa al-Ghalil", + "Abwab al-Ma'rifat", + "Abu Huraira", + "Pickthall" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And live with them [wives] in kindness. For if you hate them [due to divorce], it may be that Allah has placed some good in them; yet if you do good [by treating them kindly] and fear [the consequences of injustice], surely Allah is ever-aware of what you do.", + "Admonish those [from whom you fear disobedience]...", + "Leave them alone in their beds...", + "...and beat them lightly, without causing harm...", + "light", + "This verse was revealed regarding those women who were accustomed to getting divorced quickly...", + "Treat your wives nicely.", + "The best among you are those who have the best character", + "Seeking knowledge is obligatory [for every Muslim].", + "It is not allowed to use anything else...", + "Honor crimes are not condoned or permitted under any circumstances by Shariah.", + "Quran 4:34", + "Quran 4:19" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "And live with them [wives] in kindness. For if you hate them [due to divorce], it may be that Allah has placed some good in them; yet if you do good [by treating them kindly] and fear [the consequences of injustice], surely Allah is ever-aware of what you do." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Admonish those [from whom you fear disobedience]...Leave them alone in their beds...and beat them lightly, without causing harm" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "This verse was revealed regarding those women who were accustomed to getting divorced quickly..." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Rushd (Averroes) in his Bidayat al-Mujtahid", + "quote": "The disciplinary measures are not applicable today due to changed societal norms and conditions." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim (Book 8, Number 3405)", + "quote": "Treat your wives nicely." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim (Book 16, Number 4352)", + "quote": "The best among you are those who have the best character" + }, + { + "source": "Tirmidhi, Abwab al-Ma'rifat", + "quote": "Seeking knowledge is obligatory [for every Muslim]." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Albani in his book Irwa al-Ghalil", + "quote": "The second Hadith, from Mishkat al-Masabih, is a weak narration" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Azhar University", + "quote": "Female genital mutilation (FGM) is strongly condemned" + }, + { + "source": "Muslim Council of Britain", + "quote": "FGM has no foundation in Islamic law." + }, + { + "source": "The OIC's Strategy to Combat Violence against Women", + "quote": "Honor crimes are not condoned or permitted under any circumstances by Shariah." + }, + { + "source": "Yusuf Ali, Pickthall, and Sahih International versions", + "quote": "Quran translations used" + }, + { + "source": "https://sunnah.com/riyadhus saliheen/7/96", + "quote": "Sahih Muslim: Book 8, Number 3405" + }, + { + "source": "https://sunnah.com/muslim/35/177", + "quote": "Sahih Muslim: Book 16, Number 4352" + }, + { + "source": "https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi/28/97", + "quote": "Tirmidhi, Abwab al-Ma'rifat" + }, + { + "source": "https://www.azhar.edu.eg/index.php/en/news-centre/1054", + "quote": "Al-Azhar University's stance on FGM" + }, + { + "source": "http://muslimcouncil.org/fgm/", + "quote": "Muslim Council of Britain's stance on FGM" + }, + { + "source": "http://oic-umis.org/oic-strategy-to-combat-violence-against-women-en.pdf", + "quote": "OIC's Strategy to Combat Violence against Women" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "FGM", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Arabian", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "The Quran emphasizes treating wives kindly" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 3:159", + "quote": "Encourages forgiveness, mercy, and patience over anger and harshness" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 42:43", + "quote": "Encourages forgiveness, mercy, and patience over anger and harshness" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:229-230", + "quote": "Establishes clear guidelines for divorce proceedings that prioritize fairness and avoiding harm to either spouse" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim", + "quote": "Prophetic teachings: Authentic Hadith, such as those narrated in Sahih Muslim, emphasize treating wives nicely, having good character, and seeking knowledge over violence or harshness" + }, + { + "source": "Islam (General teachings and commentary)", + "quote": "Certain disciplinary measures mentioned in the Quran were specific to the 7th-century Arabian cultural context and are not universally applicable today, as emphasized by numerous interpretations and commentaries on this verse." + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Sahih International", + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "FGM", + "I.", + "Egyptian", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Abu Dawud", + "UNICEF" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Yusuf Ali", + "Hadith", + "Ali Gomaa", + "Abu Dawud", + "Surah 4:34", + "Pickthall" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 4:34", + "I beat my wife twelve times.", + "(2020)", + "Men are the maintainers of women by virtue of what Allah has made some of them to have over others...", + "A man will not be asked as to why he beat his wife", + "Did you beat her with something?", + "beat them [lightly]", + "No, with my hands and feet.", + "Quran 17:23", + "(2013)", + "It is not allowed to use anything else (than hands).", + "Do not beat Allah's slaves (women) nor curse them.", + "Men are in charge of women by [right of] what Allah has given one over another and that with which they have been favored over them in degree. And [the men] provide for them from their wealth and make them inherit it. But righteous women are devoutly obedient, guarding in [the husband's] absence what Allah would have them guard. As for those whose disobedience you fear, admonish them [first]; [then if they persist], leave them alone in the beds; then beat them [lightly]; but if they remain defiant after your efforts, seek help from others to enforce obedience." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "The Holy Quran, 4:34", + "quote": "Men are in charge of women by [right of] what Allah has given one over another and that with which they have been favored over them in degree. And [the men] provide for them from their wealth and make them inherit it. But righteous women are devoutly obedient, guarding in [the husband's] absence what Allah would have them guard. As for those whose disobedience you fear, admonish them [first]; [then if they persist], leave them alone in the beds; then beat them [lightly]; but if they remain defiant after your efforts, seek help from others to enforce obedience." + }, + { + "source": "Abu Dawud, Book 11, Number 2141", + "quote": "Muhammad said, 'A man will not be asked as to why he beat his wife'" + }, + { + "source": "UNICEF", + "quote": "According to UNICEF, up to 190 million women and girls worldwide have undergone female genital mutilation, predominantly in Muslim-majority countries." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 17:23", + "quote": "Not directly quoted. But refers to a Quranic verse said to promote kindness and respect for all individuals, including women." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 30:21", + "quote": "Not directly quoted. But refers to a Quranic verse said to promote kindness and respect for all individuals, including women." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "'Men are the maintainers of women by virtue of what Allah has made some of them to have over others...'" + }, + { + "source": "Hadith: Sahih Muslim, Book 9, Number 3501", + "quote": "In this hadith, it is reported that Abu Dawud said, 'I beat my wife twelve times.' The Prophet Muhammad asked if he beat her with something and Abu Dawud responded, 'No, with my hands and feet.' The Prophet then said, 'It is not allowed to use anything else (than hands).'" + }, + { + "source": "Hadith: Mishkat al-Masabih, Book 2, Number 509", + "quote": "In this hadith, Prophet Muhammad discourages the severe beating and cursing of women but doesn't outright prohibit disciplining wives through physical means." + }, + { + "source": "UNICEF", + "quote": "98% of women and girls who have undergone FGM in Egypt believe it was done to comply with religious practices. URL: https://data.unicef.org/resources/female-genital-mutilation-fgm-in-egypt/ " + }, + { + "source": "Sheikh Ali Gomaa", + "quote": "Islamweb citation indicating that Sheikh Ali Gomaa has issued a fatwa in support of honor killings. URL: https://www.islamweb.net/en/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaID&id=32951" + }, + { + "source": "Quran translations used are Yusuf Ali, Pickthall, and Sahih International versions", + "quote": "Indirect reference" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "OIC", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "PBUH", + "Quran", + "Christianity", + "Islamic", + "Sahih Muslim", + "Sahih International", + "the Muslim Council", + "FGM", + "Islam", + "American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences", + "the Search for Knowledge (Tirmidhi", + "Muslim Council", + "Judaism", + "Allah", + "Gender-Based Violence", + "the American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences", + "Al-Azhar University", + "Arabian" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Abu-Ras", + "Ibn Rushd", + "Mishkat al-Masabih", + "Abwab al-Ma'rifat", + "Abu Huraira", + "Shariah", + "Hadith", + "Bukhari", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Pickthall", + "Bidayat al-Mujtahid", + "Kindness", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Irwa al-Ghalil", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Yusuf Ali", + "Al-Albani", + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Honor crimes are not condoned or permitted under any circumstances by Shariah.", + "Quran 30:21", + "Treat your parents and your close relatives with kindness and respect.", + "Leave them alone in their beds...", + "Islam does not promote gender-based violence; instead, it condemns such actions", + "And among His Signs is this, that He created for you mates from among yourselves, that you may dwell in tranquility with them, and He has put love and mercy between your hearts. Indeed in that are signs for those who reflect.", + "Quran 4:34", + "(2005)", + "...and beat them lightly, without causing harm...", + "The best among you are those who have the best character", + "Treat your wives nicely.", + "light", + "The best among people are those who have the best manners and the best of you are those who are best to their wives.", + "Admonish those [from whom you fear disobedience]...", + "And live with them [wives] in kindness. For if you hate them [due to divorce], it may be that Allah has placed some good in them; yet if you do good [by treating them kindly] and fear [the consequences of injustice], surely Allah is ever-aware of what you do.", + "A man will not be asked why he beat his wife...", + "It is not allowed to use anything else...", + "Seeking knowledge is obligatory [for every Muslim].", + "Quran 17:23", + "Quran 4:19", + "This verse was revealed regarding those women who were accustomed to getting divorced quickly..." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 17:23", + "quote": "Treat your parents and your close relatives with kindness and respect." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 30:21", + "quote": "And among His Signs is this, that He created for you mates from among yourselves, that you may dwell in tranquility with them, and He has put love and mercy between your hearts. Indeed in that are signs for those who reflect." + }, + { + "source": "Tirmidhi", + "quote": "The best among people are those who have the best manners and the best of you are those who are best to their wives." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "A man will not be asked why he beat his wife..." + }, + { + "source": "Abu-Ras, N. (2005). Gender-Based Violence in Islam: Myths and Realities. American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 22(3), 46-79.", + "quote": "Islam does not promote gender-based violence; instead, it condemns such actions" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "And live with them [wives] in kindness. For if you hate them [due to divorce], it may be that Allah has placed some good in them; yet if you do good [by treating them kindly] and fear [the consequences of injustice], surely Allah is ever-aware of what you do." + }, + { + "source": "Quran4:34", + "quote": "Admonish those [from whom you fear disobedience]...Leave them alone in their beds...and beat them lightly, without causing harm" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "This verse was revealed regarding those women who were accustomed to getting divorced quickly." + },{ + "source": "Ibn Rushd (Averroes) in his Bidayat al-Mujtahid", + "quote": "The disciplinary measures are not applicable today due to changed societal norms and conditions." + },{ + "source": "Sahih Muslim (Book 8, Number 3405)", + "quote": "Treat your wives nicely." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim (Book 16, Number 4352)", + "quote": "The best among you are those who have the best character" + }, + { + "source": "Tirmidhi, Abwab al-Ma'rifat", + "quote": "Seeking knowledge is obligatory [for every Muslim]." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Albani in his book Irwa al-Ghalil", + "quote": "The second Hadith, from Mishkat al-Masabih, is a weak narration," + }, + { + "source": "Al-Azhar University", + "quote": "Female genital mutilation (FGM) is strongly condemned" + },{ + "source": "Muslim Council of Britain", + "quote": "FGM has no foundation in Islamic law." + },{ + "source": "The OIC's Strategy to Combat Violence against Women", + "quote": "Honor crimes are not condoned or permitted under any circumstances by Shariah." + },{ + "source": "Yusuf Ali, Pickthall, and Sahih International versions", + "quote": "Quran translations used" + },{ + "source": "https://sunnah.com/riyadhus saliheen/7/96", "quote": "Sahih Muslim: Book 8, Number 3405" + }, + { + "source": "https://sunnah.com/muslim/35/177", "quote": "Sahih Muslim: Book 16, Number 4352" + },{ + "source": "https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi/28/97", "quote": "Tirmidhi, Abwab al-Ma'rifat" + },{"source": "https://www.azhar.edu.eg/index.php/en/news-centre/1054", "quote": "Al-Azhar University's stance on FGM"},{"source": "http://muslimcouncil.org/fgm/", "quote": "Muslim Council of Britain's stance on FGM"},{"source": "http://oic-umis.org/oic-strategy-to-combat-violence-against-women-en.pdf", "quote": "OIC's Strategy to Combat Violence against Women"}, + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "The Quran emphasizes treating wives kindly" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 3:159", + "quote": "Encourages forgiveness, mercy, and patience over anger and harshness" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 42:43", + "quote": "Encourages forgiveness, mercy, and patience over anger and harshness" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:229-230", + "quote": "Establishes clear guidelines for divorce proceedings that prioritize fairness and avoiding harm to either spouse" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim", + "quote": "Prophetic teachings: Authentic Hadith, such as those narrated in Sahih Muslim, emphasize treating wives nicely, having good character, and seeking knowledge over violence or harshness" + }, + { + "source": "Islam (General teachings and commentary)", + "quote": "Certain disciplinary measures mentioned in the Quran were specific to the 7th-century Arabian cultural context and are not universally applicable today, as emphasized by numerous interpretations and commentaries on this verse." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_encourages_violence_towards_women_20240914_032950.json", + "model": "gemma2", + "topic": "Islam encourages violence towards women", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "The Islamic Society of North America", + "ISNA", + "The Council on American-Islamic Relations", + "The Muslim Public Affairs Council" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam encourages violence towards women" + ], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Prophet" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And live with them in kindness. For if you dislike them it may be that you dislike a thing and Allah brings about through it a great deal of good.", + "The best among you are those who are best to their women." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "And live with them in kindness. For if you dislike them it may be that you dislike a thing and Allah brings about through it a great deal of good." + }, + { + "source": "Tirmidhi", + "quote": "The best among you are those who are best to their women." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Sharia" + ], + "person": [ + "Prophet" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam promotes justice, equality, and compassion for all human beings.", + "And as for those women on whose part you see ill-conduct, advise them (first), then (next) refuse to share their beds, and (lastly) beat them.", + "The Prophet Muhammad himself was a beacon of righteousness and advocated for women's rights.", + "Tragically, some individuals have twisted Islamic teachings to justify violence against women." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + {"source": "Quran 4:34", "quote": "Men are in charge of women by [right of] what Allah has given one over the other and because they spend [to support them] from their wealth. As for those women whose rebellion you fear, admonish them first, then send them to separate beds, and finally beat them."},{"source":"Sharia law", "quote":"Relegates women to second-class citizenship in many areas such as inheritance, divorce, and testimony."},{"source":"Life of Prophet Muhammad", "quote":"Had several wives, many of whom were young. Sanctioned polygamy, allowing men to have up to four wives under specific conditions, while women are limited to one husband."} + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Modern Islamic", + "Islam", + "Muslim" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Sharia" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The Quran allows men to beat their wives (4:34):", + "And live with them in kindness. For if you dislike them it may be that you dislike a thing and Allah brings about through it a great deal of good.", + "And do not approach them during their menstruation, and purify yourselves, and approach them from their private parts; they are your garments and you are their garments.", + "Sharia law often relegates women to second-class citizenship:", + "He sanctioned polygamy, which disproportionately affects women:", + "This statement minimizes the problem." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "The Quran allows men to beat their wives, under specific conditions and in a non-harming way" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "And live with them in kindness. For if you dislike them it may be that you dislike a thing and Allah brings about through it a great deal of good." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:221", + "quote": "And do not approach them during their menstruation, and purify yourselves, and approach them from their private parts; they are your garments and you are their garments." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:3", + "quote": "The Quran explicitly states that a man can only marry four wives if he can treat them justly" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Muslim" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "The Quran itself permits men to beat their wives" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to the life and practices of the Prophet Muhammad", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad, though revered by many, engaged in practices like polygamy which inherently create power imbalances and vulnerability for women." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "The Islamic Society of North America", + "ISNA", + "The Council on American-Islamic Relations", + "The Muslim Public Affairs Council" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Sharia" + ], + "person": [ + "Prophet" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad himself was a beacon of righteousness and advocated for women's rights.", + "Islam encourages violence towards women", + "Islam promotes justice, equality, and compassion for all human beings.", + "And as for those women on whose part you see ill-conduct, advise them (first), then (next) refuse to share their beds, and (lastly) beat them.", + "Tragically, some individuals have twisted Islamic teachings to justify violence against women." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + {"source":"Quran 4:34", "quote":"Men are in charge of women by [right of] what Allah has given one over the other and because they spend [to support them] from their wealth. As for those women whose rebellion you fear, admonish them first, then send them to separate beds, and finally beat them."},{"source":"Sharia law", "quote":"Relegates women to second-class citizenship in many areas such as inheritance, divorce, and testimony."},{"source":"Life of Prophet Muhammad", "quote":"Had several wives, many of whom were young. Sanctioned polygamy, allowing men to have up to four wives under specific conditions, while women are limited to one husband."}, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "The Quran itself permits men to beat their wives" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to the life and practices of the Prophet Muhammad", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad, though revered by many, engaged in practices like polygamy which inherently create power imbalances and vulnerability for women." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Modern Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Prophet" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Sharia" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "This statement minimizes the problem.", + "And live with them in kindness. For if you dislike them it may be that you dislike a thing and Allah brings about through it a great deal of good.", + "The best among you are those who are best to their women.", + "He sanctioned polygamy, which disproportionately affects women:", + "Sharia law often relegates women to second-class citizenship:", + "And do not approach them during their menstruation, and purify yourselves, and approach them from their private parts; they are your garments and you are their garments.", + "The Quran allows men to beat their wives (4:34):" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "And live with them in kindness. For if you dislike them it may be that you dislike a thing and Allah brings about through it a great deal of good." + }, + { + "source": "Tirmidhi", + "quote": "The best among you are those who are best to their women." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "The Quran allows men to beat their wives, under specific conditions and in a non-harming way" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "And live with them in kindness. For if you dislike them it may be that you dislike a thing and Allah brings about through it a great deal of good." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:221", + "quote": "And do not approach them during their menstruation, and purify yourselves, and approach them from their private parts; they are your garments and you are their garments" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:3", + "quote": "The Quran explicitly states that a man can only marry four wives if he can treat them justly" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_peace_20240911_070200.json", + "model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620", + "topic": "Islam promotes peace", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Little, Brown and Company", + "Jews", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Oxford University Press", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Arabic", + "Amana Publications", + "Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance", + "The Oxford Dictionary of" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "J. L.", + "Sahih al-Bukhari" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Ornament of the World: How Muslims" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2003)", + "(2001)", + "(2002)", + "Islam", + "salama,", + "O you who have believed, enter into peace completely", + "The strong is not the one who overcomes the people by his strength, but the strong is the one who controls himself while in anger", + "There shall be no compulsion in religion", + "Quran 2:208", + "Quran 2:256" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Esposito, J. L. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "The word 'Islam' is derived from the Arabic root 'salama,' which means peace, purity, submission, and obedience." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:208 via Ali, A. Y. (2001). The Meaning of the Holy Quran. Amana Publications.", + "quote": "O you who have believed, enter into peace completely" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Bukhari, M. (9th century). Sahih al-Bukhari, Book 73, Hadith 135.", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, said: 'The strong is not the one who overcomes the people by his strength, but the strong is the one who controls himself while in anger.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:256 via Ali, A. Y. (2001). The Meaning of the Holy Quran. Amana Publications.", + "quote": "There shall be no compulsion in religion" + }, + { + "source": "Menocal, M. R. (2002). The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain. Little, Brown and Company.", + "quote": "During the Islamic Golden Age, Muslims, Christians, and Jews lived together harmoniously in many parts of the Islamic world, contributing to advancements in science, philosophy, and the arts." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamist", + "Muslims", + "A Historical Perspective", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Yale University Press", + "D." + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Sharia" + ], + "person": [ + "E.", + "G.", + "Citations", + "Karsh" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2006)", + "(2007)", + "(2015)", + "Islam promotes peace,", + "While Islam, like many religions, contains teachings about peace, there are aspects of Islamic doctrine and history that make it difficult to claim that Islam as a whole promotes peace. The Quran and Hadith contain numerous passages calling for violence against non-believers and apostates. For example, Quran 9:5 states 'fight and slay the pagans wherever ye find them.' Islamic law (Sharia) prescribes harsh punishments including death for apostasy and blasphemy. Throughout history, Islamic empires expanded largely through military conquest. Today, Islamist extremist groups continue to cite religious justification for violence. While many Muslims are peaceful, these problematic elements within Islam's core texts and historical practice make it challenging to argue that Islam inherently promotes peace.", + "Apostasy from Islam: A Historical Perspective.", + "What ISIS Really Wants.", + "Quran 9:5", + "Quran 9:5" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "fight and slay the pagans wherever ye find them." + }, + { + "source": "Cook, D. (2006). 'Apostasy from Islam: A Historical Perspective.' Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 31, 248-288.", + "quote": "Islamic law (Sharia) prescribes harsh punishments including death for apostasy and blasphemy." + }, + { + "source": "Karsh, E. (2007). Islamic Imperialism: A History. Yale University Press.", + "quote": "Throughout history, Islamic empires expanded largely through military conquest." + }, + { + "source": "Wood, G. (2015). 'What ISIS Really Wants.' The Atlantic.", + "quote": "Today, Islamist extremist groups continue to cite religious justification for violence." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Little, Brown and Company", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "D.", + "Gallup Press", + "Oxford University Press", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Harvard University Press", + "Amana Publications", + "Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance", + "Martyrdom in Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "J. L.", + "Quran 25:63" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Ornament of the World: How Muslims" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2013)", + "(2010)", + "(2002)", + "(2007)", + "(2001)", + "The servants of the Most Merciful are those who walk upon the earth in humility, and when the ignorant address them, they say words of peace", + "...if anyone slays a human being unless it be [in punishment] for murder or for spreading corruption on earth - it shall be as though he had slain all mankind; whereas, if anyone saves a life, it shall be as though he had saved the lives of all mankind", + "Quran 9:5", + "Quran 25:63", + "Quran 5:32" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "The indirect reference to the disucssion on the interpretation of this verse" + }, + { + "source": "Afsaruddin, A. (2013). Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "The argument that the interpretation of texts like Quran 9:5 requires historical and textual context" + }, + { + "source": "An-Na'im, A. A. (2010). Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Shari'a. Harvard University Press.", + "quote": "The idea that interpretations of Sharia vary and some modern Islamic scholars argue for progressive interpretations" + }, + { + "source": "Menocal, M. R. (2002). The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain. Little, Brown and Company.", + "quote": "The reference to the Convivencia in medieval Spain demonstrating periods of relative peace and cultural flourishing after conquests" + }, + { + "source": "Esposito, J. L., & Mogahed, D. (2007). Who Speaks for Islam?: What a Billion Muslims Really Think. Gallup Press.", + "quote": "The statement that extremist groups are a tiny minority of Muslims and that their actions are condemned by mainstream Muslim leaders and organizations" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 25:63", + "quote": "The servants of the Most Merciful are those who walk upon the earth in humility, and when the ignorant address them, they say words of peace" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:32", + "quote": "...if anyone slays a human being unless it be [in punishment] for murder or for spreading corruption on earth - it shall be as though he had slain all mankind; whereas, if anyone saves a life, it shall be as though he had saved the lives of all mankind" + }, + { + "source": "Ali, A. Y. (2001). The Meaning of the Holy Quran. Amana Publications.", + "quote": "The discussion of two Quran verses (25:63 and 5:32) promoting peaceful interaction and emphasizing the sanctity of human life" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Fairleigh Dickinson University Press", + "Pew Research", + "Muslim", + "Society", + "Edinburgh University Press", + "Muslims", + "Jews", + "Christians", + "World", + "Islamic", + "Dhimmi", + "Islam", + "Pew Research Center" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Share Concerns", + "B.", + "Sharia Law", + "His Messenger", + "Groups", + "J." + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2013)", + "(1996)", + "(2013)", + "(1990)", + "(1985)", + "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture - [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled.", + "The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society.", + "Muslim Publics Share Concerns about Extremist Groups.", + "Quran 9:29", + "Quran 9:29" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + {"source": "Quran 9:29", "quote": "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture - [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled."}, {"source": "Pew Research Center. (2013). 'The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society.', "quote": "While interpretations of Sharia may vary, many mainstream interpretations still include elements that are incompatible with modern concepts of human rights and peace. For example, apostasy remains punishable by death in several Muslim-majority countries."}, {"source": "Ye'or, B. (1996). The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.", "quote": "The Islamic concept of jihad provided a unique religious justification for warfare that continues to influence modern conflicts. The early Islamic conquests were often accompanied by forced conversions and the imposition of discriminatory policies on non-Muslims."}, {"source": "Pew Research Center. (2013)."Muslim Publics Share Concerns about Extremist Groups.", "quote": "A 2013 Pew Research study found that significant percentages of Muslims in several countries believe that suicide bombings can be justified."}, {"source": "Burton, J. (1990). The Sources of Islamic Law: Islamic Theories of Abrogation. Edinburgh University Press.', "quote": "While the Quran does contain peaceful verses, the principle of abrogation in Islamic jurisprudence suggests that later, more militant verses take precedence over earlier, more peaceful ones."}, {"source": "Ye'or, B. (1985). The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.', "quote": "The concept of dhimmitude, while historically offering some protections to non-Muslims, also institutionalized their second-class status in Islamic societies."} + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam" + ], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam promotes peace" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source":"Quran and Hadith", + "quote":"The Quran and Hadith contain numerous verses that can be and have been interpreted to justify violence against non-believers, even when considered in context" + }, + { + "source":"Sharia law", + "quote":"Many mainstream interpretations of Sharia law include elements that are incompatible with modern concepts of human rights and peaceful coexistence, such as harsh punishments for apostasy and blasphemy" + }, + { + "source":"Islamic history", + "quote":"The concept of jihad has provided religious justification for warfare and conquest throughout Islamic history, influencing conflicts even in modern times" + }, + { + "source":"Islamic doctrine", + "quote":"The principle of abrogation in Islamic jurisprudence can be used to prioritize more militant verses over peaceful ones, creating a theological framework that can justify violence" + }, + { + "source":"Islamic societies", + "quote":"Historical and contemporary practices in many Islamic societies have institutionalized unequal treatment of non-Muslims, challenging the notion of universal peace promotion" + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Little, Brown and Company", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Gallup Press", + "Martyrdom in Islamic", + "Oxford University Press", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Arabic", + "Harvard University Press", + "Amana Publications", + "Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance", + "D.", + "The Oxford Dictionary of" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Quran 25:63", + "J. L.", + "Sahih al-Bukhari" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Ornament of the World: How Muslims" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "O you who have believed, enter into peace completely", + "(2010)", + "...if anyone slays a human being unless it be [in punishment] for murder or for spreading corruption on earth - it shall be as though he had slain all mankind; whereas, if anyone saves a life, it shall be as though he had saved the lives of all mankind", + "(2003)", + "(2001)", + "salama,", + "Quran 5:32", + "Quran 2:256", + "(2007)", + "Quran 25:63", + "(2002)", + "Islam", + "Quran 9:5", + "(2013)", + "Quran 2:208", + "The strong is not the one who overcomes the people by his strength, but the strong is the one who controls himself while in anger", + "The servants of the Most Merciful are those who walk upon the earth in humility, and when the ignorant address them, they say words of peace", + "There shall be no compulsion in religion" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Esposito, J. L. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "The word 'Islam' is derived from the Arabic root 'salama,' which means peace, purity, submission, and obedience." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:208 via Ali, A. Y. (2001). The Meaning of the Holy Quran. Amana Publications.", + "quote": "O you who have believed, enter into peace completely" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Bukhari, M. (9th century). Sahih al-Bukhari, Book 73, Hadith 135.", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, said: 'The strong is not the one who overcomes the people by his strength, but the strong is the one who controls himself while in anger.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:256 via Ali, A. Y. (2001). The Meaning of the Holy Quran. Amana Publications.", + "quote": "There shall be no compulsion in religion" + }, + { + "source": "Menocal, M. R. (2002). The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain. Little, Brown and Company.", + "quote": "During the Islamic Golden Age, Muslims, Christians, and Jews lived together harmoniously in many parts of the Islamic world, contributing to advancements in science, philosophy, and the arts." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "The indirect reference to the disucssion on the interpretation of this verse" + }, + { + "source": "Afsaruddin, A. (2013). Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "The argument that the interpretation of texts like Quran 9:5 requires historical and textual context" + }, + { + "source": "An-Na'im, A. A. (2010). Islam and the Secular State: Negotiating the Future of Shari'a. Harvard University Press.", + "quote": "The idea that interpretations of Sharia vary and some modern Islamic scholars argue for progressive interpretations" + }, + { + "source": "Menocal, M. R. (2002). The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain. Little, Brown and Company.", + "quote": "The reference to the Convivencia in medieval Spain demonstrating periods of relative peace and cultural flourishing after conquests" + }, + { + "source": "Esposito, J. L., & Mogahed, D. (2007). Who Speaks for Islam?: What a Billion Muslims Really Think. Gallup Press.", + "quote": "The statement that extremist groups are a tiny minority of Muslims and that their actions are condemned by mainstream Muslim leaders and organizations" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 25:63", + "quote": "The servants of the Most Merciful are those who walk upon the earth in humility, and when the ignorant address them, they say words of peace" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:32", + "quote": "...if anyone slays a human being unless it be [in punishment] for murder or for spreading corruption on earth - it shall be as though he had slain all mankind; whereas, if anyone saves a life, it shall be as though he had saved the lives of all mankind" + }, + { + "source": "Ali, A. Y. (2001). The Meaning of the Holy Quran. Amana Publications.", + "quote": "The discussion of two Quran verses (25:63 and 5:32) promoting peaceful interaction and emphasizing the sanctity of human life" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamist", + "non-Muslims", + "Fairleigh Dickinson University Press", + "Pew Research", + "Muslim", + "Society", + "Edinburgh University Press", + "Muslims", + "A Historical Perspective", + "Jews", + "Christians", + "World", + "Islamic", + "Dhimmi", + "Islam", + "Yale University Press", + "D.", + "Pew Research Center" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith", + "Sharia" + ], + "person": [ + "Share Concerns", + "B.", + "Sharia Law", + "E.", + "His Messenger", + "Citations", + "Karsh", + "Groups", + "J.", + "G." + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "While Islam, like many religions, contains teachings about peace, there are aspects of Islamic doctrine and history that make it difficult to claim that Islam as a whole promotes peace. The Quran and Hadith contain numerous passages calling for violence against non-believers and apostates. For example, Quran 9:5 states 'fight and slay the pagans wherever ye find them.' Islamic law (Sharia) prescribes harsh punishments including death for apostasy and blasphemy. Throughout history, Islamic empires expanded largely through military conquest. Today, Islamist extremist groups continue to cite religious justification for violence. While many Muslims are peaceful, these problematic elements within Islam's core texts and historical practice make it challenging to argue that Islam inherently promotes peace.", + "Islam promotes peace,", + "What ISIS Really Wants.", + "(1996)", + "(2007)", + "(1990)", + "The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society.", + "(2006)", + "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture - [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled.", + "Muslim Publics Share Concerns about Extremist Groups.", + "(2015)", + "Apostasy from Islam: A Historical Perspective.", + "(2013)", + "Quran 9:29", + "(1985)", + "Quran 9:5", + "Islam promotes peace" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "fight and slay the pagans wherever ye find them." + }, + { + "source": "Cook, D. (2006). 'Apostasy from Islam: A Historical Perspective.' Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 31, 248-288.", + "quote": "Islamic law (Sharia) prescribes harsh punishments including death for apostasy and blasphemy." + }, + { + "source": "Karsh, E. (2007). Islamic Imperialism: A History. Yale University Press.", + "quote": "Throughout history, Islamic empires expanded largely through military conquest." + }, + { + "source": "Wood, G. (2015). 'What ISIS Really Wants.' The Atlantic.", + "quote": "Today, Islamist extremist groups continue to cite religious justification for violence." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture - [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled." + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center. (2013). The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society", + "quote": "While interpretations of Sharia may vary, many mainstream interpretations still include elements that are incompatible with modern concepts of human rights and peace. For example, apostasy remains punishable by death in several Muslim-majority countries." + }, + { + "source": "Ye'or, B. (1996). The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.", + "quote": "The Islamic concept of jihad provided a unique religious justification for warfare that continues to influence modern conflicts. The early Islamic conquests were often accompanied by forced conversions and the imposition of discriminatory policies on non-Muslims." + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center. (2013). Muslim Publics Share Concerns about Extremist Groups", + "quote": "A 2013 Pew Research study found that significant percentages of Muslims in several countries believe that suicide bombings can be justified." + }, + { + "source": "Burton, J. (1990). The Sources of Islamic Law: Islamic Theories of Abrogation. Edinburgh University Press.", + "quote": "While the Quran does contain peaceful verses, the principle of abrogation in Islamic jurisprudence suggests that later, more militant verses take precedence over earlier, more peaceful ones." + }, + { + "source": "Ye'or, B. (1985). The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.", + "quote": "The concept of dhimmitude, while historically offering some protections to non-Muslims, also institutionalized their second-class status in Islamic societies." + }, + { + "source":"Quran and Hadith", + "quote":"The Quran and Hadith contain numerous verses that can be and have been interpreted to justify violence against non-believers, even when considered in context" + }, + { + "source":"Sharia law", + "quote":"Many mainstream interpretations of Sharia law include elements that are incompatible with modern concepts of human rights and peaceful coexistence, such as harsh punishments for apostasy and blasphemy" + }, + { + "source":"Islamic history", + "quote":"The concept of jihad has provided religious justification for warfare and conquest throughout Islamic history, influencing conflicts even in modern times" + }, + { + "source":"Islamic doctrine", + "quote":"The principle of abrogation in Islamic jurisprudence can be used to prioritize more militant verses over peaceful ones, creating a theological framework that can justify violence" + }, + { + "source":"Islamic societies", + "quote":"Historical and contemporary practices in many Islamic societies have institutionalized unequal treatment of non-Muslims, challenging the notion of universal peace promotion" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_encourages_violence_towards_women_20240913_194657.json", + "model": "llama2", + "topic": "Islam encourages violence towards women", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "UN Women", + "Hilali", + "World Bank" + ], + "person": [ + "Khan", + "Quran 4:128-129" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Human Rights Watch", + "Violence against Women" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Gender-Based Violence,", + "Violence against Women in the Middle East and North Africa,", + "Gender Equality and Development,", + "Quran 4:128", + "Quran 4:128" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:128-129 (translation by Hilali and Khan)", + "quote": "The Quran, the holy book of Islam, highlights the importance of treating women with kindness and compassion, and prohibits any form of discrimination or violence against them." + }, + { + "source": "UN Women, 'Gender-Based Violence', ", + "quote": "Gender-based violence is a pervasive problem in many societies, regardless of religion or cultural background." + }, + { + "source": "Human Rights Watch, 'Violence against Women in the Middle East and North Africa', ", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the issue of violence against women, particularly in the context of Middle East and North Africa" + }, + { + "source": "World Bank, 'Gender Equality and Development', ", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the aspect of promoting gender equality and empowerment, and improving access to education and economic opportunities" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "the International Union of Muslim Scholars", + "Woman: An Inclusive Feminist Theology", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "International Union of Muslim Scholars", + "Islamic", + "American Muslim", + "Oneworld Publications", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Amina Wadud", + "Qur'an", + "https://www.iums.org/en/fatwa-on-women-rights/" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Wadud, 2006)", + "(IUMS, 2013)", + "(2013)", + "(2006)", + "Islam encourages violence towards women.", + "Islam is a religion that values and respects women", + "women have the right to participate in all aspects of life, including politics, education, and economic development" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Wadud, A. M. (2006). Qur'an and Woman: An Inclusive Feminist Theology. New York: Oneworld Publications.", + "quote": "Islam is a religion that values and respects women" + }, + { + "source": "IUMS (International Union of Muslim Scholars). (2013). Fatwa on Women's Rights. Retrieved from ", + "quote": "women have the right to participate in all aspects of life, including politics, education, and economic development" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "the International Union of Muslim Scholars", + "Muslim", + "Hilali", + "Quranic", + "Quran 4:128-129", + "Islamic", + "J., & Fiddes", + "Islam", + "IB Tauris", + "Resistance and Social Change" + ], + "person": [ + "Khan", + "Ahmed, S. (2006" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2006)", + "(2014)", + "(2017)", + "Quran 4:128", + "Quran 4:128" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:128-129 (Translation by Hilali and Khan)", + "quote": "the Quranic verse has been interpreted by some as permitting the beating of wives in certain circumstances" + }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, S. (2006). Women and the Qur'an: An Exploration of Some of its Main Themes. London: IB Tauris", + "quote": "Indirect reference: the need to challenge interpretations that justify gender-based violence" + }, + { + "source": "Akin, J., & Fiddes, N. (Eds.). (2014). Islamic Feminism: Empowering Women in Muslim Societies. New York: Routledge", + "quote": "Indirect reference: acknowledgment of scholars who challenge oppressive narratives within Islam and advocate for women's empowerment" + }, + { + "source": "Kina, E. (2017). Gender and Sexuality in Modern Egypt: Resistance and Social Change. London: I.B.Tauris", + "quote": "Indirect reference: the ongoing discrimination and violence faced by women in Muslim-majority countries due to patriarchal interpretations of Islamic law" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Woman: An Inclusive Feminist Theology", + "Moroccan", + "Muslim", + "Dihal", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Oneworld Publications", + "Islam", + "IB Tauris", + "Resistance and Social Change", + "The Rights of Women" + ], + "person": [ + "Kanta Dihal", + "Y.", + "Fatima Mernissi", + "Dihal, K. (", + "Al-Qaradawi", + "Qur'an", + "Amina Wadud", + "Mernissi", + "al-Qaradawi", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Mernissi, 2015)", + "(Wadud, 2006)", + "(Dihal, 2017)", + "(2016)", + "(2015)", + "(2006)", + "(2017)", + "women have the right to participate in all aspects of life, including politics and economics", + "Islam is not a static religion, but a dynamic one that evolves over time in response to changing social and cultural contexts", + "gender inequality is not limited to any one culture or religion, but is a global problem that affects us all", + "gender inequality is not just a problem of religion or culture, but a structural issue that requires a comprehensive approach to address" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Al-Qaradawi, Y. (2016). The Rights of Women in Islam. London: IB Tauris.", + "quote": "women have the right to participate in all aspects of life, including politics and economics" + }, + { + "source": "Mernissi, F. (2015). The Forgotten Qur'an: Exploring the Female Sex in the Language of Islam. New York: Oneworld Publications.", + "quote": "Islam is not a static religion, but a dynamic one that evolves over time in response to changing social and cultural contexts" + }, + { + "source": "Wadud, A. M. (2006). Qur'an and Woman: An Inclusive Feminist Theology. New York: Oneworld Publications.", + "quote": "gender inequality is not limited to any one culture or religion, but is a global problem that affects us all" + }, + { + "source": "Dihal, K. (2017). Gender and Sexuality in Modern Egypt: Resistance and Social Change. London: I.B.Tauris.", + "quote": "gender inequality is not just a problem of religion or culture, but a structural issue that requires a comprehensive approach to address" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Quranic", + "Islam", + "Muslim" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Muslim" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "the International Union of Muslim Scholars", + "Hilali", + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Quran 4:128-129", + "Islamic", + "J., & Fiddes", + "Islam", + "UN Women", + "World Bank", + "Resistance and Social Change", + "IB Tauris" + ], + "person": [ + "Khan", + "Quran 4:128-129", + "Ahmed, S. (2006" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Human Rights Watch", + "Violence against Women" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Gender-Based Violence,", + "Quran 4:128", + "Gender Equality and Development,", + "Violence against Women in the Middle East and North Africa,", + "(2014)", + "(2006)", + "(2017)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:128-129 (translation by Hilali and Khan)", + "quote": "The Quran, the holy book of Islam, highlights the importance of treating women with kindness and compassion, and prohibits any form of discrimination or violence against them." + }, + { + "source": "UN Women, 'Gender-Based Violence', ", + "quote": "Gender-based violence is a pervasive problem in many societies, regardless of religion or cultural background." + }, + { + "source": "Human Rights Watch, 'Violence against Women in the Middle East and North Africa', ", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the issue of violence against women, particularly in the context of Middle East and North Africa" + }, + { + "source": "World Bank, 'Gender Equality and Development', ", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the aspect of promoting gender equality and empowerment, and improving access to education and economic opportunities" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:128-129 (Translation by Hilali and Khan)", + "quote": "the Quranic verse has been interpreted by some as permitting the beating of wives in certain circumstances" + }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, S. (2006). Women and the Qur'an: An Exploration of Some of its Main Themes. London: IB Tauris", + "quote": "Indirect reference: the need to challenge interpretations that justify gender-based violence" + }, + { + "source": "Akin, J., & Fiddes, N. (Eds.). (2014). Islamic Feminism: Empowering Women in Muslim Societies. New York: Routledge", + "quote": "Indirect reference: acknowledgment of scholars who challenge oppressive narratives within Islam and advocate for women's empowerment" + }, + { + "source": "Kina, E. (2017). Gender and Sexuality in Modern Egypt: Resistance and Social Change. London: I.B.Tauris", + "quote": "Indirect reference: the ongoing discrimination and violence faced by women in Muslim-majority countries due to patriarchal interpretations of Islamic law" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Woman: An Inclusive Feminist Theology", + "the International Union of Muslim Scholars", + "Moroccan", + "Muslim", + "Dihal", + "Muslims", + "International Union of Muslim Scholars", + "Islamic", + "American Muslim", + "Oneworld Publications", + "Islam", + "IB Tauris", + "Resistance and Social Change", + "The Rights of Women" + ], + "person": [ + "Kanta Dihal", + "Y.", + "Fatima Mernissi", + "Dihal, K. (", + "Al-Qaradawi", + "https://www.iums.org/en/fatwa-on-women-rights/", + "Amina Wadud", + "Mernissi", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi", + "al-Qaradawi", + "Qur'an" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(IUMS, 2013)", + "women have the right to participate in all aspects of life, including politics, education, and economic development", + "gender inequality is not just a problem of religion or culture, but a structural issue that requires a comprehensive approach to address", + "(Wadud, 2006)", + "Islam is a religion that values and respects women", + "(Mernissi, 2015)", + "Islam encourages violence towards women.", + "(2016)", + "(2006)", + "gender inequality is not limited to any one culture or religion, but is a global problem that affects us all", + "(2015)", + "(2013)", + "(2017)", + "Islam is not a static religion, but a dynamic one that evolves over time in response to changing social and cultural contexts", + "(Dihal, 2017)", + "women have the right to participate in all aspects of life, including politics and economics" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Wadud, A. M. (2006). Qur'an and Woman: An Inclusive Feminist Theology. New York: Oneworld Publications.", + "quote": "Islam is a religion that values and respects women" + }, + { + "source": "IUMS (International Union of Muslim Scholars). (2013). Fatwa on Women's Rights. Retrieved from ", + "quote": "women have the right to participate in all aspects of life, including politics, education, and economic development" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Qaradawi, Y. (2016). The Rights of Women in Islam. London: IB Tauris.", + "quote": "women have the right to participate in all aspects of life, including politics and economics" + }, + { + "source": "Mernissi, F. (2015). The Forgotten Qur'an: Exploring the Female Sex in the Language of Islam. New York: Oneworld Publications.", + "quote": "Islam is not a static religion, but a dynamic one that evolves over time in response to changing social and cultural contexts" + }, + { + "source": "Wadud, A. M. (2006). Qur'an and Woman: An Inclusive Feminist Theology. New York: Oneworld Publications.", + "quote": "gender inequality is not limited to any one culture or religion, but is a global problem that affects us all" + }, + { + "source": "Dihal, K. (2017). Gender and Sexuality in Modern Egypt: Resistance and Social Change. London: I.B.Tauris.", + "quote": "gender inequality is not just a problem of religion or culture, but a structural issue that requires a comprehensive approach to address" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_violence_towards_non_muslims_20240911_065224.json", + "model": "gpt-3.5-turbo", + "topic": "Islam promotes violence towards non Muslims", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Allah", + "ISIS", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Zakat", + "His Messenger", + "Prophet", + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture - [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled.", + "I have been commanded to fight against people till they testify that there is no god but Allah, that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah, and they establish prayer and pay Zakat.", + "Quran 9:29" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture - [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim, Book 1, Hadith 33", + "quote": "I have been commanded to fight against people till they testify that there is no god but Allah, that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah, and they establish prayer and pay Zakat." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Allah", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "John Andrew Morrow", + "Muhammad", + "Muhammad Husayn Haykal" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad", + "The Life of Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "jihad,", + "jihad", + "Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for Allah does not love transgressors", + "The Life of Muhammad", + "The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World", + "Quran 2:190" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:190", + "quote": "Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for Allah does not love transgressors" + }, + { + "source": "The Life of Muhammad by Muhammad Husayn Haykal", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad himself signed treaties and agreements with non-Muslim communities, guaranteeing their protection and freedom to practice their own religion" + }, + { + "source": "The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World by John Andrew Morrow", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad himself signed treaties and agreements with non-Muslim communities, guaranteeing their protection and freedom to practice their own religion" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Bukhari" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "jihad", + "I have been ordered to fight against the people until they testify that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that Muhammad is Allah's Messenger...", + "Verse of the Sword,", + "And when the sacred months have passed, then kill the polytheists wherever you find them and capture them and besiege them and sit in wait for them at every place of ambush.", + "Quran 9:5" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari, Book 2, Hadith 24", + "quote": "I have been ordered to fight against the people until they testify that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that Muhammad is Allah's Messenger..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "And when the sacred months have passed, then kill the polytheists wherever you find them and capture them and besiege them and sit in wait for them at every place of ambush." + }, + { + "source": "Treaty of Hudaybiyyah", + "quote": "The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was eventually broken by the Muslims, leading to the conquest of Mecca." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Usama Arif", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Prophetic Translation", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Quraysh", + "Bukhari", + "Ramon Harvey" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Understanding Hadith:" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Verse of the Sword" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Understanding Hadith: Essays on The Arabian Nights and the Quran by Ramon Harvey", + "quote": "In the case of Sahih Bukhari and the Hadith you mentioned, it is important to consider the specific circumstances under which these statements were made. The notion of fighting against the people until they testify to the oneness of Allah can be seen as a response to the persecution faced by early Muslims in Mecca, rather than a general call for violence against all non-Muslims." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "Similarly, the 'Verse of the Sword' in Surah 9:5 needs to be understood within the context of self-defense and retaliation against those who violate treaties and attack the Muslim community. It is not a blanket command to kill all non-Muslims, but rather a directive to respond to aggression in a time of conflict." + }, + { + "source": "Understanding Hadith: Essays on The Arabian Nights and the Quran by Ramon Harvey", + "quote": "Regarding the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, it is true that the agreement was eventually broken, but it is important to note that this was due to the violations committed by the Quraysh tribe, who attacked Muslim allies. The breaking of the treaty was a response to ongoing hostility, rather than an act of aggression." + }, + { + "source": "An Introduction to Quranic and Prophetic Translation by Usama Arif", + "quote": "In conclusion, while there are interpretations of Islamic texts that can be used to justify violence, it is essential to understand these teachings within their historical context and to promote a more nuanced and peaceful understanding of Islam. Let us focus on the broader message of compassion, tolerance, and coexistence that is central to the teachings of Islam." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Verse of the Sword," + ], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Allah", + "ISIS", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Zakat", + "His Messenger", + "Bukhari", + "Prophet", + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "I have been commanded to fight against people till they testify that there is no god but Allah, that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah, and they establish prayer and pay Zakat.", + "I have been ordered to fight against the people until they testify that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that Muhammad is Allah's Messenger...", + "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture - [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled.", + "Verse of the Sword,", + "Quran 9:29", + "jihad", + "Quran 9:5", + "And when the sacred months have passed, then kill the polytheists wherever you find them and capture them and besiege them and sit in wait for them at every place of ambush." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who do not consider unlawful what Allah and His Messenger have made unlawful and who do not adopt the religion of truth from those who were given the Scripture - [fight] until they give the jizyah willingly while they are humbled." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim, Book 1, Hadith 33", + "quote": "I have been commanded to fight against people till they testify that there is no god but Allah, that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah, and they establish prayer and pay Zakat." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari, Book 2, Hadith 24", + "quote": "I have been ordered to fight against the people until they testify that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that Muhammad is Allah's Messenger..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "And when the sacred months have passed, then kill the polytheists wherever you find them and capture them and besiege them and sit in wait for them at every place of ambush." + }, + { + "source": "Treaty of Hudaybiyyah", + "quote": "The Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was eventually broken by the Muslims, leading to the conquest of Mecca." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Allah", + "Muslim", + "Usama Arif", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Prophetic Translation", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "John Andrew Morrow", + "Muhammad", + "Quraysh", + "Bukhari", + "Ramon Harvey", + "Muhammad Husayn Haykal" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad", + "Understanding Hadith:", + "The Life of Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "jihad,", + "Verse of the Sword", + "Verse of the Sword,", + "The Life of Muhammad", + "jihad", + "Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for Allah does not love transgressors", + "Quran 2:190", + "The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:190", + "quote": "Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress limits; for Allah does not love transgressors" + }, + { + "source": "The Life of Muhammad by Muhammad Husayn Haykal", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad himself signed treaties and agreements with non-Muslim communities, guaranteeing their protection and freedom to practice their own religion" + }, + { + "source": "The Covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World by John Andrew Morrow", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad himself signed treaties and agreements with non-Muslim communities, guaranteeing their protection and freedom to practice their own religion" + }, + { + "source": "Understanding Hadith: Essays on The Arabian Nights and the Quran by Ramon Harvey", + "quote": "In the case of Sahih Bukhari and the Hadith you mentioned, it is important to consider the specific circumstances under which these statements were made. The notion of fighting against the people until they testify to the oneness of Allah can be seen as a response to the persecution faced by early Muslims in Mecca, rather than a general call for violence against all non-Muslims." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "Similarly, the 'Verse of the Sword' in Surah 9:5 needs to be understood within the context of self-defense and retaliation against those who violate treaties and attack the Muslim community. It is not a blanket command to kill all non-Muslims, but rather a directive to respond to aggression in a time of conflict." + }, + { + "source": "Understanding Hadith: Essays on The Arabian Nights and the Quran by Ramon Harvey", + "quote": "Regarding the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, it is true that the agreement was eventually broken, but it is important to note that this was due to the violations committed by the Quraysh tribe, who attacked Muslim allies. The breaking of the treaty was a response to ongoing hostility, rather than an act of aggression." + }, + { + "source": "An Introduction to Quranic and Prophetic Translation by Usama Arif", + "quote": "In conclusion, while there are interpretations of Islamic texts that can be used to justify violence, it is essential to understand these teachings within their historical context and to promote a more nuanced and peaceful understanding of Islam. Let us focus on the broader message of compassion, tolerance, and coexistence that is central to the teachings of Islam." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_muslims_to_take_mortgages_with_interest_20240913_214249.json", + "model": "gemma2", + "topic": "Islam permits Muslims to take mortgages with interest", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "Islam", + "riba" + ], + "person": [ + "Ijarah", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "**The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam**," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Implicit reference to Quran 2:275-276", + "quote": "Traditional Islamic jurisprudence prohibits riba, or usury, involving charging exorbitant interest rates. This prohibition does not extend to all forms of financial transactions involving interest." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic legal scholars (fuqaha)", + "quote": "Islamic legal scholars (fuqaha) have permitted the practice of Murabaha, which involves a seller marking up the price of a property and selling it to a buyer at that higher price. This acts as a loan with a pre-determined profit margin agreed upon by both parties" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic financial practices", + "quote": "Modern Islamic finance has developed innovative financial instruments like Islamic mortgages (Ijarah). These contracts involve renting the property for a set period and eventually leading to ownership after the rental payments are completed." + }, + { + "source": "Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi in 'The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam'", + "quote": "\u201cIt is permissible to buy a house by means of a loan, provided that it does not involve riba.\u201d" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Muslim", + "Islam Prohibits Interest", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "Islam", + "Riba", + "riba" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Bukhari", + "Sunnah", + "Prophet" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "riba", + "Allah permits trade and forbids riba.", + "Those who consume Riba will not stand (on the Day of Judgement) except like the one whom Satan has touched and driven to madness. That is because they say that what Allah has forbidden is permissible.", + "The Prophet cursed those who consume Riba, those who pay it, the witnesses to it and the scribes.", + "The Prophet said: 'Whoever eats a thing of interest will not be free from Allah's punishment until he gives back all that he has taken with interest.", + "Musharakah", + "Quran 2:275", + "Quran 30:39" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "Allah permits trade and forbids riba." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 30:39", + "quote": "Those who consume Riba will not stand (on the Day of Judgement) except like the one whom Satan has touched and driven to madness. That is because they say that what Allah has forbidden is permissible." + }, + { + "source": "Narrated by Bukhari", + "quote": "The Prophet cursed those who consume Riba, those who pay it, the witnesses to it and the scribes." + }, + { + "source": "Narrated by Muslim", + "quote": "The Prophet said: 'Whoever eats a thing of interest will not be free from Allah's punishment until he gives back all that he has taken with interest.'" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Ijarah", + "Islamic Legal Scholar Consensus:*", + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Quranic Verses:*", + "riba" + ], + "person": [ + "Prophet Muhammad's", + "Prophet", + "Musharakah", + "Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir", + "Ibn Sa'd", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Indirect reference to verses prohibiting riba (usury or interest)" + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "Indirect reference to Prophet Muhammad's condemnation of riba" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir, Vol. 1", + "quote": "The Prophet himself engaged in financial transactions involving calculated profit margins." + }, + { + "source": "Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi", + "quote": "The consensus among many prominent Islamic scholars that obtaining a mortgage through ethical means like Murabaha or Ijarah is permissible under Islamic law." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Ijarah", + "Quranic", + "Islamic Principles:*", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "the Purpose of Islamic Finance:*", + "riba" + ], + "person": [ + "Musharakah", + "Scholars", + "Prophet" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Exploitation", + "exorbitant", + "which are doubtful.", + "Quran 4:29" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:29", + "quote": "The Quran explicitly forbids engaging in transactions 'which are doubtful.'" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Esteemed" + ], + "person": [ + "Ijarah", + "Sunnah", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran and Sunnah", + "quote": "The Quran and Sunnah unequivocally condemn exploitative interest rates that prey on the vulnerable, they do not prohibit all forms of financial transactions involving a profit element." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic jurisprudence", + "quote": "Allows for mortgages under specific conditions. These include systems such as Murabaha, where a seller marks up the property price to act as a loan with a pre-determined profit margin agreed upon by both parties. And Ijarah, a rental agreement where the buyer gradually acquires ownership of the property through predetermined rent payments that ultimately cover its cost." + }, + { + "source": "Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi", + "quote": "Has explicitly stated that obtaining a mortgage is permissible under Islamic law as long as the terms adhere to Islamic legal principles." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Esteemed" + ], + "person": [ + "Sunnah", + "Prophet" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "exploitation" + ], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Ijarah", + "Islamic Legal Scholar Consensus:*", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Esteemed", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Quranic Verses:*", + "riba" + ], + "person": [ + "Ijarah", + "Prophet Muhammad's", + "Prophet", + "Musharakah", + "Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir", + "Sunnah", + "Ibn Sa'd", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "**The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam**," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Implicit reference to Quran 2:275-276", + "quote": "Traditional Islamic jurisprudence prohibits riba, or usury, involving charging exorbitant interest rates. This prohibition does not extend to all forms of financial transactions involving interest." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic legal scholars (fuqaha)", + "quote": "Islamic legal scholars (fuqaha) have permitted the practice of Murabaha, which involves a seller marking up the price of a property and selling it to a buyer at that higher price. This acts as a loan with a pre-determined profit margin agreed upon by both parties" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic financial practices", + "quote": "Modern Islamic finance has developed innovative financial instruments like Islamic mortgages (Ijarah). These contracts involve renting the property for a set period and eventually leading to ownership after the rental payments are completed." + }, + { + "source": "Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi in 'The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam'", + "quote": "\u201cIt is permissible to buy a house by means of a loan, provided that it does not involve riba.\u201d" + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Indirect reference to verses prohibiting riba (usury or interest)" + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "Indirect reference to Prophet Muhammad's condemnation of riba" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Sa'd, Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir, Vol. 1", + "quote": "The Prophet himself engaged in financial transactions involving calculated profit margins." + }, + { + "source": "Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi", + "quote": "The consensus among many prominent Islamic scholars that obtaining a mortgage through ethical means like Murabaha or Ijarah is permissible under Islamic law." + }, + { + "source": "Quran and Sunnah", + "quote": "The Quran and Sunnah unequivocally condemn exploitative interest rates that prey on the vulnerable, they do not prohibit all forms of financial transactions involving a profit element." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic jurisprudence", + "quote": "Allows for mortgages under specific conditions. These include systems such as Murabaha, where a seller marks up the property price to act as a loan with a pre-determined profit margin agreed upon by both parties. And Ijarah, a rental agreement where the buyer gradually acquires ownership of the property through predetermined rent payments that ultimately cover its cost." + }, + { + "source": "Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi", + "quote": "Has explicitly stated that obtaining a mortgage is permissible under Islamic law as long as the terms adhere to Islamic legal principles." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Ijarah", + "Allah", + "Muslim", + "Islam Prohibits Interest", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "Islamic Principles:*", + "Islam", + "Riba", + "the Purpose of Islamic Finance:*", + "riba" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Scholars", + "Bukhari", + "Prophet", + "Musharakah", + "Sunnah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "exploitation", + "Quran 2:275", + "Quran 30:39", + "Exploitation", + "Allah permits trade and forbids riba.", + "Musharakah", + "Quran 4:29", + "The Prophet said: 'Whoever eats a thing of interest will not be free from Allah's punishment until he gives back all that he has taken with interest.", + "which are doubtful.", + "exorbitant", + "The Prophet cursed those who consume Riba, those who pay it, the witnesses to it and the scribes.", + "Those who consume Riba will not stand (on the Day of Judgement) except like the one whom Satan has touched and driven to madness. That is because they say that what Allah has forbidden is permissible.", + "riba" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "Allah permits trade and forbids riba." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 30:39", + "quote": "Those who consume Riba will not stand (on the Day of Judgement) except like the one whom Satan has touched and driven to madness. That is because they say that what Allah has forbidden is permissible." + }, + { + "source": "Narrated by Bukhari", + "quote": "The Prophet cursed those who consume Riba, those who pay it, the witnesses to it and the scribes." + }, + { + "source": "Narrated by Muslim", + "quote": "The Prophet said: 'Whoever eats a thing of interest will not be free from Allah's punishment until he gives back all that he has taken with interest.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:29", + "quote": "The Quran explicitly forbids engaging in transactions 'which are doubtful.'" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_homosexuality_20240914_003020.json", + "model": "gemma2", + "topic": "Islam permits homosexuality", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "PBUH" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Imam Al-Ghazali" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "liwat,", + "sodomy", + "homosexuality,", + "liwat", + "the punishment for adultery is not applicable to those who are simply inclined toward same-sex love, but only if they act upon it." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "While verses mention 'liwat,' a term often translated as 'sodomy' or 'homosexuality,' these verses primarily address exploitative power dynamics and societal norms prevalent during that time. A careful reading reveals they focus on coercion, non-consensual acts, and the disruption of social order rather than loving, consensual relationships between adults." + }, + { + "source": "Imam Al-Ghazali", + "quote": "The punishment for adultery is not applicable to those who are simply inclined toward same-sex love, but only if they act upon it." + }, + { + "source": "Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad himself condemned societal prejudice and discrimination, advocating for fairness and dignity for all individuals." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "The Prophetic Tradition", + "Islam", + "The Quranic Text:*" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad" + ], + "person": [ + "Bukhari", + "Prophet" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And as for those who **commit lewdness**, whether from men or women, inflict upon them the punishment that is appropriate to their deeds.\u201d This verse, along with others like Surah 26:165-166 and 17:32, clearly identifies homosexual acts as a transgression deserving of divine retribution. **2. The Prophetic Tradition (Hadith):** The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) is reported to have said, " + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7:80", + "quote": "And as for those who commit lewdness, whether from men or women, inflict upon them the punishment that is appropriate to their deeds." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 26:165-166", + "quote": "Indirect reference: The Quran identifies homosexual acts as a transgression deserving of divine retribution." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 17:32", + "quote": "Indirect reference: The Quran identifies homosexual acts as a transgression deserving of divine retribution." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari (Hadith Collection)", + "quote": "Whoever imitates a people are like them." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "Indirect reference: The Prophet Muhammad condemned homosexual acts and punished those who engaged in them." + }, + { + "source": "Ijma (Consensus of Scholars)", + "quote": "Indirect reference: A unanimous consensus exists among Islamic scholars, condemning homosexual acts as forbidden." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "the Quranic Text:*", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "PBUH", + "Arabic", + "the Prophetic Tradition:*" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "liwat", + "faahishah", + "Whoever imitates a people are like them,", + "liwat", + "ijma" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7:80", + "quote": "The opponent cites verses like Surah 7:80, but this verse condemns a broad range of \u201clewdness,\u201d not specifically homosexuality between consenting adults." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 26:165-166", + "quote": "Similarly, Surah 26:165-166 and 17:32 are often cited, but these verses primarily address same-sex relationships within the context of male domination and exploitative power dynamics prevalent in ancient societies." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 17:32", + "quote": "Similarly, Surah 26:165-166 and 17:32 are often cited, but these verses primarily address same-sex relationships within the context of male domination and exploitative power dynamics prevalent in ancient societies." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith (unspecified location)", + "quote": "The hadith 'Whoever imitates a people are like them,' while emphasizing societal norms, cannot be used to justify blanket condemnation of homosexuality." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith (unspecified location)", + "quote": "Furthermore, many hadiths about 'liwat' lack reliable chains of transmission and are debated among scholars." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "PBUH", + "Arabic" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Faahishah", + "faahishah", + "liwat", + "liwat.", + "liwat" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7:80", + "quote": "While the Arabic word 'faahishah' in Surah 7:80 encompasses various transgressions, its inclusion alongside specific references to homosexual acts (liwat) demonstrates that it is explicitly intended to include such actions. The Quran does not distinguish between different types of \u201clewdness\u201d when addressing punishment; it states a clear condemnation of all forms." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect Qurinic references and Hadiths", + "quote": "Furthermore, numerous other verses and Hadiths specifically mention 'liwat' in the context of sinful acts deserving of divine retribution." + }, + { + "source": "The teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) addressed various social issues, but his teachings consistently condemned homosexual acts regardless of context or intent." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect references to Qurinic verses, Hadiths, and Islamic scholarly consensus", + "quote": "It's crucial to note that while there might be debates regarding specific hadiths, the consensus among reputable scholars remains firm on the condemnation of 'liwat.' Furthermore, even if certain hadiths are debated, this does not invalidate the numerous other clear pronouncements condemning homosexual acts found within both Quranic verses and prophetic traditions." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "The Prophetic Tradition:*", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "faahishah,", + "liwat,", + "liwat" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "The Quran", + "quote": "Explicit verses condemn 'faahishah,' which explicitly encompasses homosexual acts like 'liwat,' deserving of divine retribution" + }, + { + "source": "The Prophetic Tradition", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) consistently condemned homosexual acts and punished those who engaged in them, emphasizing the importance of aligning oneself with accepted societal norms and religious teachings." + }, + { + "source": "The Consensus of Scholars", + "quote": "Across centuries and diverse schools of Islamic thought, a vast consensus exists condemning 'liwat' as haram (forbidden)." + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "the Quranic Text:*", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "PBUH", + "Arabic", + "the Prophetic Tradition:*" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Imam Al-Ghazali" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "faahishah", + "ijma", + "the punishment for adultery is not applicable to those who are simply inclined toward same-sex love, but only if they act upon it.", + "Whoever imitates a people are like them,", + "liwat", + "sodomy", + "homosexuality,", + "liwat," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "While verses mention 'liwat,' a term often translated as 'sodomy' or 'homosexuality,' these verses primarily address exploitative power dynamics and societal norms prevalent during that time. A careful reading reveals they focus on coercion, non-consensual acts, and the disruption of social order rather than loving, consensual relationships between adults." + }, + { + "source": "Imam Al-Ghazali", + "quote": "The punishment for adultery is not applicable to those who are simply inclined toward same-sex love, but only if they act upon it." + }, + { + "source": "Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad himself condemned societal prejudice and discrimination, advocating for fairness and dignity for all individuals." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 7:80", + "quote": "The opponent cites verses like Surah 7:80, but this verse condemns a broad range of \u201clewdness,\u201d not specifically homosexuality between consenting adults." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 26:165-166", + "quote": "Similarly, Surah 26:165-166 and 17:32 are often cited, but these verses primarily address same-sex relationships within the context of male domination and exploitative power dynamics prevalent in ancient societies." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 17:32", + "quote": "Similarly, Surah 26:165-166 and 17:32 are often cited, but these verses primarily address same-sex relationships within the context of male domination and exploitative power dynamics prevalent in ancient societies." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith (unspecified location)", + "quote": "The hadith 'Whoever imitates a people are like them,' while emphasizing societal norms, cannot be used to justify blanket condemnation of homosexuality." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith (unspecified location)", + "quote": "Furthermore, many hadiths about 'liwat' lack reliable chains of transmission and are debated among scholars." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "The Prophetic Tradition", + "Islam", + "PBUH", + "Arabic", + "The Prophetic Tradition:*", + "The Quranic Text:*" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Bukhari", + "Prophet" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "faahishah", + "liwat.", + "And as for those who **commit lewdness**, whether from men or women, inflict upon them the punishment that is appropriate to their deeds.\u201d This verse, along with others like Surah 26:165-166 and 17:32, clearly identifies homosexual acts as a transgression deserving of divine retribution. **2. The Prophetic Tradition (Hadith):** The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) is reported to have said, ", + "faahishah,", + "Faahishah", + "liwat", + "liwat," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7:80", + "quote": "And as for those who commit lewdness, whether from men or women, inflict upon them the punishment that is appropriate to their deeds." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 26:165-166", + "quote": "Indirect reference: The Quran identifies homosexual acts as a transgression deserving of divine retribution." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 17:32", + "quote": "Indirect reference: The Quran identifies homosexual acts as a transgression deserving of divine retribution." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari (Hadith Collection)", + "quote": "Whoever imitates a people are like them." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "Indirect reference: The Prophet Muhammad condemned homosexual acts and punished those who engaged in them." + }, + { + "source": "Ijma (Consensus of Scholars)", + "quote": "Indirect reference: A unanimous consensus exists among Islamic scholars, condemning homosexual acts as forbidden." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 7:80", + "quote": "While the Arabic word 'faahishah' in Surah 7:80 encompasses various transgressions, its inclusion alongside specific references to homosexual acts (liwat) demonstrates that it is explicitly intended to include such actions. The Quran does not distinguish between different types of \u201clewdness\u201d when addressing punishment; it states a clear condemnation of all forms." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect Qurinic references and Hadiths", + "quote": "Furthermore, numerous other verses and Hadiths specifically mention 'liwat' in the context of sinful acts deserving of divine retribution." + }, + { + "source": "The teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) addressed various social issues, but his teachings consistently condemned homosexual acts regardless of context or intent." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect references to Qurinic verses, Hadiths, and Islamic scholarly consensus", + "quote": "It's crucial to note that while there might be debates regarding specific hadiths, the consensus among reputable scholars remains firm on the condemnation of 'liwat.' Furthermore, even if certain hadiths are debated, this does not invalidate the numerous other clear pronouncements condemning homosexual acts found within both Quranic verses and prophetic traditions." + }, + { + "source": "The Quran", + "quote": "Explicit verses condemn 'faahishah,' which explicitly encompasses homosexual acts like 'liwat,' deserving of divine retribution" + }, + { + "source": "The Prophetic Tradition", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) consistently condemned homosexual acts and punished those who engaged in them, emphasizing the importance of aligning oneself with accepted societal norms and religious teachings." + }, + { + "source": "The Consensus of Scholars", + "quote": "Across centuries and diverse schools of Islamic thought, a vast consensus exists condemning 'liwat' as haram (forbidden)." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_music_20240911_073426.json", + "model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620", + "topic": "Islam permits music", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Persian", + "Arab", + "Sufi" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Ghazali", + "Coleman Barks", + "Lois Ibsen al-Faruqi", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "Imam al-Ghazali", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi", + "Prophet David", + "Surah Saba", + "Rumi" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Essential Rumi", + "Music, Musicians and Muslim Law", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "The Lawful and the Prohibited", + "Asian Music, Vol. 17" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "1 (1985)", + "We have fallen into the place where everything is music", + "The Essential Rumi", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "The Essential Rumi", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam", + "Music, Musicians and Muslim Law," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran Surah Saba 34:10-11", + "quote": "it mentions that Prophet David was given a beautiful voice and that mountains and birds joined him in praise" + }, + { + "source": "Coleman Barks, The Essential Rumi", + "quote": "We have fallen into the place where everything is music" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Ghazali, Ihya Ulum al-Din (Revival of Religious Sciences)", + "quote": "He argued that music could be permissible and even beneficial when used for the right purposes and in the right context" + }, + { + "source": "Yusuf al-Qaradawi, The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam", + "quote": "Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi, a prominent contemporary scholar, has stated that music is permissible as long as it doesn't contain inappropriate content or distract from religious duties" + }, + { + "source": "Lois Ibsen al-Faruqi, Music, Musicians and Muslim Law, Asian Music, Vol. 17, No. 1 (1985)", + "quote": "the rich tradition of Islamic art music, such as the Maqam in the Arab world or the Dastgah in Iran" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Fatwa", + "Quranic", + "Shari'ah (Islamic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Sunni" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Ighathat al-Lahfan", + "Hadith", + "The Madhhab" + ], + "person": [ + "Fatawa Ibn Baz", + "al-Lahfan", + "Ibn al-Qayyim", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Sahih al-Bukhari 5590", + "Abdul-Aziz ibn Baz" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "From among my followers there will be some people who will consider illegal sexual intercourse, the wearing of silk, the drinking of alcoholic drinks and the use of musical instruments, as lawful.", + "Ighathat al-Lahfan", + "The Madhhab (position) of the four Imams is that all musical instruments are haram (forbidden).", + "It is well known that music, musical instruments and songs are haram (forbidden) according to the purified Shari'ah (Islamic law)." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari 5590", + "quote": "From among my followers there will be some people who will consider illegal sexual intercourse, the wearing of silk, the drinking of alcoholic drinks and the use of musical instruments, as lawful." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn al-Qayyim, Ighathat al-Lahfan", + "quote": "The Madhhab (position) of the four Imams is that all musical instruments are haram (forbidden)." + }, + { + "source": "Fatwa no. 3818, Fatawa Ibn Baz", + "quote": "It is well known that music, musical instruments and songs are haram (forbidden) according to the purified Shari'ah (Islamic law)." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "work_of_art": [ + "Music in the World of Islam: A Socio-Cultural Study", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "Hadith", + "The Art of Reciting the Qur'an", + "(The Revival of the Religious Sciences", + "The Lawful and Prohibited" + ], + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Ibn al-Qayyim's", + "Ibn Rushd", + "Bidayat al-Mujtahid", + "Imam Malik", + "Abu Hamid al-Ghazali", + "Al-Qaradawi", + "Kristina Nelson", + "Abdul-Aziz ibn Baz's", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The Art of Reciting the Qur'an,", + "Bidayat al-Mujtahid", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "Music by itself is considered halal unless it is accompanied with something that is considered haram.", + "The Lawful and Prohibited in Islam", + "Music in the World of Islam: A Socio-Cultural Study,", + "Say, Who has forbidden the adornment of Allah which He has produced for His servants and the good [lawful] things of provision?", + "Quran 7:32" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "quote": "Indirect reference to a Hadith predicting that some people will consider certain things, presumably including music, lawful." + }, + { + "source": "The Art of Reciting the Qur'an by Kristina Nelson", + "quote": "The authenticity and interpretation of Hadiths related to music have been subjects of debate among Islamic scholars." + }, + { + "source": "Bidayat al-Mujtahid by Ibn Rushd", + "quote": "There are reports that Imam Malik, one of the four Imams, permitted certain forms of music." + }, + { + "source": "Ihya Ulum al-Din by Abu Hamid al-Ghazali", + "quote": "Al-Ghazali wrote extensively on the permissibility of music in certain contexts." + }, + { + "source": "The Lawful and Prohibited in Islam by Al-Qaradawi", + "quote": "Music by itself is considered halal unless it is accompanied with something that is considered haram." + }, + { + "source": "Music in the World of Islam: A Socio-Cultural Study by Amnon Shiloah", + "quote": "The flourishing of musical traditions in various Islamic societies throughout history, from Andalusia to the Ottoman Empire, suggests a more nuanced approach to music than outright prohibition." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 7:32", + "quote": "Say, Who has forbidden the adornment of Allah which He has produced for His servants and the good [lawful] things of provision?" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Al-Fawzan", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Tafsir" + ], + "person": [ + "Ibn al-Qayyim's", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali", + "al-Qaradawi's", + "Ibn Rajab", + "Nuzhat al-Asma'", + "al-Lahfan", + "Al-I'lam", + "Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Naqd Kitab al-Halal", + "Ibn al-Qayyim", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi's", + "Salih al-Fawzan", + "Fath al-Bari", + "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "This Hadith", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Fath al-Bari,", + "This Hadith indicates that these matters are prohibited, because the Prophet (peace be upon him) censured those who consider them lawful.", + "The four Imams and their followers are in agreement about the prohibition of listening to all musical instruments.", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Fath al-Bari", + "quote": "This Hadith indicates that these matters are prohibited, because the Prophet (peace be upon him) censured those who consider them lawful (Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Fath al-Bari, 10/51)" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Rajab, Nuzhat al-Asma'", + "quote": "The four Imams and their followers are in agreement about the prohibition of listening to all musical instruments. (Ibn Rajab, Nuzhat al-Asma', p. 45)" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn al-Qayyim, Ighathat al-Lahfan", + "quote": "(Reference to Al-Ghazali's varied views on the matter of music)" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Fawzan, Al-I'lam bi Naqd Kitab al-Halal wal-Haram fil-Islam", + "quote": "(Sheikh Salih al-Fawzan's refutation of Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi's views on music)" + }, + { + "source": "Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani, Tahrim Alat at-Tarab", + "quote": "(Argument regarding the development of music traditions in defiance of religious prohibitions)" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 7:32", + "quote": "(A reference to the interpretation of Quranic verse 7:32, specifically related to music)" + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir Ibn Kathir, 7:32", + "quote": "(Ibn Kathir's commentary not mentioning music in his interpretation of Quranic verse 7:32)" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Interpretation of Hadiths", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Quranic Foundation", + "Sufi" + ], + "person": [ + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi's", + "David", + "Imam al-Ghazali's" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + {"source": "Quran ", "quote": "David's beautiful voice joined by mountains and birds in praise. "},{"source": "Historical Practice ", "quote": "Throughout Islamic history, music has played a significant role in cultural and spiritual practices. "},{"source": "Imam al-Ghazali ", "quote": "Writings on the ethics of listening to music "},{"source": "Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi ", "quote": "Modern fatwa permitting music with appropriate content "},{"source": "Interpretation of Hadiths ", "quote": "Hadiths discouraging music, subjects to scholarly debate over their context and authenticity "},{"source": "Cultural Diversity ", "quote": "Flourishing of musical traditions across various Islamic societies throughout history "},{"source": "Spiritual and Artistic Value ", "quote": "Islam encourages the pursuit of beauty and art as means of spiritual elevation. Music can serve as a tool for spiritual growth and cultural expression "} + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Sunni", + "Islamic" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "al-Hanbali", + "Ibn Rajab", + "Sheikh Salih al-Fawzan", + "Ibn al-Qayyim", + "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "Abdul-Aziz ibn Baz" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam permits music", + "Quran 7:32" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "quote": "hadith that group musical instruments with other prohibited activities" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "quote": "interpretation of the aforementioned hadith as prohibitions" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn al-Qayyim and Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali", + "quote": "reporting of the consensus among classical scholars against the permissibility of music" + }, + { + "source": "Abdul-Aziz ibn Baz and Sheikh Salih al-Fawzan", + "quote": "contemporary scholarly opinions maintaining the traditional stance against music" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 7:32", + "quote": "interpretation by classical exegetes as not permitting music" + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Interpretation of Hadiths", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Quranic Foundation", + "Persian", + "Arab", + "Sufi" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Ghazali", + "Ibn Rushd", + "Coleman Barks", + "Abdul-Aziz ibn Baz's", + "Imam Malik", + "Lois Ibsen al-Faruqi", + "Imam al-Ghazali", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi's", + "Bidayat al-Mujtahid", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "David", + "Imam al-Ghazali's", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi", + "Ibn al-Qayyim's", + "Abu Hamid al-Ghazali", + "Al-Qaradawi", + "Kristina Nelson", + "Prophet David", + "Surah Saba", + "Rumi" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Essential Rumi", + "Music, Musicians and Muslim Law", + "Music in the World of Islam: A Socio-Cultural Study", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "Hadith", + "The Art of Reciting the Qur'an", + "The Lawful and the Prohibited", + "Asian Music, Vol. 17", + "(The Revival of the Religious Sciences", + "The Lawful and Prohibited" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The Essential Rumi", + "Bidayat al-Mujtahid", + "The Art of Reciting the Qur'an,", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "Say, Who has forbidden the adornment of Allah which He has produced for His servants and the good [lawful] things of provision?", + "Quran 7:32", + "Music in the World of Islam: A Socio-Cultural Study,", + "We have fallen into the place where everything is music", + "The Lawful and Prohibited in Islam", + "1 (1985)", + "Music by itself is considered halal unless it is accompanied with something that is considered haram.", + "Music, Musicians and Muslim Law,", + "The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran Surah Saba 34:10-11", + "quote": "it mentions that Prophet David was given a beautiful voice and that mountains and birds joined him in praise" + }, + { + "source": "Coleman Barks, The Essential Rumi", + "quote": "We have fallen into the place where everything is music" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Ghazali, Ihya Ulum al-Din (Revival of Religious Sciences)", + "quote": "He argued that music could be permissible and even beneficial when used for the right purposes and in the right context" + }, + { + "source": "Yusuf al-Qaradawi, The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam", + "quote": "Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi, a prominent contemporary scholar, has stated that music is permissible as long as it doesn't contain inappropriate content or distract from religious duties" + }, + { + "source": "Lois Ibsen al-Faruqi, Music, Musicians and Muslim Law, Asian Music, Vol. 17, No. 1 (1985)", + "quote": "the rich tradition of Islamic art music, such as the Maqam in the Arab world or the Dastgah in Iran" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "quote": "Indirect reference to a Hadith predicting that some people will consider certain things, presumably including music, lawful." + }, + { + "source": "The Art of Reciting the Qur'an by Kristina Nelson", + "quote": "The authenticity and interpretation of Hadiths related to music have been subjects of debate among Islamic scholars." + }, + { + "source": "Bidayat al-Mujtahid by Ibn Rushd", + "quote": "There are reports that Imam Malik, one of the four Imams, permitted certain forms of music." + }, + { + "source": "Ihya Ulum al-Din by Abu Hamid al-Ghazali", + "quote": "Al-Ghazali wrote extensively on the permissibility of music in certain contexts." + }, + { + "source": "The Lawful and Prohibited in Islam by Al-Qaradawi", + "quote": "Music by itself is considered halal unless it is accompanied with something that is considered haram." + }, + { + "source": "Music in the World of Islam: A Socio-Cultural Study by Amnon Shiloah", + "quote": "The flourishing of musical traditions in various Islamic societies throughout history, from Andalusia to the Ottoman Empire, suggests a more nuanced approach to music than outright prohibition." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 7:32", + "quote": "Say, Who has forbidden the adornment of Allah which He has produced for His servants and the good [lawful] things of provision?" + }, + {"source": "Quran", "quote": "David's beautiful voice joined by mountains and birds in praise"},{"source": "Historical Practice", "quote": "Throughout Islamic history, music has played a significant role in cultural and spiritual practices"},{"source": "Imam al-Ghazali", "quote": "Writings on the ethics of listening to music"},{"source": "Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi", "quote": "Modern fatwa permitting music with appropriate content"},{"source": "Interpretation of Hadiths", "quote": "Hadiths discouraging music, subjects to scholarly debate over their context and authenticity"},{"source": "Cultural Diversity", "quote": "Flourishing of musical traditions across various Islamic societies throughout history"},{"source": "Spiritual and Artistic Value", "quote": "Islam encourages the pursuit of beauty and art as means of spiritual elevation. Music can serve as a tool for spiritual growth and cultural expression"} + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Al-Fawzan", + "Fatwa", + "Quranic", + "Shari'ah (Islamic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Tafsir", + "Sunni" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "This Hadith", + "Ighathat al-Lahfan", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "Hadith", + "The Madhhab" + ], + "person": [ + "al-Qaradawi's", + "Fatawa Ibn Baz", + "Sheikh Salih al-Fawzan", + "Ibn al-Qayyim", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi's", + "Salih al-Fawzan", + "Sahih al-Bukhari 5590", + "Naqd Kitab al-Halal", + "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "al-Lahfan", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani", + "Abdul-Aziz ibn Baz", + "Ibn al-Qayyim's", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali", + "al-Hanbali", + "Ibn Rajab", + "Nuzhat al-Asma'", + "Al-I'lam", + "Fath al-Bari" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Ighathat al-Lahfan", + "From among my followers there will be some people who will consider illegal sexual intercourse, the wearing of silk, the drinking of alcoholic drinks and the use of musical instruments, as lawful.", + "The Madhhab (position) of the four Imams is that all musical instruments are haram (forbidden).", + "Fath al-Bari,", + "This Hadith indicates that these matters are prohibited, because the Prophet (peace be upon him) censured those who consider them lawful.", + "Islam permits music", + "Quran 7:32", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din,", + "The four Imams and their followers are in agreement about the prohibition of listening to all musical instruments.", + "It is well known that music, musical instruments and songs are haram (forbidden) according to the purified Shari'ah (Islamic law)." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari 5590", + "quote": "From among my followers there will be some people who will consider illegal sexual intercourse, the wearing of silk, the drinking of alcoholic drinks and the use of musical instruments, as lawful." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn al-Qayyim, Ighathat al-Lahfan", + "quote": "The Madhhab (position) of the four Imams is that all musical instruments are haram (forbidden)." + }, + { + "source": "Fatwa no. 3818, Fatawa Ibn Baz", + "quote": "It is well known that music, musical instruments and songs are haram (forbidden) according to the purified Shari'ah (Islamic law)." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Fath al-Bari", + "quote": "This Hadith indicates that these matters are prohibited, because the Prophet (peace be upon him) censured those who consider them lawful. (Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Fath al-Bari, 10/51)" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Rajab, Nuzhat al-Asma'", + "quote": "The four Imams and their followers are in agreement about the prohibition of listening to all musical instruments. (Ibn Rajab, Nuzhat al-Asma', p. 45)" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn al-Qayyim, Ighathat al-Lahfan", + "quote": "(Reference to Al-Ghazali's varied views on the matter of music)" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Fawzan, Al-I'lam bi Naqd Kitab al-Halal wal-Haram fil-Islam", + "quote": "(Sheikh Salih al-Fawzan's refutation of Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi's views on music)" + }, + { + "source": "Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani, Tahrim Alat at-Tarab", + "quote": "(Argument regarding the development of music traditions in defiance of religious prohibitions)" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 7:32", + "quote": "(A reference to the interpretation of Quranic verse 7:32, specifically related to music)" + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir Ibn Kathir, 7:32", + "quote": "(Ibn Kathir's commentary not mentioning music in his interpretation of Quranic verse 7:32)" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "quote": "hadith that group musical instruments with other prohibited activities" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "quote": "interpretation of the aforementioned hadith as prohibitions" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn al-Qayyim and Ibn Rajab al-Hanbali", + "quote": "reporting of the consensus among classical scholars against the permissibility of music" + }, + { + "source": "Abdul-Aziz ibn Baz and Sheikh Salih al-Fawzan", + "quote": "contemporary scholarly opinions maintaining the traditional stance against music" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 7:32", + "quote": "interpretation by classical exegetes as not permitting music" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "muslims_can_be_active_citizens_in_secular_countries_20240914_101924.json", + "model": "gpt-4o", + "topic": "Muslims can be active citizens in secular countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Jews", + "American Muslims", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Andalusian", + "the Institute for Social Policy" + ], + "person": [ + "Abdul El-Sayed", + "Ilhan Omar" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Let there be no compulsion in religion", + "Quran 2:256" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:256", + "quote": "Let there be no compulsion in religion" + }, + { + "source": "Institute for Social Policy and Understanding (ISPU) 2018 study", + "quote": "American Muslims are as likely to be civically engaged as other faith groups, volunteering, participating in community activities, and voting in elections at comparable rates." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Society", + "Muslims", + "European", + "the Center for Security Policy", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "'s", + "Center for Security Policy", + "The Pew Research Center", + "Murray", + "Pew Research Center" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity", + "Shariah and Violence in American Mosques", + "The World's" + ], + "person": [ + "Douglas" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society", + "Shariah and Violence in American Mosques", + "no-go zones", + "The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity, Islam" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, 'The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society', April 30, 2013", + "quote": "significant portions of Muslims in various countries support making Sharia the official law of their lands." + }, + { + "source": "'Shariah and Violence in American Mosques', Center for Security Policy, 2011", + "quote": "a subset of Muslims in the West supports the idea that practicing Muslims should try to convert society to Sharia law, thereby placing religious conviction above societal laws." + }, + { + "source": "Murray, Douglas, 'The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity, Islam', 2017", + "quote": "The concept of 'no-go zones' in European cities, where local laws are subsumed under informal Sharia councils, exemplifies the difficulty of harmonizing these worldviews." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "The European Court of Human Rights", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Americans", + "Ottoman", + "Islamic", + "Campos, Michelle", + "Islam", + "Abou El Fadl", + "Sharia", + "European Court of Human Rights", + "the Pew Research Center", + "Muslim Americans" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Ottoman Brothers", + "Sharia", + "Inside the Gender Jihad: Women's Reform in", + "Ethnic and Racial Studies" + ], + "person": [ + "Khaled", + "Sahin", + "Amina Wadud", + "Sharia", + "Douglas Murray's", + "Khaled Abou El Fadl" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "et al.", + "Speaking in God's Name: Islamic Law, Authority and Women", + "Leyla Sahin v. Turkey,", + "Inside the Gender Jihad: Women's Reform in Islam,", + "no-go zones,", + "Ethnic and Racial Studies,", + "Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early Twentieth-Century Palestine", + "Muslim Americans: Pride and Prejudice," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Abou El Fadl, Khaled, Speaking in God's Name: Islamic Law, Authority and Women, 2001", + "quote": "Scholars like Khaled Abou El Fadl argue that Sharia is not a monolithic code but rather a dynamic and evolving jurisprudential tradition capable of adapting to various cultural and legal frameworks." + }, + { + "source": "Leyla Sahin v. Turkey, European Court of Human Rights, 2005", + "quote": "The European Court of Human Rights noted that secularism essentially respects religious freedoms while ensuring that no religion asserts undue influence over the state's legislative or judicial processes." + }, + { + "source": "Inside the Gender Jihad: Women's Reform in Islam, Wadud, Amina, 2006", + "quote": "Notable examples include organizations like Muslims for Progressive Values (MPV) and individuals such as Dr. Amina Wadud, who work to reconcile Islamic teachings with gender equality and inclusive human rights." + }, + { + "source": "Ethnic and Racial Studies, Bisin, Alberto, et al., 2011", + "quote": "Douglas Murray's characterization of these zones has been challenged by various scholars and organizations, who argue that such narratives oversimplify and stigmatize the Muslim community." + }, + { + "source": "Campos, Michelle, Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early Twentieth-Century Palestine, 2010", + "quote": "For instance, the Ottoman Empire, with its Millet system, allowed various religious communities, including Christians and Jews, to govern themselves under their legal systems while maintaining allegiance to the secular Ottoman authority." + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, Muslim Americans: Pride and Prejudice, 2017", + "quote": "According to the Pew Research Center, Muslim Americans largely support pluralism and contribute actively to societal welfare through community service, political engagement, and business development." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "UN", + "Cox", + "Muslim", + "Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society", + "Muslims", + "European", + "OutRight Action International", + "Islamic", + "The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)", + "the Pew Research Center's", + "the European Court of Human Rights'", + "anti-Muslim", + "Pew Research Center", + "Muslim Americans" + ], + "person": [ + "Silence Kills", + "Sahin", + "Amina Wadud", + "Caroline", + "Khaled Abou El Fadl" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Integration of Muslims into European Societies", + "Sharia", + "A Parallel World: Confronting the Abuse of Many Muslim Women" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Indonesia: Events of 2018", + "Leyla Sahin v. Turkey", + "Silence Kills,", + "no-go zones", + "A Parallel World: Confronting the Abuse of Many Muslim Women in Britain Today,", + "The Integration of Muslims into European Societies," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Human Rights Watch, 'Indonesia: Events of 2018'", + "quote": "The implementation of Aceh's Sharia laws in Indonesia has led to numerous human rights abuses, including public caning for offenses such as homosexuality and adultery" + }, + { + "source": "European Court of Human Rights' ruling in 'Leyla Sahin v. Turkey'", + "quote": "This case primarily reinforced the need for states to maintain secular principles even if it requires placing limitations on certain religious expressions to ensure public order and cohesion" + }, + { + "source": "'Silence Kills,' OutRight Action International, 2016", + "quote": "The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), representing 57 member states, has largely opposed the UN resolutions aimed at promoting LGBTQ rights" + }, + { + "source": "Cox, Caroline, 'A Parallel World: Confronting the Abuse of Many Muslim Women in Britain Today,' Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society, 2009", + "quote": "The existence of informal Sharia councils in some European cities has been documented and criticized for undermining the authority of the secular state and for fostering parallel legal systems" + }, + { + "source": "'The Integration of Muslims into European Societies,' March 2017, Pew Research Center", + "quote": "Studies also reveal persistent socio-economic challenges and senses of alienation among Muslim communities that can impede full integration" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Sharia" + ], + "person": [ + "Khaled Abou El Fadl" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "no-go zones," + ], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "the European Court of Human Rights'", + "anti-Muslim" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "no-go zones" + ], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "The European Court of Human Rights", + "Muslim", + "American Muslims", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Ottoman", + "Quran", + "Americans", + "Islamic", + "Campos, Michelle", + "Sharia", + "European Court of Human Rights", + "Jews", + "Islam", + "Muslim Americans", + "Abou El Fadl", + "the Pew Research Center", + "Andalusian", + "the Institute for Social Policy" + ], + "person": [ + "Khaled", + "Khaled Abou El Fadl", + "Sahin", + "Amina Wadud", + "Sharia", + "Douglas Murray's", + "Abdul El-Sayed", + "Ilhan Omar" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Ottoman Brothers", + "Sharia", + "Inside the Gender Jihad: Women's Reform in", + "Ethnic and Racial Studies" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Leyla Sahin v. Turkey,", + "Quran 2:256", + "no-go zones,", + "Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early Twentieth-Century Palestine", + "Muslim Americans: Pride and Prejudice,", + "Inside the Gender Jihad: Women's Reform in Islam,", + "Let there be no compulsion in religion", + "et al.", + "Speaking in God's Name: Islamic Law, Authority and Women", + "Ethnic and Racial Studies," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:256", + "quote": "Let there be no compulsion in religion" + }, + { + "source": "Institute for Social Policy and Understanding (ISPU) 2018 study", + "quote": "American Muslims are as likely to be civically engaged as other faith groups, volunteering, participating in community activities, and voting in elections at comparable rates." + }, + { + "source": "Abou El Fadl, Khaled, Speaking in God's Name: Islamic Law, Authority and Women, 2001", + "quote": "Scholars like Khaled Abou El Fadl argue that Sharia is not a monolithic code but rather a dynamic and evolving jurisprudential tradition capable of adapting to various cultural and legal frameworks." + }, + { + "source": "Leyla Sahin v. Turkey, European Court of Human Rights, 2005", + "quote": "The European Court of Human Rights noted that secularism essentially respects religious freedoms while ensuring that no religion asserts undue influence over the state's legislative or judicial processes." + }, + { + "source": "Inside the Gender Jihad: Women's Reform in Islam, Wadud, Amina, 2006", + "quote": "Notable examples include organizations like Muslims for Progressive Values (MPV) and individuals such as Dr. Amina Wadud, who work to reconcile Islamic teachings with gender equality and inclusive human rights." + }, + { + "source": "Ethnic and Racial Studies, Bisin, Alberto, et al., 2011", + "quote": "Douglas Murray's characterization of these zones has been challenged by various scholars and organizations, who argue that such narratives oversimplify and stigmatize the Muslim community." + }, + { + "source": "Campos, Michelle, Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early Twentieth-Century Palestine, 2010", + "quote": "For instance, the Ottoman Empire, with its Millet system, allowed various religious communities, including Christians and Jews, to govern themselves under their legal systems while maintaining allegiance to the secular Ottoman authority." + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, Muslim Americans: Pride and Prejudice, 2017", + "quote": "According to the Pew Research Center, Muslim Americans largely support pluralism and contribute actively to societal welfare through community service, political engagement, and business development." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "the Center for Security Policy", + "The Pew Research Center", + "UN", + "Cox", + "European", + "Islamic", + "the Pew Research Center's", + "'s", + "Center for Security Policy", + "Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society", + "OutRight Action International", + "Islam", + "Murray", + "the European Court of Human Rights'", + "anti-Muslim", + "Pew Research Center", + "Muslim Americans", + "Society", + "The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Integration of Muslims into European Societies", + "Shariah and Violence in American Mosques", + "The World's", + "Sharia", + "A Parallel World: Confronting the Abuse of Many Muslim Women", + "The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity" + ], + "person": [ + "Douglas", + "Silence Kills", + "Sahin", + "Amina Wadud", + "Caroline", + "Khaled Abou El Fadl" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "no-go zones", + "Indonesia: Events of 2018", + "The Integration of Muslims into European Societies,", + "A Parallel World: Confronting the Abuse of Many Muslim Women in Britain Today,", + "Shariah and Violence in American Mosques", + "The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society", + "The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity, Islam", + "Silence Kills,", + "Leyla Sahin v. Turkey" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, 'The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society', April 30, 2013", + "quote": "significant portions of Muslims in various countries support making Sharia the official law of their lands." + }, + { + "source": "'Shariah and Violence in American Mosques', Center for Security Policy, 2011", + "quote": "a subset of Muslims in the West supports the idea that practicing Muslims should try to convert society to Sharia law, thereby placing religious conviction above societal laws." + }, + { + "source": "Murray, Douglas, 'The Strange Death of Europe: Immigration, Identity, Islam', 2017", + "quote": "The concept of 'no-go zones' in European cities, where local laws are subsumed under informal Sharia councils, exemplifies the difficulty of harmonizing these worldviews." + }, + { + "source": "Human Rights Watch, 'Indonesia: Events of 2018'", + "quote": "The implementation of Aceh's Sharia laws in Indonesia has led to numerous human rights abuses, including public caning for offenses such as homosexuality and adultery" + }, + { + "source": "European Court of Human Rights' ruling in 'Leyla Sahin v. Turkey'", + "quote": "This case primarily reinforced the need for states to maintain secular principles even if it requires placing limitations on certain religious expressions to ensure public order and cohesion" + }, + { + "source": "'Silence Kills,' OutRight Action International, 2016", + "quote": "The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), representing 57 member states, has largely opposed the UN resolutions aimed at promoting LGBTQ rights" + }, + { + "source": "Cox, Caroline, 'A Parallel World: Confronting the Abuse of Many Muslim Women in Britain Today,' Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society, 2009", + "quote": "The existence of informal Sharia councils in some European cities has been documented and criticized for undermining the authority of the secular state and for fostering parallel legal systems" + }, + { + "source": "'The Integration of Muslims into European Societies,' March 2017, Pew Research Center", + "quote": "Studies also reveal persistent socio-economic challenges and senses of alienation among Muslim communities that can impede full integration" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_muslims_to_eat_any_beef_sold_in_christian_countries_20240911_072456.json", + "model": "claude-3-sonnet-20240229", + "topic": "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "the Prophetic Traditions", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "European", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries,", + "He has made lawful for you the good things", + "Eat of what is on earth, lawful and good", + "This day [all] good foods have been made lawful, and the food of those who were given the Scripture is lawful for you and your food is lawful for them" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:4", + "quote": "He has made lawful for you the good things" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:168", + "quote": "Eat of what is on earth, lawful and good" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:5", + "quote": "This day [all] good foods have been made lawful, and the food of those who were given the Scripture is lawful for you and your food is lawful for them" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Allah, Allah", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Muhammad", + "zabihah", + "Sunnah", + "Sahih Al-Bukhari" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries.", + "He has forbidden you only the dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been slaughtered as a sacrifice for other than Allah.", + "Whoever among you can shoot with an arrow, let him do so, and whoever can slaughter with a sharp instrument, let him do so, and make the name of Allah over it.", + "zabihah", + "Whoever abandons something for the sake of Allah, Allah will compensate him with something better.", + "Quran 2:173" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:173", + "quote": "He has forbidden you only the dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been slaughtered as a sacrifice for other than Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim, Book 21, Hadith 4810", + "quote": "Whoever among you can shoot with an arrow, let him do so, and whoever can slaughter with a sharp instrument, let him do so, and make the name of Allah over it." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Al-Bukhari, Book 73, Hadith 122", + "quote": "Whoever abandons something for the sake of Allah, Allah will compensate him with something better." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Jewish", + "Allah", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Ibn Taymiyyah", + "Ibn Rushd", + "Sunnah" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:173", + "quote": "The verse...prohibits the consumption of dead animals (carrion), blood, pork, and animals slaughtered in the name of someone other than Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith (not specified)", + "quote": "The hadith...emphasizes the importance of invoking the name of Allah during the slaughter process and using sharp instruments for a swift and humane death." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:5", + "quote": "The Qur'anic verse...explicitly permits Muslims to consume the food of the People of the Book (Christians and Jews), as long as it is deemed lawful according to Islamic principles." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Rushd (Averroes) and Ibn Taymiyyah", + "quote": "Renowned Islamic scholars...have interpreted this verse (5:5) as permitting Muslims to consume meat slaughtered by Christians and Jews, as long as it is slaughtered in the name of the One God and follows the prescribed methods." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to multiple Muslim-majority countries and Muslim communities in Christian countries", + "quote": "Many Muslim-majority countries, as well as Muslim communities in Christian countries, have established halal certification bodies." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith (not specified)", + "quote": "The hadith cited...encourages the abandonment of something for the sake of Allah in exchange for something better" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Ibn Hazm", + "Ibn Rushd", + "Ibn Taymiyyah", + "Sunnah", + "Al-Shatibi", + "Qur'an" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries.", + "Allah has prescribed proficiency in all things.", + "lawful", + "And do not consume that for which you did not mention the name of Allah, for it is indeed a grave disobedience." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:173", + "quote": "The Qur'anic verse (2:173) explicitly prohibits the consumption of meat from animals not slaughtered according to Islamic rites." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim, Book 47, Hadith 1", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) emphasized this principle, stating: 'Allah has prescribed proficiency in all things.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:5", + "quote": "While the Qur'anic verse (5:5) allows Muslims to consume the food of the People of the Book, it is subject to the condition that it is 'lawful' (halal) according to Islamic principles. The interpretation of this verse is not absolute, and scholars have differed in their understanding of its scope and limitations." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to the views of Ibn Rushd, Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn Hazm, and Al-Shatibi", + "quote": "Renowned scholars such as Ibn Rushd and Ibn Taymiyyah are indeed respected authorities, but their interpretations are not the only valid perspectives. Other eminent scholars, such as Ibn Hazm and Al-Shatibi, have adopted a more restrictive view, emphasizing the need for strict adherence to Islamic principles in matters of halal meat consumption." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:121", + "quote": "And do not consume that for which you did not mention the name of Allah, for it is indeed a grave disobedience." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ], + "person": [ + "Sunnah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:5", + "quote": "The Qur'an explicitly permits Muslims to consume the food of the People of the Book, which includes meat, as long as it is deemed lawful according to Islamic principles." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Sunnah", + "Qur'an" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries.", + "And do not consume that for which you did not mention the name of Allah, for it is indeed a grave disobedience." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 6:121", + "quote": "And do not consume that for which you did not mention the name of Allah, for it is indeed a grave disobedience." + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "the Prophetic Traditions", + "Jewish", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "European", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Ibn Taymiyyah", + "Ibn Rushd", + "Sunnah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "He has made lawful for you the good things", + "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries,", + "Eat of what is on earth, lawful and good", + "This day [all] good foods have been made lawful, and the food of those who were given the Scripture is lawful for you and your food is lawful for them" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:4", + "quote": "He has made lawful for you the good things" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:168", + "quote": "Eat of what is on earth, lawful and good" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:5", + "quote": "This day [all] good foods have been made lawful, and the food of those who were given the Scripture is lawful for you and your food is lawful for them" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:173", + "quote": "The verse...prohibits the consumption of dead animals (carrion), blood, pork, and animals slaughtered in the name of someone other than Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith (not specified)", + "quote": "The hadith...emphasizes the importance of invoking the name of Allah during the slaughter process and using sharp instruments for a swift and humane death." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:5", + "quote": "The Qur'anic verse...explicitly permits Muslims to consume the food of the People of the Book (Christians and Jews), as long as it is deemed lawful according to Islamic principles." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Rushd (Averroes) and Ibn Taymiyyah", + "quote": "Renowned Islamic scholars...have interpreted this verse (5:5) as permitting Muslims to consume meat slaughtered by Christians and Jews, as long as it is slaughtered in the name of the One God and follows the prescribed methods." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to multiple Muslim-majority countries and Muslim communities in Christian countries", + "quote": "Many Muslim-majority countries, as well as Muslim communities in Christian countries, have established halal certification bodies." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith (not specified)", + "quote": "The hadith cited...encourages the abandonment of something for the sake of Allah in exchange for something better" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:5", + "quote": "The Qur'an explicitly permits Muslims to consume the food of the People of the Book, which includes meat, as long as it is deemed lawful according to Islamic principles." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "Allah, Allah", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Muhammad", + "Ibn Hazm", + "Ibn Rushd", + "zabihah", + "Ibn Taymiyyah", + "Sunnah", + "Sahih Al-Bukhari", + "Al-Shatibi", + "Qur'an" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "He has forbidden you only the dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been slaughtered as a sacrifice for other than Allah.", + "lawful", + "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries.", + "zabihah", + "And do not consume that for which you did not mention the name of Allah, for it is indeed a grave disobedience.", + "Whoever abandons something for the sake of Allah, Allah will compensate him with something better.", + "Allah has prescribed proficiency in all things.", + "Whoever among you can shoot with an arrow, let him do so, and whoever can slaughter with a sharp instrument, let him do so, and make the name of Allah over it.", + "Quran 2:173" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:173", + "quote": "He has forbidden you only the dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been slaughtered as a sacrifice for other than Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim, Book 21, Hadith 4810", + "quote": "Whoever among you can shoot with an arrow, let him do so, and whoever can slaughter with a sharp instrument, let him do so, and make the name of Allah over it." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Al-Bukhari, Book 73, Hadith 122", + "quote": "Whoever abandons something for the sake of Allah, Allah will compensate him with something better." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:173", + "quote": "The Qur'anic verse (2:173) explicitly prohibits the consumption of meat from animals not slaughtered according to Islamic rites." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim, Book 47, Hadith 1", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) emphasized this principle, stating: 'Allah has prescribed proficiency in all things.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:5", + "quote": "While the Qur'anic verse (5:5) allows Muslims to consume the food of the People of the Book, it is subject to the condition that it is 'lawful' (halal) according to Islamic principles. The interpretation of this verse is not absolute, and scholars have differed in their understanding of its scope and limitations." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to the views of Ibn Rushd, Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn Hazm, and Al-Shatibi", + "quote": "Renowned scholars such as Ibn Rushd and Ibn Taymiyyah are indeed respected authorities, but their interpretations are not the only valid perspectives. Other eminent scholars, such as Ibn Hazm and Al-Shatibi, have adopted a more restrictive view, emphasizing the need for strict adherence to Islamic principles in matters of halal meat consumption." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:121", + "quote": "And do not consume that for which you did not mention the name of Allah, for it is indeed a grave disobedience." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:121", + "quote": "And do not consume that for which you did not mention the name of Allah, for it is indeed a grave disobedience." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_encourages_violence_towards_women_20240913_194942.json", + "model": "llama3", + "topic": "Islam encourages violence towards women", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": {}, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Muslim", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Hadith", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Bukhari", + "Imam Malik" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And among His Signs is this, that He created for you, made easy for you, that previously for others you stoned was forbidden while other animals you were allowed to eat. And He has explained to you what is forbidden to you unless you are forced by hunger and there is no sin upon you when you eat it.", + "A believing woman is obedient to her husband, a believing man is kind to his wife.", + "Quran 2:168" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:168-169", + "quote": "And among His Signs is this, that He created for you, made easy for you, that previously for others you stoned was forbidden while other animals you were allowed to eat. And He has explained to you what is forbidden to you unless you are forced by hunger and there is no sin upon you when you eat it." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith (Bukhari)", + "quote": "A believing woman is obedient to her husband, a believing man is kind to his wife." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to the teachings of Imam Malik and Imam Shafi'i", + "quote": "Many early Muslim scholars like Imam Malik and Imam Shafi'i, who were prominent during the 8th and 9th centuries, emphasized the importance of treating women with respect and kindness." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": {}, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": {}, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": {}, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Prophet Muhammad's" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:168-169", + "quote": "The Quran's emphasis on considering women's needs and well-being" + }, + { + "source": "Hadiths", + "quote": "numerous Hadiths, such as the one emphasizing mutual respect between spouses, illustrate Prophet Muhammad's (peace be upon him) message of love, kindness, and compassion towards women." + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": {}, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Imam Malik", + "Prophet Muhammad's", + "Hadith", + "Bukhari", + "Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "A believing woman is obedient to her husband, a believing man is kind to his wife.", + "Quran 2:168", + "And among His Signs is this, that He created for you, made easy for you, that previously for others you stoned was forbidden while other animals you were allowed to eat. And He has explained to you what is forbidden to you unless you are forced by hunger and there is no sin upon you when you eat it." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:168-169", + "quote": "And among His Signs is this, that He created for you, made easy for you, that previously for others you stoned was forbidden while other animals you were allowed to eat. And He has explained to you what is forbidden to you unless you are forced by hunger and there is no sin upon you when you eat it." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith (Bukhari)", + "quote": "A believing woman is obedient to her husband, a believing man is kind to his wife." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to the teachings of Imam Malik and Imam Shafi'i", + "quote": "Many early Muslim scholars like Imam Malik and Imam Shafi'i, who were prominent during the 8th and 9th centuries, emphasized the importance of treating women with respect and kindness." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:168-169", + "quote": "The Quran's emphasis on considering women's needs and well-being" + }, + { + "source": "Hadiths", + "quote": "numerous Hadiths, such as the one emphasizing mutual respect between spouses, illustrate Prophet Muhammad's (peace be upon him) message of love, kindness, and compassion towards women." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_violence_towards_non_muslims_20240911_065617.json", + "model": "gpt-4", + "topic": "Islam promotes violence towards non Muslims", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Jihadist", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Muslims", + "the Princeton University Press Journal", + "Princeton University Press Journal", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam", + "Pagans" + ], + "person": [ + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Bukhari", + "Peter Bergen", + "Sahih Bukhari" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Princeton University Press Journal, 2016)", + "But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them", + "I have been made victorious with terror", + "Quran 9:5" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari, 4:52:220", + "quote": "I have been made victorious with terror" + }, + { + "source": "Peter Bergen", + "quote": "Peter Bergen opines that Jihadist groups like Al-Qaeda quote certain violent portions of the Quran to legitimize their actions" + }, + { + "source": "Princeton University Press Journal, 2016", + "quote": "An article in the Princeton University Press Journal details how these verses may have been used by jihadists to validate terrorist attacks across the world, such as 9/11 and the Paris attacks in 2015" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Islam", + "Christians", + "Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "J. A.", + "Sophia Perennis", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "John Andrew", + "Surah Al-Kafirun", + "Surah Al-Ma'idah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Lecker, 1990)", + "(2015)", + "(1990)", + "(2015)", + "Whoever kills an innocent person, it is as if he has killed all humanity. And whoever saves a person, it is as if he has saved all humanity", + "Fundamentally, people are peaceful, and a small minority are waging war. Sadly, religion becomes an excuse, with both sides claiming God is on their side", + "On the Constitution of Medina." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 109:6", + "quote": "To you, your religion, and to me, mine." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:32", + "quote": "Whoever kills an innocent person, it is as if he has killed all humanity. And whoever saves a person, it is as if he has saved all humanity." + }, + { + "source": "Lecker, M. (1990). 'On the Constitution of Medina.' Der Islam, 66(2), 236-253.", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad's life provides vivid examples of tolerance towards non-Muslims. He is known for having signed treaties with other tribes and religious communities, including the Constitution of Medina - a clear embodiment of his principles of tolerance and peaceful co-existence." + }, + { + "source": "Morrow, J. A. (2015). The covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World. Sophia Perennis.", + "quote": "Fundamentally, people are peaceful, and a small minority are waging war. Sadly, religion becomes an excuse, with both sides claiming God is on their side." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Jewish", + "Understanding Jihad", + "Talmud", + "Jews", + "ISIS", + "Al-Qaeda", + "University of California Press", + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "Taliban", + "I. (2002", + "Islamic", + "Byzantine Christians", + "Islam", + "The Life of Muhammad", + "D." + ], + "person": [ + "Noteworthy", + "His Messenger", + "Ibn Ishaq", + "Cook", + "Sira", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "William Morrow", + "J.", + "Surah Al-Ma'idah", + "Rabbi Joseph Telushkin", + "Hisham", + "Telushkin" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Telushkin, 1991)", + "as Warraq (2002)", + "and Cook (2000)", + "(1991)", + "(2002)", + "(2000)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:32", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the content." + }, + { + "source": "Telushkin, J. (1991). Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know About the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History. William Morrow.", + "quote": "The verse 5:32 of Quran, usually quoted to exemplify Islam's inherent peace, originally was not associated with Muslims but Jews, traced back to both the Talmud and the Jewish Mishnah." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:33", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the content." + }, + { + "source": "Warraq, I. (2002). What the Koran Really Says: Language, Text, and Commentary. Prometheus.", + "quote": "Interpreted Quran verse 5:33 as an invitation to violence." + }, + { + "source": "Cook, D. (2000). Understanding Jihad. University of California Press.", + "quote": "Interpreted Quran verse 5:33 as an invitation to violence." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Ishaq/Hisham. (n.d.). The Punishment of those who Cause Mischief. The Life of Muhammad, Pg. 289, 602.", + "quote": "Battle of Tabouk where Prophet Muhammad reportedly waged war against Byzantine Christians whom he perceived as a potential threat, despite the absence of any provocation." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Jewish", + "ISIS", + "Public Opinion", + "Muslim", + "the Life of Muhammad", + "Muslims", + "Americans", + "Taliban", + "Oxford University Press", + "Media Coverage", + "Nacos & Torres-Reyna", + "Islam", + "Al Qaeda", + "Rowman & Littlefield", + "Nacos", + "B. L. & Torres-Reyna" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah 5:33", + "T.", + "His Messenger' -", + "Prophet" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Battle of Tabouk", + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Ramadan, 2007)", + "(2007)", + "(2007)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:32", + "quote": "Surah 5:32, despite originating in Jewish scriptures, it was not dismissed but reaffirmed in Islam, demonstrating a shared respect for human life." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:33", + "quote": "Surah 5:33 - the subsequent verse which prescribes punishment for those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger' - needs to be interpreted in the correct context. This verse wasn't revealed as a call for unprovoked aggression, but as a defense mechanism when faced with a threat." + }, + { + "source": "Nacos, B. L. & Torres-Reyna, O. (2007). Fueling Our Fears: Stereotyping, Media Coverage, and Public Opinion of Muslim Americans. Rowman & Littlefield.", + "quote": "Such groups represent a minute fraction of the Muslim population and are widely condemned by Muslims worldwide." + }, + { + "source": "Ramadan, T. (2007). In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "Regarding Prophet Muhammad's actions, historical instances like the Battle of Tabouk should not be isolated from their context. Admittedly, the Prophet did lead military campaigns, but they were in response to the threats and hostile actions towards the Muslim community, and not due to religious intolerance." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "ISIS", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Sahih Bukhari's", + "Islam", + "Jihad" + ], + "person": [ + "Prophet Muhammad's", + "Surah Al-Ma'idah" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:32", + "quote": "In dissecting Surah Al-Ma'idah (5:32), we found out that independently, the verse symbolizes a commitment to life, but the subsequent context could be used for justifying violence." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to the Verse of the Sword", + "quote": "the tantalizing evidence showing potential for violence interpretation in Islamic texts cannot be disregarded either. The 'Verse of the Sword', ..." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari's Hadiths", + "quote": "Sahih Bukhari's Hadiths, and the presence of Jihad ideologies in notorious terrorist organizations like the Al-Qaeda and ISIS affirm this proposition." + }, + { + "source": "Reference to Prophet Muhammad's actions", + "quote": "Prophet Muhammad's actions, such as the Battle of Tabouk, highlight the potential for a belligerent interpretation of peace treaties like the Constitution of Medina." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslims", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "the Princeton University Press Journal", + "Quranic", + "Byzantine Christians", + "The Life of Muhammad", + "Talmud", + "ISIS", + "I. (2002", + "Islamic", + "Pagans", + "University of California Press", + "Jewish", + "Jews", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Taliban", + "Hadiths", + "Islam", + "Jihad", + "Understanding Jihad", + "Jihadist", + "Princeton University Press Journal", + "Sahih Bukhari's", + "D." + ], + "person": [ + "Noteworthy", + "His Messenger", + "Telushkin", + "Prophet Muhammad's", + "Bukhari", + "Cook", + "Sira", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "William Morrow", + "Peter Bergen", + "Sahih Bukhari", + "J.", + "Surah Al-Ma'idah", + "Rabbi Joseph Telushkin", + "Hisham", + "Ibn Ishaq" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "as Warraq (2002)", + "(1991)", + "But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them", + "and Cook (2000)", + "(2000)", + "(2002)", + "Quran 9:5", + "(Princeton University Press Journal, 2016)", + "(Telushkin, 1991)", + "I have been made victorious with terror" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "But when the forbidden months are past, then fight and slay the Pagans wherever ye find them" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari, 4:52:220", + "quote": "I have been made victorious with terror" + }, + { + "source": "Peter Bergen", + "quote": "Peter Bergen opines that Jihadist groups like Al-Qaeda quote certain violent portions of the Quran to legitimize their actions" + }, + { + "source": "Princeton University Press Journal, 2016", + "quote": "An article in the Princeton University Press Journal details how these verses may have been used by jihadists to validate terrorist attacks across the world, such as 9/11 and the Paris attacks in 2015" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:32", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the content." + }, + { + "source": "Telushkin, J. (1991). Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know About the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History. William Morrow.", + "quote": "The verse 5:32 of Quran, usually quoted to exemplify Islam's inherent peace, originally was not associated with Muslims but Jews, traced back to both the Talmud and the Jewish Mishnah." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:33", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the content." + }, + { + "source": "Warraq, I. (2002). What the Koran Really Says: Language, Text, and Commentary. Prometheus.", + "quote": "Interpreted Quran verse 5:33 as an invitation to violence." + }, + { + "source": "Cook, D. (2000). Understanding Jihad. University of California Press.", + "quote": "Interpreted Quran verse 5:33 as an invitation to violence." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Ishaq/Hisham. (n.d.). The Punishment of those who Cause Mischief. The Life of Muhammad, Pg. 289, 602.", + "quote": "Battle of Tabouk where Prophet Muhammad reportedly waged war against Byzantine Christians whom he perceived as a potential threat, despite the absence of any provocation." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:32", + "quote": "In dissecting Surah Al-Ma'idah (5:32), we found out that independently, the verse symbolizes a commitment to life, but the subsequent context could be used for justifying violence." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to the Verse of the Sword", + "quote": "the tantalizing evidence showing potential for violence interpretation in Islamic texts cannot be disregarded either. The 'Verse of the Sword', ..." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari's Hadiths", + "quote": "Sahih Bukhari's Hadiths, and the presence of Jihad ideologies in notorious terrorist organizations like the Al-Qaeda and ISIS affirm this proposition." + }, + { + "source": "Reference to Prophet Muhammad's actions", + "quote": "Prophet Muhammad's actions, such as the Battle of Tabouk, highlight the potential for a belligerent interpretation of peace treaties like the Constitution of Medina." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Jewish", + "ISIS", + "Public Opinion", + "Muslim", + "the Life of Muhammad", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Americans", + "Taliban", + "Oxford University Press", + "Media Coverage", + "Nacos & Torres-Reyna", + "Islam", + "Al Qaeda", + "Rowman & Littlefield", + "Nacos", + "B. L. & Torres-Reyna" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "J. A.", + "Sophia Perennis", + "His Messenger' -", + "Prophet", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Surah 5:33", + "T.", + "John Andrew", + "Surah Al-Kafirun", + "Surah Al-Ma'idah" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Battle of Tabouk", + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(1990)", + "(2007)", + "On the Constitution of Medina.", + "(Lecker, 1990)", + "(2015)", + "Whoever kills an innocent person, it is as if he has killed all humanity. And whoever saves a person, it is as if he has saved all humanity", + "(Ramadan, 2007)", + "Fundamentally, people are peaceful, and a small minority are waging war. Sadly, religion becomes an excuse, with both sides claiming God is on their side" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 109:6", + "quote": "To you, your religion, and to me, mine." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:32", + "quote": "Whoever kills an innocent person, it is as if he has killed all humanity. And whoever saves a person, it is as if he has saved all humanity." + }, + { + "source": "Lecker, M. (1990). 'On the Constitution of Medina.' Der Islam, 66(2), 236-253.", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad's life provides vivid examples of tolerance towards non-Muslims. He is known for having signed treaties with other tribes and religious communities, including the Constitution of Medina - a clear embodiment of his principles of tolerance and peaceful co-existence." + }, + { + "source": "Morrow, J. A. (2015). The covenants of the Prophet Muhammad with the Christians of the World. Sophia Perennis.", + "quote": "Fundamentally, people are peaceful, and a small minority are waging war. Sadly, religion becomes an excuse, with both sides claiming God is on their side." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:32", + "quote": "Surah 5:32, despite originating in Jewish scriptures, it was not dismissed but reaffirmed in Islam, demonstrating a shared respect for human life." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:33", + "quote": "Surah 5:33 - the subsequent verse which prescribes punishment for those who wage war against Allah and His Messenger' - needs to be interpreted in the correct context. This verse wasn't revealed as a call for unprovoked aggression, but as a defense mechanism when faced with a threat." + }, + { + "source": "Nacos, B. L. & Torres-Reyna, O. (2007). Fueling Our Fears: Stereotyping, Media Coverage, and Public Opinion of Muslim Americans. Rowman & Littlefield.", + "quote": "Such groups represent a minute fraction of the Muslim population and are widely condemned by Muslims worldwide." + }, + { + "source": "Ramadan, T. (2007). In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "Regarding Prophet Muhammad's actions, historical instances like the Battle of Tabouk should not be isolated from their context. Admittedly, the Prophet did lead military campaigns, but they were in response to the threats and hostile actions towards the Muslim community, and not due to religious intolerance." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_muslims_to_take_mortgages_with_interest_20240913_175047.json", + "model": "llama3", + "topic": "Islam permits Muslims to take mortgages with interest", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "the Dubai Islamic Bank", + "Egyptian", + "Islamic", + "Abduh", + "American Islamic", + "the Islamic Development Bank", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Imam Muhammad Abduh", + "riba al-fadl", + "Yusuf Ali", + "riba al-nasia", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Ali", + "Risalah al-Tawhid", + "Ali, Y. (", + "Al-Matba'ah al-Khayriyah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Abduh, 1892)", + "(Ali, 1967)", + "(1892)", + "(1967)", + "Allah has permitted trade and forbidden interest.", + "niyyah" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "Allah has permitted trade and forbidden interest" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:188", + "quote": "Indirect reference about moral intentions" + }, + { + "source": "Abduh, M. (1892). Risalah al-Tawhid. Cairo: Al-Matba'ah al-Khayriyah", + "quote": "Indirect reference about mortgages with interest being permissible if not exploitative and intended for legitimate uses" + }, + { + "source": "Ali, Y. (1967). The Holy Quran: Translation and Commentary. Beltsville, MD: Amere Books", + "quote": "Indirect reference arguing that interest in a mortgage context is not equivalent to usury" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Fear Allah", + "Bukhari", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Tirmidhi", + "Surah Al-Imran" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "O you who believe! Fear Allah and give up what remains of interest if you are indeed believers.", + "Every transaction that involves riba is void, no matter how small it may seem.", + "Whoever buys a house or a plot of land, he should pay cash for it." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 3:130", + "quote": "O you who believe! Fear Allah and give up what remains of interest if you are indeed believers." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari, Volume 2, Book 24, Number 558", + "quote": "Every transaction that involves riba is void, no matter how small it may seem." + }, + { + "source": "Tirmidhi, Volume 2, Book 12, Number 46", + "quote": "Whoever buys a house or a plot of land, he should pay cash for it." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "person": [ + "Imam Abu Hanifa", + "riba al-fadl", + "riba al-nasia", + "Bukhari", + "Abu Hanifa", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Fiqh al-Akbar", + "Ali, Y. (", + "Surah Al-Imran" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ], + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(1967)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 3:130", + "quote": "The Quran prohibits riba in multiple verses, including Surah Al-Imran, Verse 130" + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari, Volume 2, Book 24, Number 558", + "quote": "Some Hadiths warn against excessive or exploitative interest rates" + }, + { + "source": "Abu Hanifa, circa 150 AH", + "quote": "Imam Abu Hanifa, a renowned Islamic scholar, permitted interest in a mortgage setting as long as it was not exploitative and the intention was to use the property for lawful purposes" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam", + "riba" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Imam Abu Hanifa", + "riba al-fadl", + "Imam Malik", + "riba al-nasia", + "Imam Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "Prophet", + "Al-Risalah", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Malik", + "Ibn Hajar", + "Tirmidhi", + "al-Shafi'i", + "Imam al-Shafi'i", + "Fath al-Bari" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Every transaction that involves riba is void, no matter how small it may seem.", + "It is not permissible to take or give something with riba, whether it be little or much.", + "It is not permissible to take or give something with riba, whether it be little or much.", + "Whoever buys a house or a plot of land, he should pay cash for it." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + {"source": "Quran", "quote": "Condemnation of usury (riba al-nasia)"}, {"source": "Hadith (Malik, Muwatta, Book 16, Number 17)", "quote": "Every transaction that involves riba is void, no matter how small it may seem."}, {"source": "Hadith (al-Shafi'i, Al-Risalah, Book 1, Chapter 14)", "quote": "It is not permissible to take or give something with riba, whether it be little or much."}, {"source": "Scholarly interpretation - Imam Abu Hanifa', "quote": "Permitted interest in a mortgage setting (paraphrased)"}, {"source": "Hadith (Ibn Hajar, Fath al-Bari, Volume 8, Book 21, Number 11)", "quote": "It is not permissible to take or give something with riba, whether it be little or much."}, {"source": "Hadith (Tirmidhi, Volume 2, Book 12, Number 46)", "quote": "Whoever buys a house or a plot of land, he should pay cash for it."}, {"source": "Scholarly interpretations in general', "quote": "Some scholars have developed innovative financial instruments for Shariah-compliant mortgages (paraphrased)"} {"source": "Scholarly interpretations in general', "quote": "Some scholars may support the view of permitting Muslims to take mortgages with interest (paraphrased)"}, {"source": "Quran', "quote": "The Quran's prohibition on riba (paraphrased)"}, + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 3:130", + "quote": "Islam strictly prohibits Muslims from taking mortgages with interest. The Quranic prohibition on riba, as mentioned in Surah Al-Imran, Verse 130, is clear and unequivocal." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith literature", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad's (peace be upon him) instruction to pay cash for property purchases." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith literature", + "quote": "The Hadiths' warnings about the dangers of interest and the traditional Islamic finance model's emphasis on ownership rather than debt" + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "the Dubai Islamic Bank", + "Egyptian", + "Islamic", + "Abduh", + "American Islamic", + "the Islamic Development Bank", + "Islam", + "Hadiths" + ], + "person": [ + "Imam Abu Hanifa", + "Imam Muhammad Abduh", + "riba al-fadl", + "Yusuf Ali", + "riba al-nasia", + "Bukhari", + "Abu Hanifa", + "Surah Al-Imran", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Ali", + "Risalah al-Tawhid", + "Fiqh al-Akbar", + "Ali, Y. (", + "Al-Matba'ah al-Khayriyah" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(1967)", + "(Ali, 1967)", + "niyyah", + "(Abduh, 1892)", + "Allah has permitted trade and forbidden interest.", + "(1892)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "Allah has permitted trade and forbidden interest" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:188", + "quote": "Indirect reference about moral intentions" + }, + { + "source": "Abduh, M. (1892). Risalah al-Tawhid. Cairo: Al-Matba'ah al-Khayriyah", + "quote": "Indirect reference about mortgages with interest being permissible if not exploitative and intended for legitimate uses" + }, + { + "source": "Ali, Y. (1967). The Holy Quran: Translation and Commentary. Beltsville, MD: Amere Books", + "quote": "Indirect reference arguing that interest in a mortgage context is not equivalent to usury" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 3:130", + "quote": "The Quran prohibits riba in multiple verses, including Surah Al-Imran, Verse 130" + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari, Volume 2, Book 24, Number 558", + "quote": "Some Hadiths warn against excessive or exploitative interest rates" + }, + { + "source": "Abu Hanifa, circa 150 AH", + "quote": "Imam Abu Hanifa, a renowned Islamic scholar, permitted interest in a mortgage setting as long as it was not exploitative and the intention was to use the property for lawful purposes" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam", + "riba" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Imam Abu Hanifa", + "riba al-fadl", + "Imam Malik", + "riba al-nasia", + "Fear Allah", + "Bukhari", + "Imam Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "Prophet", + "Al-Risalah", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Malik", + "Tirmidhi", + "Ibn Hajar", + "al-Shafi'i", + "Imam al-Shafi'i", + "Fath al-Bari", + "Surah Al-Imran" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "It is not permissible to take or give something with riba, whether it be little or much.", + "O you who believe! Fear Allah and give up what remains of interest if you are indeed believers.", + "Whoever buys a house or a plot of land, he should pay cash for it.", + "Every transaction that involves riba is void, no matter how small it may seem." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 3:130", + "quote": "O you who believe! Fear Allah and give up what remains of interest if you are indeed believers." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari, Volume 2, Book 24, Number 558", + "quote": "Every transaction that involves riba is void, no matter how small it may seem." + }, + { + "source": "Tirmidhi, Volume 2, Book 12, Number 46", + "quote": "Whoever buys a house or a plot of land, he should pay cash for it." + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Condemnation of usury (riba al-nasia)"}, {"source": "Hadith (Malik, Muwatta, Book 16, Number 17)", "quote": "Every transaction that involves riba is void, no matter how small it may seem."}, {"source": "Hadith (al-Shafi'i, Al-Risalah, Book 1, Chapter 14)", "quote": "It is not permissible to take or give something with riba, whether it be little or much."}, {"source": "Scholarly interpretation - Imam Abu Hanifa", "quote": "Permitted interest in a mortgage setting (paraphrased)"}, {"source": "Hadith (Ibn Hajar, Fath al-Bari, Volume 8, Book 21, Number 11)", "quote": "It is not permissible to take or give something with riba, whether it be little or much."}, {"source": "Hadith (Tirmidhi, Volume 2, Book 12, Number 46)", "quote": "Whoever buys a house or a plot of land, he should pay cash for it."}, {"source": "Scholarly interpretations in general", "quote": "Some scholars have developed innovative financial instruments for Shariah-compliant mortgages (paraphrased)"} {"source": "Scholarly interpretations in general", "quote": "Some scholars may support the view of permitting Muslims to take mortgages with interest (paraphrased)"}, {"source": "Quran", "quote": "The Quran's prohibition on riba (paraphrased)"}, + { + "source": "Quran 3:130", + "quote": "Islam strictly prohibits Muslims from taking mortgages with interest. The Quranic prohibition on riba, as mentioned in Surah Al-Imran, Verse 130, is clear and unequivocal." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith literature", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad's (peace be upon him) instruction to pay cash for property purchases." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith literature", + "quote": "The Hadiths' warnings about the dangers of interest and the traditional Islamic finance model's emphasis on ownership rather than debt" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_violence_towards_non_muslims_20240914_060538.json", + "model": "gemma2", + "topic": "Islam promotes violence towards non Muslims", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Judaism", + "Christianity", + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "The Islamic Society of North America", + "Arabic", + "ISNA", + "The Council on American-Islamic Relations", + "Yaqeen Institute" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam promotes violence towards non-Muslims" + ], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Esteemed", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Caliph of" + ], + "person": [ + "Umar ibn al-Khattab" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Whoever kills a soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain mankind altogether. And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved mankind entirely.", + "Quran 5:32" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:32", + "quote": "Whoever kills a soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain mankind altogether. And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved mankind entirely." + }, + { + "source": "Historical example", + "quote": "Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Caliph of Islam, established a legal system that guaranteed the rights of non-Muslims living under Islamic rule." + }, + { + "source": "Historical example", + "quote": "Al-Andalus, the Islamic region in Spain during the Middle Ages, was known for its flourishing intellectual and cultural exchange between Muslims, Christians, and Jews." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Jews", + "ISIS", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Al-Andalus", + "Hadith", + "Umar ibn al-Khattab" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "corruption", + "corruption.", + "the people of the Book", + "purifying" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:32", + "quote": "This verse acknowledges the possibility of taking life in defense of 'corruption'." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "The Quran explicitly commands Muslims to fight against 'the people of the Book' (Jews and Christians) until they submit to Islamic rule." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to historical events", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad himself led military campaigns against neighboring tribes who refused to convert to Islam." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to historical individuals and events", + "quote": "Historical examples like Umar ibn al-Khattab and Al-Andalus are often presented as proof of tolerance." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect references to modern-day terrorist groups", + "quote": "Modern-day terrorist groups like ISIS and Al-Qaeda explicitly claim to be acting in accordance with Islamic teachings." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 5:32" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:32", + "quote": "Whoever kills a soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain mankind altogether. And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved mankind entirely." + }, + { + "source": "Unknown (indirect reference to Quran 9:29)", + "quote": "This verse was revealed during a specific historical period when Muslims were facing constant persecution and war. It emphasizes the right of self-defense against aggression, not an obligation to subjugate non-believers." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "ISIS", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "the people of the Book" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran verse", + "quote": "The Quran itself contains verses calling for war against 'the people of the Book' until their submission to Islamic rule" + }, + { + "source": "Historical evidence", + "quote": "throughout history, Muslims have engaged in conquests and persecution justified by religious ideology" + }, + { + "source": "Statements of modern terrorist groups", + "quote": "Modern terrorist groups like ISIS and Al-Qaeda explicitly claim to be acting on behalf of Islam, citing Quranic verses and Hadith to justify their brutality" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Judaism", + "Christianity", + "Jews", + "ISIS", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "Islam", + "The Islamic Society of North America", + "Arabic", + "ISNA", + "The Council on American-Islamic Relations", + "Yaqeen Institute" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Al-Andalus", + "Hadith", + "Umar ibn al-Khattab" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "corruption.", + "corruption", + "the people of the Book", + "Islam promotes violence towards non-Muslims", + "purifying" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:32", + "quote": "This verse acknowledges the possibility of taking life in defense of 'corruption'." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "The Quran explicitly commands Muslims to fight against 'the people of the Book' (Jews and Christians) until they submit to Islamic rule." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to historical events", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad himself led military campaigns against neighboring tribes who refused to convert to Islam." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to historical individuals and events", + "quote": "Historical examples like Umar ibn al-Khattab and Al-Andalus are often presented as proof of tolerance." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect references to modern-day terrorist groups", + "quote": "Modern-day terrorist groups like ISIS and Al-Qaeda explicitly claim to be acting in accordance with Islamic teachings." + }, + { + "source": "Quran verse", + "quote": "The Quran itself contains verses calling for war against 'the people of the Book' until their submission to Islamic rule" + }, + { + "source": "Historical evidence", + "quote": "throughout history, Muslims have engaged in conquests and persecution justified by religious ideology" + }, + { + "source": "Statements of modern terrorist groups", + "quote": "Modern terrorist groups like ISIS and Al-Qaeda explicitly claim to be acting on behalf of Islam, citing Quranic verses and Hadith to justify their brutality" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Esteemed", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Caliph of" + ], + "person": [ + "Umar ibn al-Khattab" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 5:32", + "Whoever kills a soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain mankind altogether. And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved mankind entirely." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:32", + "quote": "Whoever kills a soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain mankind altogether. And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved mankind entirely." + }, + { + "source": "Historical example", + "quote": "Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Caliph of Islam, established a legal system that guaranteed the rights of non-Muslims living under Islamic rule." + }, + { + "source": "Historical example", + "quote": "Al-Andalus, the Islamic region in Spain during the Middle Ages, was known for its flourishing intellectual and cultural exchange between Muslims, Christians, and Jews." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:32", + "quote": "Whoever kills a soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain mankind altogether. And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved mankind entirely." + }, + { + "source": "Unknown (indirect reference to Quran 9:29)", + "quote": "This verse was revealed during a specific historical period when Muslims were facing constant persecution and war. It emphasizes the right of self-defense against aggression, not an obligation to subjugate non-believers." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_women's_rights_20240913_195918.json", + "model": "llama2", + "topic": "Islam promotes women's rights", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Muslim", + "the Holy Book of Islam", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Quran 51:47", + "Muhammad", + "Aisha Y. Musa", + "Azizah Al-Hamad", + "Amna Khalid", + "Bukhari", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Laleh Khalili" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Veil and the Visual", + "Hadith", + "Gender and Law in Islamic", + "Women's Rights and Gender Equality" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And verily We have given you (the Quran) as an inheritance in order that you may give good advice to the muttaqoon (the pious)", + "The best among you are those who are best to their wives", + "purdah", + "The Veil and the Visual", + "Gender and Law in Islamic Thought", + "Women's Rights and Gender Equality in the Muslim World", + "Quran 51:47" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 51:47", + "quote": "And verily We have given you (the Quran) as an inheritance in order that you may give good advice to the muttaqoon (the pious)" + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "The best among you are those who are best to their wives" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect Reference", + "quote": "The notion that Islam promotes women's rights" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect Reference", + "quote": "There are many passages in the Quran and Hadith that promote gender equality and challenge patriarchal interpretations" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect Reference", + "quote": "Historical and cultural factors have contributed to the marginalization of women in some Muslim-majority societies" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect Reference", + "quote": "Concept of 'purdah' has been used to restrict women's mobility" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect Reference", + "quote": "Islam promotes gender equality and challenges patriarchal interpretations of the religion" + }, + { + "source": "The Veil and the Visual by Amna Khalid", + "quote": "Not specified, but source is mentioned" + }, + { + "source": "Gender and Law in Islamic Thought by Aisha Y. Musa", + "quote": "Not specified, but source is mentioned" + }, + { + "source": "Women's Rights and Gender Equality in the Muslim World edited by Laleh Khalili and Azizah Al-Hamad", + "quote": "Not specified, but source is mentioned" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Mazda Press", + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Amina Wadud", + "Fatima Mernissi", + "Mernissi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Wadud, 2006)", + "(Mernissi, 1987)", + "(1987)", + "(2006)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Wadud, A. M. (2006). Beyond the Veil: Towards a Feminist Theory of Male Dominance and Women's Emancipation. New York: Routledge.", + "quote": "The renowned Islamic scholar and activist Amina Wadud has argued that the Quran and Hadith contain verses that promote gender equality and challenge patriarchal interpretations of Islam" + }, + { + "source": "Mernissi, F. (1987). The Forgotten Qur'an: Exploring the Female Verses. Minneapolis: Mazda Press.", + "quote": "The feminist scholar Fatima Mernissi has contended that Islam can be a powerful tool for women's empowerment and emancipation" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "the Holy Book of Islam", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Quran 51:47", + "Muhammad", + "Aisha Y. Musa", + "Azizah Al-Hamad", + "Amna Khalid", + "Bukhari", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Laleh Khalili" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Veil and the Visual", + "Hadith", + "Gender and Law in Islamic", + "Women's Rights and Gender Equality" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And verily We have given you (the Quran) as an inheritance in order that you may give good advice to the muttaqoon (the pious)", + "The best among you are those who are best to their wives", + "The Veil and the Visual", + "Gender and Law in Islamic Thought", + "Women's Rights and Gender Equality in the Muslim World", + "Quran 51:47" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 51:47", + "quote": "And verily We have given you (the Quran) as an inheritance in order that you may give good advice to the muttaqoon (the pious)" + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "The best among you are those who are best to their wives" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Cambridge University Press", + "University of California Press", + "Women's Rights and Gender Equality" + ], + "person": [ + "Quran 51:47", + "Joseph Schactman", + "M. K. Hussain", + "Law", + "Al-Hamad", + "Bukhari", + "Khalid, A." + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Making of Islamic Law" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2018)", + "(2017)", + "(2018)", + "And verily We have given you (the Quran) as an inheritance in order that you may give good advice to the muttaqoon (the pious)", + "The best among you are those who are best to their wives", + "The Making of Islamic Law", + "Islamic Law: A Guide for Criminal Justice Professionals", + "Quran 51:47" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 51:47", + "quote": "And verily We have given you (the Quran) as an inheritance in order that you may give good advice to the muttaqoon (the pious)" + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "The best among you are those who are best to their wives" + }, + { + "source": "The Veil and the Visual: Gender and Space in Muslim Societies by Khalid, A. (2018)", + "quote": "" + }, + { + "source": "Gender and Law in Islamic Thought by Al-Hamad, A. Y. (2017)", + "quote": "" + }, + { + "source": "Women's Rights and Gender Equality in the Muslim World by Musa, A. Y. (2018)", + "quote": "" + }, + { + "source": "The Making of Islamic Law by Joseph Schactman", + "quote": "" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Law: A Guide for Criminal Justice Professionals by M. K. Hussain", + "quote": "" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Muslim" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "the Holy Book of Islam", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Quran 51:47", + "Muhammad", + "Aisha Y. Musa", + "Azizah Al-Hamad", + "Amna Khalid", + "Bukhari", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Laleh Khalili" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Veil and the Visual", + "Hadith", + "Gender and Law in Islamic", + "Women's Rights and Gender Equality" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 51:47", + "The Veil and the Visual", + "The best among you are those who are best to their wives", + "Women's Rights and Gender Equality in the Muslim World", + "purdah", + "Gender and Law in Islamic Thought", + "And verily We have given you (the Quran) as an inheritance in order that you may give good advice to the muttaqoon (the pious)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 51:47", + "quote": "And verily We have given you (the Quran) as an inheritance in order that you may give good advice to the muttaqoon (the pious)" + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "The best among you are those who are best to their wives" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect Reference", + "quote": "The notion that Islam promotes women's rights" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect Reference", + "quote": "There are many passages in the Quran and Hadith that promote gender equality and challenge patriarchal interpretations" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect Reference", + "quote": "Historical and cultural factors have contributed to the marginalization of women in some Muslim-majority societies" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect Reference", + "quote": "Concept of 'purdah' has been used to restrict women's mobility" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect Reference", + "quote": "Islam promotes gender equality and challenges patriarchal interpretations of the religion" + }, + { + "source": "The Veil and the Visual by Amna Khalid", + "quote": "Not specified, but source is mentioned" + }, + { + "source": "Gender and Law in Islamic Thought by Aisha Y. Musa", + "quote": "Not specified, but source is mentioned" + }, + { + "source": "Women's Rights and Gender Equality in the Muslim World edited by Laleh Khalili and Azizah Al-Hamad", + "quote": "Not specified, but source is mentioned" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 51:47", + "quote": "And verily We have given you (the Quran) as an inheritance in order that you may give good advice to the muttaqoon (the pious)" + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "The best among you are those who are best to their wives" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Mazda Press", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Cambridge University Press", + "University of California Press", + "Women's Rights and Gender Equality" + ], + "person": [ + "Quran 51:47", + "Joseph Schactman", + "M. K. Hussain", + "Fatima Mernissi", + "Law", + "Al-Hamad", + "Bukhari", + "Khalid, A.", + "Amina Wadud", + "Mernissi" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Making of Islamic Law" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 51:47", + "The best among you are those who are best to their wives", + "(1987)", + "(Mernissi, 1987)", + "Islamic Law: A Guide for Criminal Justice Professionals", + "(Wadud, 2006)", + "(2018)", + "(2006)", + "(2017)", + "And verily We have given you (the Quran) as an inheritance in order that you may give good advice to the muttaqoon (the pious)", + "The Making of Islamic Law" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Wadud, A. M. (2006). Beyond the Veil: Towards a Feminist Theory of Male Dominance and Women's Emancipation. New York: Routledge.", + "quote": "The renowned Islamic scholar and activist Amina Wadud has argued that the Quran and Hadith contain verses that promote gender equality and challenge patriarchal interpretations of Islam" + }, + { + "source": "Mernissi, F. (1987). The Forgotten Qur'an: Exploring the Female Verses. Minneapolis: Mazda Press.", + "quote": "The feminist scholar Fatima Mernissi has contended that Islam can be a powerful tool for women's empowerment and emancipation" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 51:47", + "quote": "And verily We have given you (the Quran) as an inheritance in order that you may give good advice to the muttaqoon (the pious)" + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "The best among you are those who are best to their wives" + }, + { + "source": "The Veil and the Visual: Gender and Space in Muslim Societies by Khalid, A. (2018)", + "quote": "" + }, + { + "source": "Gender and Law in Islamic Thought by Al-Hamad, A. Y. (2017)", + "quote": "" + }, + { + "source": "Women's Rights and Gender Equality in the Muslim World by Musa, A. Y. (2018)", + "quote": "" + }, + { + "source": "The Making of Islamic Law by Joseph Schactman", + "quote": "" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Law: A Guide for Criminal Justice Professionals by M. K. Hussain", + "quote": "" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_women's_rights_20240914_053923.json", + "model": "mistral-nemo", + "topic": "Islam promotes women's rights", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Muslim", + "pre-Islamic Arabia", + "Quran 4:7-9", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Quran", + "Divorce Laws", + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Sunan Abu Dawud" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "For men is a share of what parents and close relatives leave, and for women is a share of what parents and close relatives leave... And if there are several [children] from one heir, they receive a share of one-sixth.", + "And do not marry polytheistic women until they believe. And a believing slave woman or a possession from those who you rightfully possess - if they please you.", + "Seeking knowledge is obligatory for every Muslim man and woman.", + "Men are the protectors and providers for their women... And righteous women are devoutly obedient... And there is for you in that [women] an emblem, so that you may ponder.", + "And when the news of a female child is announced to one of them, his face becomes dark and he hides himself from grief.", + "Quran 4:7", + "Quran 4:7", + "Quran 2:228", + "Quran 2:228", + "Quran 4:34", + "Quran 16:58" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:7-9", + "quote": "For men is a share of what parents and close relatives leave, and for women is a share of what parents and close relatives leave... And if there are several [children] from one heir, they receive a share of one-sixth." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:228", + "quote": "And do not marry polytheistic women until they believe. And a believing slave woman or a possession from those who you rightfully possess - if they please you." + }, + { + "source": "Sunan Abu Dawud 36", + "quote": "Seeking knowledge is obligatory for every Muslim man and woman." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Men are the protectors and providers for their women... And righteous women are devoutly obedient... And there is for you in that [women] an emblem, so that you may ponder." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 16:58", + "quote": "And when the news of a female child is announced to one of them, his face becomes dark and he hides himself from grief." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Status of Women", + "Widow's Waiting Period**: After a husband's death", + "Unveiling the Veil: An Analysis of the Headscarf Controversy", + "The Holy Quran:" + ], + "person": [ + "https://quran.com/ - ", + "Jamal Badawi", + "Male Guardianship", + "Fadwa El-Guindi", + "Abdul-Haqq Baker" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam promotes women's rights.", + "talaq", + "Islam promotes women's rights", + "Women in Islam: A Comprehensive Overview of Women's Rights in Islam", + "Unveiling the Veil: An Analysis of the Headscarf Controversy", + "The Status of Women in Islam", + "Quran 4:11", + "Quran 4:3", + "Quran 2:229", + "Quran 2:282", + "Quran 2:230" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:11", + "quote": "In Islam, male heirs receive twice the share of female heirs in inheritance." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:3", + "quote": "In many Islamic countries, men can polygamously marry up to four wives with no consent from the existing wives." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:229", + "quote": "Men have the unilateral right to divorce their wives by saying 'talaq' thrice, while women often face immense difficulty in obtaining a divorce and may require male guardianship." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:282", + "quote": "Islamic law requires two female witnesses to equal one male witness in certain legal matters, such as financial transactions and crimes involving bodily harm." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:230", + "quote": "After a husband's death, his widow must observe a waiting period before she can marry again. This waiting period, known as 'iddah', ranges from three months to one year." + }, + { + "source": "Various", + "quote": "Many interpretations of Islamic law advocate strict gender segregation and mandatory veiling for women, which can often lead to practical restrictions on women's movement, education, and employment opportunities." + }, + { + "source": "Various", + "quote": "While the specifics vary among Muslim societies, many still maintain the principle of male guardianship, where adult women require a male relative's consent for various life decisions, including marriage, divorce, travel, and even medical treatment." + }, + { + "source": "Women in Islam: A Comprehensive Overview of Women's Rights in Islam by Jamal Badawi", + "quote": "Indirect reference to this source. Specific quotes or paraphrased content cannot be identified without direct comparison." + }, + { + "source": "Unveiling the Veil: An Analysis of the Headscarf Controversy by Fadwa El-Guindi", + "quote": "Indirect reference to this source. Specific quotes or paraphrased content cannot be identified without direct comparison." + }, + { + "source": "The Status of Women in Islam by Abdul-Haqq Baker", + "quote": "Indirect reference to this source. Specific quotes or paraphrased content cannot be identified without direct comparison." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Quran 4:3", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Widow's Waiting Period**: The waiting period ('iddah'", + "Inheritance Laws", + "The Testimony of Women in Islamic Law" + ], + "person": [ + "https://www.islamonline.net/english/articles/274698/ - Citation", + "Jonathan Brown", + "Quran 2:235", + "Fatima Mernissi", + "Jamal J. Badawi", + "Scott A. Siraj al-Din", + "Muhammad Al-Hashimi", + "Muzammil Siddiqi", + "Male Guardianship", + "Muhammad bin Ali Al-Hakim", + "Mohammad Fadel" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Inheritance Laws in Islam", + "Polygamy in Islam", + "Islamic Divorce Laws", + "The Testimony of Women in Islamic Law", + "The 'Iddah (Waiting Period) in Islam", + "The Veil in Islam", + "Islam and Gender Segregation", + "Guardianship (Qawama) in Islam", + "Quran 4:12", + "Quran 4:3", + "Quran 2:282", + "Quran 2:235", + "Quran 4:7", + "Quran 2:229" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:12", + "quote": "There is no inequality when it comes to inheritance from parents or siblings; in those cases, both men and women receive equal shares." + }, + { + "source": "Inheritance Laws in Islam by Dr. Muhammad Al-Hashimi", + "quote": "While it is true that Islamic law prescribes different inheritance shares for men and women, [...] the unequal inheritance shares help balance out these responsibilities." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:3", + "quote": "While polygamy is allowed in principle, the Quran sets forth conditions that make it highly impractical." + }, + { + "source": "Polygamy in Islam by Dr. Muzammil Siddiqi", + "quote": "Moreover, many Muslim countries have restricted or even banned polygamy due to its potential harm to women's rights and well-being." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Divorce Laws by Mohammad Fadel", + "quote": "As for divorce, while men have an initial ease of initiating a divorce, women are compensated through the payment of 'mahr' (dowry), which they keep even after divorce, and through maintenance and child support laws that protect their financial security." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:282", + "quote": "The requirement of two female witnesses for certain matters [...] stems from the need to protect women's honor and modesty." + }, + { + "source": "The Testimony of Women in Islamic Law by Jonathan Brown", + "quote": "This provision has been interpreted differently by various Islamic schools of thought, with some requiring only one female witness or even allowing female witnesses for all matters." + }, + { + "source": "The 'Iddah (Waiting Period) in Islam by Muhammad bin Ali Al-Hakim", + "quote": "The waiting period ('iddah') serves the purpose of determining whether a child born after its expiration is legitimate or not, thus ensuring the rights of both the child and the deceased husband." + }, + { + "source": "The Veil in Islam by Fatima Mernissi", + "quote": "While some interpretations advocate strict gender segregation and veiling, others permit more flexibility based on contextual needs and personal choice." + }, + { + "source": "Islam and Gender Segregation by Scott A. Siraj al-Din", + "quote": "Many Muslims argue that these practices aim to protect women's modesty and dignity rather than restrict their freedoms. Moreover, it is essential to consider the cultural and historical factors that have influenced interpretations of Islamic dress codes." + }, + { + "source": "Guardianship (Qawama) in Islam by Jamal J. Badawi", + "quote": "While some interpretations of Islamic law do advocate male guardianship, others emphasize the principle of mutual cooperation and consent between family members." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:235", + "quote": "A balanced view acknowledges that the religion itself promotes many rights for women, such as the right to education." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:7-8", + "quote": "A balanced view acknowledges that the religion itself promotes many rights for women, such as property ownership." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:229", + "quote": "A balanced view acknowledges that the religion itself promotes many rights for women, such as equality in divorce matters." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Women and Witnessing in Islamic Law", + "The Testimony of Women in Shariah: A Historical Perspective", + "Women and Property", + "Sexual Life in Islam", + "Inheritance Laws in Islam: A Reevaluation", + "Widow's Waiting Period*", + "Women and Gender in" + ], + "person": [ + "Jonathan Brown", + "Fatima Mernissi", + "Kecia Ali", + "Mohammad Hashim Kamali", + "Ali Shariati" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Inheritance Laws in Islam: A Reevaluation", + "Women and Property in Islamic Law", + "Women and Witnessing in Islamic Law", + "The Testimony of Women in Shariah: A Historical Perspective", + "Iddah (Waiting Period) in Islamic Law", + "The 'Iddah: A Critical Analysis", + "Women and Gender in Islam", + "Sexual Life in Islam" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Inheritance Laws in Islam: A Reevaluation by Kecia Ali", + "quote": "In many Muslim societies, women often rely on male family members for financial support throughout their lives, even when they are working. Unequal inheritance exacerbates this economic dependence." + }, + { + "source": "Women and Property in Islamic Law by Asma Barlas", + "quote": "Even with men's maintenance obligations, unequal inheritance creates significant practical disparities. For instance, a woman may inherit a smaller house or less valuable property than her brother(s), impacting her living conditions and potential rental income\u2026 This double standard reinforces the notion that women are perpetual dependents." + }, + { + "source": "Women and Witnessing in Islamic Law by Jonathan Brown", + "quote": "The original context of this provision was patriarchal and focused on protecting male honor through female seclusion and control over women's movements." + }, + { + "source": "The Testimony of Women in Shariah: A Historical Perspective by Mohammad Hashim Kamali", + "quote": "Men are not held to the same standard as women when it comes to witnessing. A man's testimony is always accepted, while a woman's may be discounted or ignored\u2026 In many legal systems based on Islamic law, such as in personal status matters (e.g., marriage, divorce, inheritance), women often face difficulties in presenting evidence due to these provisions." + }, + { + "source": "Iddah (Waiting Period) in Islamic Law by Mohammad Hashim Kamali", + "quote": "The 'iddah' effectively delays remarriage for a woman but not her male counterpart, as men do not face such restrictions after divorce or the death of their spouse." + }, + { + "source": "The 'Iddah: A Critical Analysis by Asma Barlas", + "quote": "This provision reinforces gender stereotypes about women's sexuality and potential sexual infidelity." + }, + { + "source": "Women and Gender in Islam by Fatima Mernissi", + "quote": "While acknowledging cultural influences is essential, it should not be used to justify persistent inequalities rooted in Islamic law itself" + }, + { + "source": "Sexual Life in Islam by Ali Shariati", + "quote": "Many advancements brought by Islam for women were indeed significant in their historical context. However, we must evaluate these provisions today based on contemporary human rights principles and standards of gender equality" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Quran 4:7-8)", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 4:7" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:235", + "quote": "affirming women's right to education" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:7-8", + "quote": "rules about women's right to property ownership" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:229", + "quote": "equality in divorce matters" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:7-8", + "quote": "the right of Muslim women to inherit property" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Muslim", + "pre-Islamic Arabia", + "Quran 4:7-9", + "Quran 4:3", + "Muslims", + "Quran 4:7-8)", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Widow's Waiting Period**: The waiting period ('iddah'", + "Inheritance Laws", + "Hadith", + "The Testimony of Women in Islamic Law" + ], + "person": [ + "Quran", + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "https://www.islamonline.net/english/articles/274698/ - Citation", + "Jonathan Brown", + "Quran 2:235", + "Fatima Mernissi", + "Jamal J. Badawi", + "Scott A. Siraj al-Din", + "Muhammad Al-Hashimi", + "Divorce Laws", + "Male Guardianship", + "Mohammad Fadel", + "Muhammad bin Ali Al-Hakim", + "Sunan Abu Dawud", + "Muzammil Siddiqi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Inheritance Laws in Islam", + "Quran 2:235", + "Men are the protectors and providers for their women... And righteous women are devoutly obedient... And there is for you in that [women] an emblem, so that you may ponder.", + "Quran 4:12", + "And do not marry polytheistic women until they believe. And a believing slave woman or a possession from those who you rightfully possess - if they please you.", + "Quran 2:282", + "Quran 4:3", + "Islam and Gender Segregation", + "Polygamy in Islam", + "The Testimony of Women in Islamic Law", + "And when the news of a female child is announced to one of them, his face becomes dark and he hides himself from grief.", + "Quran 4:34", + "Guardianship (Qawama) in Islam", + "Quran 16:58", + "Islamic Divorce Laws", + "The Veil in Islam", + "Quran 2:229", + "For men is a share of what parents and close relatives leave, and for women is a share of what parents and close relatives leave... And if there are several [children] from one heir, they receive a share of one-sixth.", + "Quran 2:228", + "Seeking knowledge is obligatory for every Muslim man and woman.", + "Quran 4:7", + "The 'Iddah (Waiting Period) in Islam" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:7-9", + "quote": "For men is a share of what parents and close relatives leave, and for women is a share of what parents and close relatives leave... And if there are several [children] from one heir, they receive a share of one-sixth." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:228", + "quote": "And do not marry polytheistic women until they believe. And a believing slave woman or a possession from those who you rightfully possess - if they please you." + }, + { + "source": "Sunan Abu Dawud 36", + "quote": "Seeking knowledge is obligatory for every Muslim man and woman." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Men are the protectors and providers for their women... And righteous women are devoutly obedient... And there is for you in that [women] an emblem, so that you may ponder." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 16:58", + "quote": "And when the news of a female child is announced to one of them, his face becomes dark and he hides himself from grief." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:12", + "quote": "There is no inequality when it comes to inheritance from parents or siblings; in those cases, both men and women receive equal shares." + }, + { + "source": "Inheritance Laws in Islam by Dr. Muhammad Al-Hashimi", + "quote": "While it is true that Islamic law prescribes different inheritance shares for men and women, [...] the unequal inheritance shares help balance out these responsibilities." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:3", + "quote": "While polygamy is allowed in principle, the Quran sets forth conditions that make it highly impractical." + }, + { + "source": "Polygamy in Islam by Dr. Muzammil Siddiqi", + "quote": "Moreover, many Muslim countries have restricted or even banned polygamy due to its potential harm to women's rights and well-being." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Divorce Laws by Mohammad Fadel", + "quote": "As for divorce, while men have an initial ease of initiating a divorce, women are compensated through the payment of 'mahr' (dowry), which they keep even after divorce, and through maintenance and child support laws that protect their financial security." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:282", + "quote": "The requirement of two female witnesses for certain matters [...] stems from the need to protect women's honor and modesty." + }, + { + "source": "The Testimony of Women in Islamic Law by Jonathan Brown", + "quote": "This provision has been interpreted differently by various Islamic schools of thought, with some requiring only one female witness or even allowing female witnesses for all matters." + }, + { + "source": "The 'Iddah (Waiting Period) in Islam by Muhammad bin Ali Al-Hakim", + "quote": "The waiting period ('iddah') serves the purpose of determining whether a child born after its expiration is legitimate or not, thus ensuring the rights of both the child and the deceased husband." + }, + { + "source": "The Veil in Islam by Fatima Mernissi", + "quote": "While some interpretations advocate strict gender segregation and veiling, others permit more flexibility based on contextual needs and personal choice." + }, + { + "source": "Islam and Gender Segregation by Scott A. Siraj al-Din", + "quote": "Many Muslims argue that these practices aim to protect women's modesty and dignity rather than restrict their freedoms. Moreover, it is essential to consider the cultural and historical factors that have influenced interpretations of Islamic dress codes." + }, + { + "source": "Guardianship (Qawama) in Islam by Jamal J. Badawi", + "quote": "While some interpretations of Islamic law do advocate male guardianship, others emphasize the principle of mutual cooperation and consent between family members." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:235", + "quote": "A balanced view acknowledges that the religion itself promotes many rights for women, such as the right to education." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:7-8", + "quote": "A balanced view acknowledges that the religion itself promotes many rights for women, such as property ownership." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:229", + "quote": "A balanced view acknowledges that the religion itself promotes many rights for women, such as equality in divorce matters." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:235", + "quote": "affirming women's right to education" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:7-8", + "quote": "rules about women's right to property ownership" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:229", + "quote": "equality in divorce matters" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:7-8", + "quote": "the right of Muslim women to inherit property" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Muslim" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Women and Witnessing in Islamic Law", + "The Status of Women", + "Unveiling the Veil: An Analysis of the Headscarf Controversy", + "The Testimony of Women in Shariah: A Historical Perspective", + "Inheritance Laws in Islam: A Reevaluation", + "Widow's Waiting Period**: After a husband's death", + "The Holy Quran:", + "Sexual Life in Islam", + "Women and Property", + "Widow's Waiting Period*", + "Women and Gender in" + ], + "person": [ + "https://quran.com/ - ", + "Jonathan Brown", + "Fatima Mernissi", + "Jamal Badawi", + "Kecia Ali", + "Mohammad Hashim Kamali", + "Male Guardianship", + "Fadwa El-Guindi", + "Abdul-Haqq Baker", + "Ali Shariati" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "talaq", + "Islam promotes women's rights", + "Sexual Life in Islam", + "Quran 2:282", + "Quran 4:11", + "Quran 4:3", + "Islam promotes women's rights.", + "Inheritance Laws in Islam: A Reevaluation", + "Women and Gender in Islam", + "The Testimony of Women in Shariah: A Historical Perspective", + "The Status of Women in Islam", + "Quran 2:230", + "Women and Property in Islamic Law", + "Iddah (Waiting Period) in Islamic Law", + "Women in Islam: A Comprehensive Overview of Women's Rights in Islam", + "Women and Witnessing in Islamic Law", + "Unveiling the Veil: An Analysis of the Headscarf Controversy", + "Quran 2:229", + "The 'Iddah: A Critical Analysis" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:11", + "quote": "In Islam, male heirs receive twice the share of female heirs in inheritance." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:3", + "quote": "In many Islamic countries, men can polygamously marry up to four wives with no consent from the existing wives." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:229", + "quote": "Men have the unilateral right to divorce their wives by saying 'talaq' thrice, while women often face immense difficulty in obtaining a divorce and may require male guardianship." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:282", + "quote": "Islamic law requires two female witnesses to equal one male witness in certain legal matters, such as financial transactions and crimes involving bodily harm." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:230", + "quote": "After a husband's death, his widow must observe a waiting period before she can marry again. This waiting period, known as 'iddah', ranges from three months to one year." + }, + { + "source": "Various", + "quote": "Many interpretations of Islamic law advocate strict gender segregation and mandatory veiling for women, which can often lead to practical restrictions on women's movement, education, and employment opportunities." + }, + { + "source": "Various", + "quote": "While the specifics vary among Muslim societies, many still maintain the principle of male guardianship, where adult women require a male relative's consent for various life decisions, including marriage, divorce, travel, and even medical treatment." + }, + { + "source": "Women in Islam: A Comprehensive Overview of Women's Rights in Islam by Jamal Badawi", + "quote": "Indirect reference to this source. Specific quotes or paraphrased content cannot be identified without direct comparison." + }, + { + "source": "Unveiling the Veil: An Analysis of the Headscarf Controversy by Fadwa El-Guindi", + "quote": "Indirect reference to this source. Specific quotes or paraphrased content cannot be identified without direct comparison." + }, + { + "source": "The Status of Women in Islam by Abdul-Haqq Baker", + "quote": "Indirect reference to this source. Specific quotes or paraphrased content cannot be identified without direct comparison." + }, + { + "source": "Inheritance Laws in Islam: A Reevaluation by Kecia Ali", + "quote": "In many Muslim societies, women often rely on male family members for financial support throughout their lives, even when they are working. Unequal inheritance exacerbates this economic dependence." + }, + { + "source": "Women and Property in Islamic Law by Asma Barlas", + "quote": "Even with men's maintenance obligations, unequal inheritance creates significant practical disparities. For instance, a woman may inherit a smaller house or less valuable property than her brother(s), impacting her living conditions and potential rental income\u2026 This double standard reinforces the notion that women are perpetual dependents." + }, + { + "source": "Women and Witnessing in Islamic Law by Jonathan Brown", + "quote": "The original context of this provision was patriarchal and focused on protecting male honor through female seclusion and control over women's movements." + }, + { + "source": "The Testimony of Women in Shariah: A Historical Perspective by Mohammad Hashim Kamali", + "quote": "Men are not held to the same standard as women when it comes to witnessing. A man's testimony is always accepted, while a woman's may be discounted or ignored\u2026 In many legal systems based on Islamic law, such as in personal status matters (e.g., marriage, divorce, inheritance), women often face difficulties in presenting evidence due to these provisions." + }, + { + "source": "Iddah (Waiting Period) in Islamic Law by Mohammad Hashim Kamali", + "quote": "The 'iddah' effectively delays remarriage for a woman but not her male counterpart, as men do not face such restrictions after divorce or the death of their spouse." + }, + { + "source": "The 'Iddah: A Critical Analysis by Asma Barlas", + "quote": "This provision reinforces gender stereotypes about women's sexuality and potential sexual infidelity." + }, + { + "source": "Women and Gender in Islam by Fatima Mernissi", + "quote": "While acknowledging cultural influences is essential, it should not be used to justify persistent inequalities rooted in Islamic law itself" + }, + { + "source": "Sexual Life in Islam by Ali Shariati", + "quote": "Many advancements brought by Islam for women were indeed significant in their historical context. However, we must evaluate these provisions today based on contemporary human rights principles and standards of gender equality" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "muslims_can_be_active_citizens_in_secular_countries_20240914_094342.json", + "model": "mistral-nemo", + "topic": "Muslims can be active citizens in secular countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Citations:*", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "the European Court of Human Rights", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Kevina Merrell", + "Liaquat Ali Khan", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Sahih Al-Bukhari", + "Laparade" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "France (2008)", + "Muslims can be active citizens in secular countries.", + "O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm in justice", + "None of you truly believes until he wants for his brother what he wants for himself." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:8", + "quote": "O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm in justice" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Al-Bukhari", + "quote": "None of you truly believes until he wants for his brother what he wants for himself." + }, + { + "source": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 18", + "quote": "(Indirect reference) guarantees the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion" + }, + { + "source": "European Court of Human Rights - Laparade v. France (2008)", + "quote": "(Indirect reference) the court emphasized that secularism is compatible with religious freedom" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Islamophobia", + "Muslims", + "Oxford University Press", + "Islam", + "Sharia", + "Pew Research Center" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Future of Islam", + "An Introduction to Islamic Law", + "Sharia", + "The Future of the Global Muslim Population", + "Sharia Law with Secularism:** -" + ], + "person": [ + "John L. Esposito", + "Joseph Schacht" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Oxford University Press (1964)", + "Oxford University Press (2011)", + "Muslims can be active citizens in secular countries.", + "An Introduction to Islamic Law,", + "The Future of Islam,", + "The Future of the Global Muslim Population," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:11-12", + "quote": "The citation refers to inheritance rights according to Sharia law." + }, + { + "source": "Joseph Schacht, An Introduction to Islamic Law, Oxford University Press (1964)", + "quote": "The citation refers to the comprehensive nature of Sharia law, its implications for various aspects of life including criminal law, family law, and governance, and its potential incompatibility with secular legal systems." + }, + { + "source": "John L. Esposito, The Future of Islam, Oxford University Press (2011)", + "quote": "The citation refers to the debate over whether Islam, being inherently political according to some Muslims, can be separated from governance and if Muslims can participate actively in secular politics without seeking to implement Sharia law." + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, The Future of the Global Muslim Population, June 2015", + "quote": "The citation refers to the practical hurdles that Muslim minorities face in being active citizens in secular countries, such as discrimination, Islamophobia, and trust deficit with the wider society." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Citations:*", + "Muslim", + "Citation:* Muslim Council", + "Muslims", + "Democrats", + "Turkish", + "Dildar & Smith", + "Islamic", + "Muslim Council", + "democratic", + "Islam", + "AKP", + "University of Texas Press", + "American Muslim Consumption Patterns", + "Parliament", + "Pew Research Center", + "Political Office:*" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Believing Women", + "Sharia", + "Sharia Law with Secularism:** While", + "The World's" + ], + "person": [ + "Edward E. Curtis", + "Hasan" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Hasan, 2016)", + "(Pew Research Center, 2013)", + "(Muslim Council of Britain, 2019)", + "University of Texas Press (2002)", + "Annual Review of Sociology 42 (2016)", + "Believing Women", + " University of Texas Press (2002),**The Debate over Political Islam:** The idea that Islam is inherently political has led some Muslims to seek political power to implement their vision of an Islamic state. However, this is not a universal sentiment among Muslims: - **Cultural Muslim Democrats:** A significant portion of Muslims in secular societies support democracy and secular governance without seeking to establish an Islamic state (Pew Research Center, 2013). - **Muslims for Secularism:** Many Muslims actively advocate for a separation between religion and politics. For example, the Turkish political party AKP, while having roots in political Islam, has consistently supported secular democratic principles. - *Citation:* Pew Research Center, ", + " August 2013 3. **Discrimination and Trust Deficit:** Discrimination against Muslim minorities is indeed a challenge, but it's not an insurmountable barrier to their participation as active citizens: - **Muslims in Political Office:** Despite facing discrimination, Muslims have successfully entered politics in secular countries. For instance, in the UK, 16 Muslim MPs were elected to Parliament in 2019 (Muslim Council of Britain, 2019). - **Economic Integration:** Muslims are increasingly contributing to the economies of secular countries they reside in. In the US, Muslims contribute around $170 billion annually through consumer spending alone (Dildar & Smith, 2015). - *Citation:* Muslim Council of Britain, ", + " December 2019 In conclusion, while my opponent has raised valid concerns, they are not unique to Muslims or insurmountable barriers. Muslims have proven their ability to actively participate as citizens in secular countries, adapting their understanding of Sharia law, supporting democratic principles, and contributing economically despite facing discrimination. It's crucial to address these challenges openly but also acknowledge the progress made so far. Thank you. *Citations:* - Zainah Anwar & Edward E. Curtis IV, ", + " Annual Review of Sociology 42 (2016), pp. 395-414 - Pew Research Center, ", + " August 2013 - Muslim Council of Britain, ", + " December 2019 - Dildar & Smith, " + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Hasan, 2016, Zainah Anwar & Edward E. Curtis IV 'Muslims in Western Europe,' Annual Review of Sociology 42 (2016), pp. 395-414", + "quote": "Muslims in Europe and North America actively participate in politics, respecting both secular laws and Islamic principles" + }, + { + "source": "Asma U. Barlas, 'Believing Women' in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an,' University of Texas Press (2002)", + "quote": "Sharia law has evolved over centuries through interpretation by scholars, jurists, and legal experts" + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, 'The World's Muslims: Unity in Diversity,' August 2013", + "quote": "A significant portion of Muslims in secular societies support democracy and secular governance without seeking to establish an Islamic state" + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, 'The World's Muslims: Unity in Diversity,' August 2013", + "quote": "Many Muslims actively advocate for a separation between religion and politics" + }, + { + "source": "Muslim Council of Britain, 'Muslims in the UK: Key Facts and Statistics,' December 2019", + "quote": "In the UK, 16 Muslim MPs were elected to Parliament in 2019" + }, + { + "source": "Dildar & Smith, 'Survey on American Muslim Consumption Patterns,' January 2015", + "quote": "In the US, Muslims contribute around $170 billion annually through consumer spending alone" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Institute of Southeast Asian Studies", + "Muslims", + "German Institute for International and Security Affairs", + "Islamists", + "ISIS", + "Democrats", + "Americans", + "Bader & Hamdy", + "Islamic", + "Canadian Islamic Congress", + "Islamophobia", + "the Canadian Islamic Congress", + "Islam", + "AKP", + "Pew Research Center", + "Muslim Americans", + "Citations:*", + "British", + "Political Office" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Niqab Debate: A Statement", + "Sharia", + "Sharia Law with Secularism:** While", + "Perceptions of Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Barlas" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Canadian Islamic Congress, 2011)", + "(Dhofier, 2009)", + "(Ipsos MORI, 2019)", + "(Pew Research Center, 2017)", + "Muslim Integration in Germany: Challenges and Opportunities,", + "Islamic Movements in Indonesia,", + "The Niqab Debate: A Statement by the Canadian Islamic Congress,", + "Perceptions of Islam and Muslims in Britain,", + "Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for ISIS," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Barlas' Work", + "quote": "Barlas herself acknowledges the patriarchal aspects of Islamic law and argues for a reinterpretation." + }, + { + "source": "Bader & Hamdy, 'Muslim Integration in Germany: Challenges and Opportunities,' German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP), March 2010", + "quote": "Many Muslims struggle with the notion of dual loyalty when Sharia principles directly contradict secular laws. For instance, in Germany, Muslim immigrants have faced moral dilemmas regarding family law matters, such as inheritance rights." + }, + { + "source": "Canadian Islamic Congress, 'The Niqab Debate: A Statement by the Canadian Islamic Congress,' October 2011", + "quote": "The adaptation of Sharia to align with secular laws is a contentious issue. Progressive interpretations risk being seen as unIslamic by conservatives, while strict adherence can lead to legal complications. For example, in Canada, the niqab ban faced criticism from both those who saw it as discriminatory against Muslims and those who believed it infringed on women's rights under Sharia law." + }, + { + "source": "Dhofier, 'Islamic Movements in Indonesia,' Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS), June 2009", + "quote": "While it's true that many Muslims support democracy, this support often comes with caveats tied to their interpretation of Islamic principles. For instance, in Indonesia, some Muslims express ambivalence towards secularism, seeing it as a Western concept incompatible with Islam." + }, + { + "source": "Ipsos MORI, 'Perceptions of Islam and Muslims in Britain,' February 2019", + "quote": "Despite the election of Muslim MPs, Islamophobia remains rampant among British political circles. For instance, a 2019 survey found that 56% of Britons would be uncomfortable with a Muslim Prime Minister." + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, 'Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for ISIS,' July 2017", + "quote": "While Muslims contribute significantly to economies, they often face barriers to upward mobility due to discrimination. In the US, Muslim Americans have lower median household incomes and higher poverty rates than the general population." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "American Muslims", + "Muslims", + "the UK Parliament", + "democratic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "the AKP party" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Sharia" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Islamophobia", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Sharia" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Muslim Democrats" + ], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "American Muslims", + "Muslims", + "the UK Parliament", + "Dildar & Smith", + "Parliament", + "Citation:* Muslim Council", + "Quran", + "Democrats", + "Islamic", + "Political Office:*", + "democratic", + "the European Court of Human Rights", + "Islam", + "AKP", + "University of Texas Press", + "American Muslim Consumption Patterns", + "the AKP party", + "Pew Research Center", + "Muslim Council", + "Citations:*", + "Turkish" + ], + "person": [ + "Kevina Merrell", + "Liaquat Ali Khan", + "Edward E. Curtis", + "Hasan", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Sahih Al-Bukhari", + "Laparade" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Believing Women", + "Sharia", + "Sharia Law with Secularism:** While", + "The World's" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + " University of Texas Press (2002),**The Debate over Political Islam:** The idea that Islam is inherently political has led some Muslims to seek political power to implement their vision of an Islamic state. However, this is not a universal sentiment among Muslims: - **Cultural Muslim Democrats:** A significant portion of Muslims in secular societies support democracy and secular governance without seeking to establish an Islamic state (Pew Research Center, 2013). - **Muslims for Secularism:** Many Muslims actively advocate for a separation between religion and politics. For example, the Turkish political party AKP, while having roots in political Islam, has consistently supported secular democratic principles. - *Citation:* Pew Research Center, ", + " Annual Review of Sociology 42 (2016), pp. 395-414 - Pew Research Center, ", + " August 2013 3. **Discrimination and Trust Deficit:** Discrimination against Muslim minorities is indeed a challenge, but it's not an insurmountable barrier to their participation as active citizens: - **Muslims in Political Office:** Despite facing discrimination, Muslims have successfully entered politics in secular countries. For instance, in the UK, 16 Muslim MPs were elected to Parliament in 2019 (Muslim Council of Britain, 2019). - **Economic Integration:** Muslims are increasingly contributing to the economies of secular countries they reside in. In the US, Muslims contribute around $170 billion annually through consumer spending alone (Dildar & Smith, 2015). - *Citation:* Muslim Council of Britain, ", + " December 2019 In conclusion, while my opponent has raised valid concerns, they are not unique to Muslims or insurmountable barriers. Muslims have proven their ability to actively participate as citizens in secular countries, adapting their understanding of Sharia law, supporting democratic principles, and contributing economically despite facing discrimination. It's crucial to address these challenges openly but also acknowledge the progress made so far. Thank you. *Citations:* - Zainah Anwar & Edward E. Curtis IV, ", + "(Hasan, 2016)", + "(Pew Research Center, 2013)", + "France (2008)", + " December 2019 - Dildar & Smith, ", + "None of you truly believes until he wants for his brother what he wants for himself.", + "Muslims can be active citizens in secular countries.", + "Annual Review of Sociology 42 (2016)", + "University of Texas Press (2002)", + "O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm in justice", + "Believing Women", + "(Muslim Council of Britain, 2019)", + " August 2013 - Muslim Council of Britain, " + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:8", + "quote": "O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm in justice" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Al-Bukhari", + "quote": "None of you truly believes until he wants for his brother what he wants for himself." + }, + { + "source": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 18", + "quote": "(Indirect reference) guarantees the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion" + }, + { + "source": "European Court of Human Rights - Laparade v. France (2008)", + "quote": "(Indirect reference) the court emphasized that secularism is compatible with religious freedom" + }, + { + "source": "Hasan, 2016, Zainah Anwar & Edward E. Curtis IV 'Muslims in Western Europe,' Annual Review of Sociology 42 (2016), pp. 395-414", + "quote": "Muslims in Europe and North America actively participate in politics, respecting both secular laws and Islamic principles" + }, + { + "source": "Asma U. Barlas, 'Believing Women' in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an,' University of Texas Press (2002)", + "quote": "Sharia law has evolved over centuries through interpretation by scholars, jurists, and legal experts" + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, 'The World's Muslims: Unity in Diversity,' August 2013", + "quote": "A significant portion of Muslims in secular societies support democracy and secular governance without seeking to establish an Islamic state" + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, 'The World's Muslims: Unity in Diversity,' August 2013", + "quote": "Many Muslims actively advocate for a separation between religion and politics" + }, + { + "source": "Muslim Council of Britain, 'Muslims in the UK: Key Facts and Statistics,' December 2019", + "quote": "In the UK, 16 Muslim MPs were elected to Parliament in 2019" + }, + { + "source": "Dildar & Smith, 'Survey on American Muslim Consumption Patterns,' January 2015", + "quote": "In the US, Muslims contribute around $170 billion annually through consumer spending alone" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Institute of Southeast Asian Studies", + "Muslims", + "German Institute for International and Security Affairs", + "Islamists", + "ISIS", + "Democrats", + "Americans", + "Bader & Hamdy", + "Islamic", + "Sharia", + "Canadian Islamic Congress", + "Islamophobia", + "the Canadian Islamic Congress", + "Islam", + "AKP", + "Pew Research Center", + "Muslim Americans", + "Citations:*", + "British", + "Oxford University Press", + "Political Office" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Future of Islam", + "The Niqab Debate: A Statement", + "Sharia Law with Secularism:** While", + "An Introduction to Islamic Law", + "Sharia", + "The Future of the Global Muslim Population", + "Perceptions of Islam", + "Sharia Law with Secularism:** -" + ], + "person": [ + "John L. Esposito", + "Barlas", + "Joseph Schacht" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Oxford University Press (1964)", + "The Future of the Global Muslim Population,", + "The Future of Islam,", + "Oxford University Press (2011)", + "(Dhofier, 2009)", + "The Niqab Debate: A Statement by the Canadian Islamic Congress,", + "An Introduction to Islamic Law,", + "(Pew Research Center, 2017)", + "Perceptions of Islam and Muslims in Britain,", + "Muslims can be active citizens in secular countries.", + "(Ipsos MORI, 2019)", + "Muslim Integration in Germany: Challenges and Opportunities,", + "Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for ISIS,", + "(Canadian Islamic Congress, 2011)", + "Islamic Movements in Indonesia,", + "Muslim Democrats" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:11-12", + "quote": "The citation refers to inheritance rights according to Sharia law." + }, + { + "source": "Joseph Schacht, An Introduction to Islamic Law, Oxford University Press (1964)", + "quote": "The citation refers to the comprehensive nature of Sharia law, its implications for various aspects of life including criminal law, family law, and governance, and its potential incompatibility with secular legal systems." + }, + { + "source": "John L. Esposito, The Future of Islam, Oxford University Press (2011)", + "quote": "The citation refers to the debate over whether Islam, being inherently political according to some Muslims, can be separated from governance and if Muslims can participate actively in secular politics without seeking to implement Sharia law." + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, The Future of the Global Muslim Population, June 2015", + "quote": "The citation refers to the practical hurdles that Muslim minorities face in being active citizens in secular countries, such as discrimination, Islamophobia, and trust deficit with the wider society." + }, + { + "source": "Barlas' Work", + "quote": "Barlas herself acknowledges the patriarchal aspects of Islamic law and argues for a reinterpretation." + }, + { + "source": "Bader & Hamdy, 'Muslim Integration in Germany: Challenges and Opportunities,' German Institute for International and Security Affairs (SWP), March 2010", + "quote": "Many Muslims struggle with the notion of dual loyalty when Sharia principles directly contradict secular laws. For instance, in Germany, Muslim immigrants have faced moral dilemmas regarding family law matters, such as inheritance rights." + }, + { + "source": "Canadian Islamic Congress, 'The Niqab Debate: A Statement by the Canadian Islamic Congress,' October 2011", + "quote": "The adaptation of Sharia to align with secular laws is a contentious issue. Progressive interpretations risk being seen as unIslamic by conservatives, while strict adherence can lead to legal complications. For example, in Canada, the niqab ban faced criticism from both those who saw it as discriminatory against Muslims and those who believed it infringed on women's rights under Sharia law." + }, + { + "source": "Dhofier, 'Islamic Movements in Indonesia,' Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS), June 2009", + "quote": "While it's true that many Muslims support democracy, this support often comes with caveats tied to their interpretation of Islamic principles. For instance, in Indonesia, some Muslims express ambivalence towards secularism, seeing it as a Western concept incompatible with Islam." + }, + { + "source": "Ipsos MORI, 'Perceptions of Islam and Muslims in Britain,' February 2019", + "quote": "Despite the election of Muslim MPs, Islamophobia remains rampant among British political circles. For instance, a 2019 survey found that 56% of Britons would be uncomfortable with a Muslim Prime Minister." + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, 'Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for ISIS,' July 2017", + "quote": "While Muslims contribute significantly to economies, they often face barriers to upward mobility due to discrimination. In the US, Muslim Americans have lower median household incomes and higher poverty rates than the general population." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_muslims_to_take_mortgages_with_interest_20240913_174034.json", + "model": "llama2", + "topic": "Islam permits Muslims to take mortgages with interest", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Jew", + "riba" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Surah al-Baqarah", + "Al-Fatawa al-Kubra", + "Hadith", + "Bukhari", + "Prophet", + "Ibn Taymiyyah", + "Al-Numan" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And if Allah were to impose blessedness on the angels and the prophets and those who believe, and give them a mark of their own [i.e., money], and present it to them [as a gift], and ask them, 'Spend it however you will,' then they would surely spend it in vanity and not be mindful of their duty to Allah.", + "The prohibition of riba [usury] does not mean that one cannot take any interest whatsoever. Rather, it means that one should not take excessive or exorbitant interest", + "Quran 2:83", + "Quran 2:83" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:83", + "quote": "And if Allah were to impose blessedness on the angels and the prophets and those who believe, and give them a mark of their own [i.e., money], and present it to them [as a gift], and ask them, 'Spend it however you will,' then they would surely spend it in vanity and not be mindful of their duty to Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 54, Number 420", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) himself engaged in transactions involving interest. For instance, he accepted a gift from a Jew named Al-Numan, who had given him a necklace made of pearls as a loan. The Prophet wore it and later returned it to Al-Numan, along with an additional amount as a mark of appreciation." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Taymiyyah, Al-Fatawa al-Kubra, vol. 4, p. 362", + "quote": "The prohibition of riba [usury] does not mean that one cannot take any interest whatsoever. Rather, it means that one should not take excessive or exorbitant interest." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Bukhari", + "Sahih Bukhari" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And He (Allah) caused you to inherit from each other, and He subjected to you, as He pleased, the quick and the dead. And surely, your Lord is All-Powerful.", + "Avoid usury, for it is oppression", + "A believer cannot attain true faith until he abandons usury, even if it is small", + "Quran 2:275" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "And He (Allah) caused you to inherit from each other, and He subjected to you, as He pleased, the quick and the dead. And surely, your Lord is All-Powerful. (Translation: Picktall)" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 54, Number 351", + "quote": "Avoid usury, for it is oppression" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 54, Number 352", + "quote": "A believer cannot attain true faith until he abandons usury, even if it is small" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Bukhari" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Avoid usury, for it is oppression", + "Avoid usury, for it is oppression", + "Quran 2:275", + "Quran 2:275" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "The Quran encourages Muslims to engage in lawful transactions, such as buying and selling, which may involve interest." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari", + "quote": "Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: 'Avoid usury, for it is oppression.'" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference", + "quote": "Islamic scholarly interpretations that permit Muslims to take mortgages with reasonable interest rates, as long as the loan is used for lawful purposes and the borrower is able to repay the loan without incurring additional costs." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Quranic", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Bukhari" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Avoid usury, for it is oppression", + "Quran 2:275", + "Quran 2:275" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "The Quran encourages Muslims to engage in lawful transactions, such as buying and selling, which may involve interest." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to various Islamic teachings", + "quote": "The Quran also emphasizes the importance of fairness, justice, and equality in financial dealings, which should be taken into account when engaging in any financial transaction, including taking mortgages with interest." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to various Islamic teachings", + "quote": "Some Islamic scholars have interpreted the principles of fairness and justice to permit Muslims to take mortgages with reasonable interest rates." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to the life of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) himself engaged in transactions involving interest, which suggests that he did not necessarily view interest as inherently prohibited." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to various Islamic teachings", + "quote": "Islam teaches that wealth should be acquired through lawful means and that debts should be repaid without incurring any additional costs." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "The Quranic verse emphasizing the importance of fairness and justice in financial dealings applies to all financial transactions, including those involving interest-based lending." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to various Islamic teachings", + "quote": "Some Islamic scholars have argued that the principle of paying back debts without additional costs applies to the initial amount borrowed, rather than the interest accrued over time." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to various Islamic teachings", + "quote": "As long as the interest rate is not reasonable and fair, Muslims cannot take such mortgages without violating their religious principles." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari", + "quote": "Avoid usury, for it is oppression" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Jew", + "riba" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Muhammad", + "Surah al-Baqarah", + "Al-Fatawa al-Kubra", + "Hadith", + "Bukhari", + "Prophet", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Ibn Taymiyyah", + "Al-Numan" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 2:275", + "The prohibition of riba [usury] does not mean that one cannot take any interest whatsoever. Rather, it means that one should not take excessive or exorbitant interest", + "Avoid usury, for it is oppression", + "And if Allah were to impose blessedness on the angels and the prophets and those who believe, and give them a mark of their own [i.e., money], and present it to them [as a gift], and ask them, 'Spend it however you will,' then they would surely spend it in vanity and not be mindful of their duty to Allah.", + "Quran 2:83" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:83", + "quote": "And if Allah were to impose blessedness on the angels and the prophets and those who believe, and give them a mark of their own [i.e., money], and present it to them [as a gift], and ask them, 'Spend it however you will,' then they would surely spend it in vanity and not be mindful of their duty to Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 54, Number 420", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) himself engaged in transactions involving interest. For instance, he accepted a gift from a Jew named Al-Numan, who had given him a necklace made of pearls as a loan. The Prophet wore it and later returned it to Al-Numan, along with an additional amount as a mark of appreciation." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Taymiyyah, Al-Fatawa al-Kubra, vol. 4, p. 362", + "quote": "The prohibition of riba [usury] does not mean that one cannot take any interest whatsoever. Rather, it means that one should not take excessive or exorbitant interest." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "The Quran encourages Muslims to engage in lawful transactions, such as buying and selling, which may involve interest." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari", + "quote": "Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: 'Avoid usury, for it is oppression.'" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference", + "quote": "Islamic scholarly interpretations that permit Muslims to take mortgages with reasonable interest rates, as long as the loan is used for lawful purposes and the borrower is able to repay the loan without incurring additional costs." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Bukhari", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Sahih Bukhari" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "A believer cannot attain true faith until he abandons usury, even if it is small", + "Avoid usury, for it is oppression", + "Quran 2:275", + "And He (Allah) caused you to inherit from each other, and He subjected to you, as He pleased, the quick and the dead. And surely, your Lord is All-Powerful." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "And He (Allah) caused you to inherit from each other, and He subjected to you, as He pleased, the quick and the dead. And surely, your Lord is All-Powerful. (Translation: Picktall)" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 54, Number 351", + "quote": "Avoid usury, for it is oppression" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 54, Number 352", + "quote": "A believer cannot attain true faith until he abandons usury, even if it is small" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "The Quran encourages Muslims to engage in lawful transactions, such as buying and selling, which may involve interest." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to various Islamic teachings", + "quote": "The Quran also emphasizes the importance of fairness, justice, and equality in financial dealings, which should be taken into account when engaging in any financial transaction, including taking mortgages with interest." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to various Islamic teachings", + "quote": "Some Islamic scholars have interpreted the principles of fairness and justice to permit Muslims to take mortgages with reasonable interest rates." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to the life of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) himself engaged in transactions involving interest, which suggests that he did not necessarily view interest as inherently prohibited." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to various Islamic teachings", + "quote": "Islam teaches that wealth should be acquired through lawful means and that debts should be repaid without incurring any additional costs." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "The Quranic verse emphasizing the importance of fairness and justice in financial dealings applies to all financial transactions, including those involving interest-based lending." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to various Islamic teachings", + "quote": "Some Islamic scholars have argued that the principle of paying back debts without additional costs applies to the initial amount borrowed, rather than the interest accrued over time." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to various Islamic teachings", + "quote": "As long as the interest rate is not reasonable and fair, Muslims cannot take such mortgages without violating their religious principles." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari", + "quote": "Avoid usury, for it is oppression" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_peace_20240914_081928.json", + "model": "mistral-nemo", + "topic": "Islam promotes peace", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Andalus", + "Prophet Muhammad's", + "Bukhari", + "Quran 49:9", + "Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And if two factions among the believers should fight, then make reconciliation between them.", + "O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm for Allah, witnesses in equity, and do not let the hatred of a people prevent you from being just.", + "And not equal are those who sit at home - excepting those who are disabled - with those who strive hard in the cause of Allah, neither spending nor fighting, except those whom Allah has justified.", + "A true Muslim is he from whose tongue and hand other Muslims are safe.", + "The best amongst people are those who have the best manners and character.", + "A true Muslim...", + "The best amongst people...", + "Quran 49:9", + "Quran 5:8", + "Quran 4:95" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 49:9", + "quote": "And if two factions among the believers should fight, then make reconciliation between them." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:8", + "quote": "O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm for Allah, witnesses in equity, and do not let the hatred of a people prevent you from being just." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:95", + "quote": "And not equal are those who sit at home - excepting those who are disabled - with those who strive hard in the cause of Allah, neither spending nor fighting, except those whom Allah has justified." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "A true Muslim is he from whose tongue and hand other Muslims are safe." + }, + { + "source": "Tirmidhi", + "quote": "The best amongst people are those who have the best manners and character." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Andalus: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Al-Andalus", + "quote": "During the period of Muslim rule in Spain, known as Al-Andalus, Muslims, Christians, and Jews coexisted relatively harmoniously, fostering a golden age of cultural advancement." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Allah", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Bukhari", + "Prophet", + "Pickthall", + "Shakir - Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Fight and slay the pagans wherever ye find them, seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them by every stratagem...", + "When you encounter the disbelievers on the battlefield, do not turn your backs on them.", + "I will instill terror into the hearts of the unbelievers, so that they fight among themselves and every man turns to his own company.", + "The Prophet said: 'Allah made me victorious by awe, for all my enemies were terrorized.' He then said: ' Except the Ethiopia because they had the virtue of religion (i.e., they were Christians).", + "Go forth in Allah's name and strive with yourselves and your wealth against those who disbelieve Allah.", + "Quran 9:5", + "Quran 8:16", + "Quran 59:13" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:5 (Pickthall and Shakir)", + "quote": "Fight and slay the pagans wherever ye find them, seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them by every stratagem..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 8:16 (Pickthall and Shakir)", + "quote": "When you encounter the disbelievers on the battlefield, do not turn your backs on them." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 59:13 (Pickthall and Shakir)", + "quote": "I will instill terror into the hearts of the unbelievers, so that they fight among themselves and every man turns to his own company." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim 4357", + "quote": "The Prophet said: 'Allah made me victorious by awe, for all my enemies were terrorized.' He then said: ' Except the Ethiopia because they had the virtue of religion (i.e., they were Christians).'" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari 2986", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad is reported to have said, 'Go forth in Allah's name and strive with yourselves and your wealth against those who disbelieve Allah.'" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to historical events", + "quote": "Islamic empires expanded through conquests, forced conversions, and enslavement. The Ottoman Empire is a prime example of this, as it conquered vast territories from Eastern Europe to North Africa and the Middle East, often employing violent methods." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Allah", + "Christian", + "Jewish", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Hadith", + "Bukhari", + "Prophet", + "Cornell H. Fleischer", + "Michael A. LeVan" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Great Islamic Empires:" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Fight and slay the pagans wherever ye find them, seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them by every stratagem...", + "pagans", + "every man turns to his own company", + "The Ottoman Empire and Its Muslim, Christian, and Jewish Subjects", + "The Great Islamic Empires: From 1000 to 1750", + "Quran 9:5", + "Quran 9:13", + "Quran 8:16", + "Quran 59:13", + "Quran 9:13", + "Quran 2:190" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:5 (Pickthall)", + "quote": "Fight and slay the pagans wherever ye find them, seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them by every stratagem..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:13-14", + "quote": "This verse promotes peace and mercy and was used to abrogate the previous verse Quran 9:5." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 8:16", + "quote": "This verse is about self-defense during wartime. It does not advocate offensive aggression against non-combatants or innocent people." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 59:13 (Pickthall)", + "quote": "This verse is often misinterpreted. It actually means that Allah instills fear in the hearts of disbelievers so they fight each other, not Muslims. The phrase 'every man turns to his own company' refers to disunity among disbelievers, not violence against Muslims." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:190-194 (Pickthall)", + "quote": "These verses discuss just war and its conditions." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim 4357", + "quote": "This Hadith does not advocate terrorizing people based on their faith. It discusses the Prophet's awe-inspiring presence, which led people to accept Islam peacefully. The exception for Ethiopia is because they had the virtue of religion (i.e., they were Christians who did not oppose Muslims)." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari 2986", + "quote": "This Hadith encourages struggle (jihad) in the path of Allah, but it does not promote violence against non-Muslims. Jihad here refers to striving with oneself and one's wealth for righteous causes, including education, social welfare, and spiritual growth." + }, + { + "source": "The Ottoman Empire and Its Muslim, Christian, and Jewish Subjects (Cornell H. Fleischer)", + "quote": "The discussion regarding the Ottoman Empire and its history being complex and not solely about violence." + }, + { + "source": "The Great Islamic Empires: From 1000 to 1750 (Edited by Michael A. LeVan)", + "quote": "The discussion regarding the historical context of Islamic empires, highlighting that many conquests were defensive or aimed at protecting Muslim communities from external aggression." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "work_of_art": [ + "Recontextualizing Hadith:*", + "Hadith" + ], + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Christian", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Arab" + ], + "person": [ + "Ibn Kathir"s", + "Richard N. Frye", + "Bukhari", + "Prophet", + "ya'lamu nafsahu bi-ma", + "https://quran.ksu.edu/harun/quran.php?sura=9&verse=5 - Sahih" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "every man turns to his own company", + "so fight and slay the pagans wherever ye find them", + "go forth... against those who disbelieve Allah", + "The Arab Conquest of Iran", + "Quran 9:5", + "Quran 9:13", + "Quran 8:16", + "Quran 59:13", + "Quran 9:5", + "Quran 8:16" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "A reference to this Quranic verse made in relation to discussions of its interpretations and usage in justifying violence. No specified quote in the text though." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:13-14", + "quote": "A reference made to these Quranic verses in discussions about their purported role in abrogating previous violent verses." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 8:16", + "quote": "A reference made to this Quranic verse when discussing the differing interpretations concerning whether it supports offensive aggression or defensive warfare. No specified quote in the text though." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 59:13", + "quote": "This Quran verse is referenced in discussion concerning its translation and interpretation. The text contains a quoted phrase from this verse: 'every man turns to his own company' (ya'lamu nafsahu bi-ma laysa lahu minhu)" + }, + { + "source": "https://www.islamicbulletin.com/forums/showthread.php?tid=26374", + "quote": "The source is used as a reference to the debate surrounding the abrogation of Quran 9:5." + }, + { + "source": "http://justiceforall.ca/index.php?q=node/1029", + "quote": "The source is referenced for Ibn Kathir's tafsir on Quran 8:16." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim 4357", + "quote": "A specific Hadith reference used in relation to discussions of its interpretations and impact. The text includes a quoted phrase from this Hadith: 'so fight and slay the pagans wherever ye find them' (wa-qatil\u016bhum hayhun wa-aqir\u016bhum hayhun)." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari 2986", + "quote": "This Hadith is referenced when discussing its interpretation and meaning. The text contains a quoted phrase from this Hadith: 'go forth... against those who disbelieve Allah' (kh\u0101j\u016b... 'al\u0101 man dis\u0101 All\u0101h)." + }, + { + "source": "https://quran.ksu.edu/harun/quran.php?sura=9&verse=5", + "quote": "The source is referenced for translations of Sahih Muslim 4357." + }, + { + "source": "http://www.searchtruth.com/searchResults.php?q=%22jihad%20nafasakh&b=and", + "quote": "The source is used as a reference for interpretations of Sahih Bukhari 2986." + }, + { + "source": "The Arab Conquest of Iran by Richard N. Frye", + "quote": "An indirect reference to information about offensive conquests during the Islamic expansion." + }, + { + "source": "http://www.islamicboard.com/showthread.php?t=256097", + "quote": "The source is used as a reference for the conditions for religious tolerance in Islamic empires." + }, + { + "source": "https://www.britannica.com/event/conquest-of-constantinople", + "quote": "The source is referenced in relation to the massacre of Christian minorities during the Ottoman Empire's conquest of Constantinople." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "The Oneness of Allah (Tawhid" + ], + "person": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Hadith", + "Bukhari", + "Prophet" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 2:190" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:190-194", + "quote": "This part indirectly refers to Quranic verses emphasizing peace and mercy, presumably abrogating previous verses that might seem to promote violence in certain contexts." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim 4357", + "quote": "This is an indirect reference to a Hadith about Prophet Muhammad's awe-inspiring presence, but it does not promote terrorizing people based on their faith." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari 2986", + "quote": "This is an indirect reference to a Hadith that discusses struggle in the path of Allah but does not advocate violence against non-Muslims." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ], + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Allah", + "Christian", + "Jewish", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "The Oneness of Allah (Tawhid" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "The Great Islamic Empires:", + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Andalus", + "Prophet Muhammad's", + "Bukhari", + "Hadith", + "Prophet", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Quran 49:9", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Cornell H. Fleischer", + "Michael A. LeVan" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 59:13", + "every man turns to his own company", + "The best amongst people are those who have the best manners and character.", + "O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm for Allah, witnesses in equity, and do not let the hatred of a people prevent you from being just.", + "A true Muslim...", + "Quran 4:95", + "The Ottoman Empire and Its Muslim, Christian, and Jewish Subjects", + "Quran 8:16", + "And not equal are those who sit at home - excepting those who are disabled - with those who strive hard in the cause of Allah, neither spending nor fighting, except those whom Allah has justified.", + "Quran 49:9", + "The best amongst people...", + "And if two factions among the believers should fight, then make reconciliation between them.", + "Quran 9:5", + "Quran 5:8", + "A true Muslim is he from whose tongue and hand other Muslims are safe.", + "pagans", + "Quran 9:13", + "Fight and slay the pagans wherever ye find them, seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them by every stratagem...", + "The Great Islamic Empires: From 1000 to 1750", + "Quran 2:190" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 49:9", + "quote": "And if two factions among the believers should fight, then make reconciliation between them." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:8", + "quote": "O you who have believed, be persistently standing firm for Allah, witnesses in equity, and do not let the hatred of a people prevent you from being just." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:95", + "quote": "And not equal are those who sit at home - excepting those who are disabled - with those who strive hard in the cause of Allah, neither spending nor fighting, except those whom Allah has justified." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "A true Muslim is he from whose tongue and hand other Muslims are safe." + }, + { + "source": "Tirmidhi", + "quote": "The best amongst people are those who have the best manners and character." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Andalus: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Al-Andalus", + "quote": "During the period of Muslim rule in Spain, known as Al-Andalus, Muslims, Christians, and Jews coexisted relatively harmoniously, fostering a golden age of cultural advancement." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:5 (Pickthall)", + "quote": "Fight and slay the pagans wherever ye find them, seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them by every stratagem..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:13-14", + "quote": "This verse promotes peace and mercy and was used to abrogate the previous verse Quran 9:5." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 8:16", + "quote": "This verse is about self-defense during wartime. It does not advocate offensive aggression against non-combatants or innocent people." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 59:13 (Pickthall)", + "quote": "This verse is often misinterpreted. It actually means that Allah instills fear in the hearts of disbelievers so they fight each other, not Muslims. The phrase 'every man turns to his own company' refers to disunity among disbelievers, not violence against Muslims." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:190-194 (Pickthall)", + "quote": "These verses discuss just war and its conditions." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim 4357", + "quote": "This Hadith does not advocate terrorizing people based on their faith. It discusses the Prophet's awe-inspiring presence, which led people to accept Islam peacefully. The exception for Ethiopia is because they had the virtue of religion (i.e., they were Christians who did not oppose Muslims)." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari 2986", + "quote": "This Hadith encourages struggle (jihad) in the path of Allah, but it does not promote violence against non-Muslims. Jihad here refers to striving with oneself and one's wealth for righteous causes, including education, social welfare, and spiritual growth." + }, + { + "source": "The Ottoman Empire and Its Muslim, Christian, and Jewish Subjects (Cornell H. Fleischer)", + "quote": "The discussion regarding the Ottoman Empire and its history being complex and not solely about violence." + }, + { + "source": "The Great Islamic Empires: From 1000 to 1750 (Edited by Michael A. LeVan)", + "quote": "The discussion regarding the historical context of Islamic empires, highlighting that many conquests were defensive or aimed at protecting Muslim communities from external aggression." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:190-194", + "quote": "This part indirectly refers to Quranic verses emphasizing peace and mercy, presumably abrogating previous verses that might seem to promote violence in certain contexts." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim 4357", + "quote": "This is an indirect reference to a Hadith about Prophet Muhammad's awe-inspiring presence, but it does not promote terrorizing people based on their faith." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari 2986", + "quote": "This is an indirect reference to a Hadith that discusses struggle in the path of Allah but does not advocate violence against non-Muslims." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Allah", + "Christian", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Arab", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Ibn Kathir"s", + "Richard N. Frye", + "Bukhari", + "Prophet", + "ya'lamu nafsahu bi-ma", + "https://quran.ksu.edu/harun/quran.php?sura=9&verse=5 - Sahih", + "Pickthall", + "Shakir - Hadith" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Recontextualizing Hadith:*", + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 59:13", + "every man turns to his own company", + "I will instill terror into the hearts of the unbelievers, so that they fight among themselves and every man turns to his own company.", + "Quran 9:13", + "Fight and slay the pagans wherever ye find them, seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them by every stratagem...", + "go forth... against those who disbelieve Allah", + "The Prophet said: 'Allah made me victorious by awe, for all my enemies were terrorized.' He then said: ' Except the Ethiopia because they had the virtue of religion (i.e., they were Christians).", + "Go forth in Allah's name and strive with yourselves and your wealth against those who disbelieve Allah.", + "Quran 9:5", + "When you encounter the disbelievers on the battlefield, do not turn your backs on them.", + "Quran 8:16", + "so fight and slay the pagans wherever ye find them", + "The Arab Conquest of Iran" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:5 (Pickthall and Shakir)", + "quote": "Fight and slay the pagans wherever ye find them, seize them, beleaguer them, and lie in wait for them by every stratagem..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 8:16 (Pickthall and Shakir)", + "quote": "When you encounter the disbelievers on the battlefield, do not turn your backs on them." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 59:13 (Pickthall and Shakir)", + "quote": "I will instill terror into the hearts of the unbelievers, so that they fight among themselves and every man turns to his own company." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim 4357", + "quote": "The Prophet said: 'Allah made me victorious by awe, for all my enemies were terrorized.' He then said: ' Except the Ethiopia because they had the virtue of religion (i.e., they were Christians).'" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari 2986", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad is reported to have said, 'Go forth in Allah's name and strive with yourselves and your wealth against those who disbelieve Allah.'" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to historical events", + "quote": "Islamic empires expanded through conquests, forced conversions, and enslavement. The Ottoman Empire is a prime example of this, as it conquered vast territories from Eastern Europe to North Africa and the Middle East, often employing violent methods." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "A reference to this Quranic verse made in relation to discussions of its interpretations and usage in justifying violence. No specified quote in the text though." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:13-14", + "quote": "A reference made to these Quranic verses in discussions about their purported role in abrogating previous violent verses." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 8:16", + "quote": "A reference made to this Quranic verse when discussing the differing interpretations concerning whether it supports offensive aggression or defensive warfare. No specified quote in the text though." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 59:13", + "quote": "This Quran verse is referenced in discussion concerning its translation and interpretation. The text contains a quoted phrase from this verse: 'every man turns to his own company' (ya'lamu nafsahu bi-ma laysa lahu minhu)" + }, + { + "source": "https://www.islamicbulletin.com/forums/showthread.php?tid=26374", + "quote": "The source is used as a reference to the debate surrounding the abrogation of Quran 9:5." + }, + { + "source": "http://justiceforall.ca/index.php?q=node/1029", + "quote": "The source is referenced for Ibn Kathir's tafsir on Quran 8:16." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim 4357", + "quote": "A specific Hadith reference used in relation to discussions of its interpretations and impact. The text includes a quoted phrase from this Hadith: 'so fight and slay the pagans wherever ye find them' (wa-qatil\u016bhum hayhun wa-aqir\u016bhum hayhun)." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari 2986", + "quote": "This Hadith is referenced when discussing its interpretation and meaning. The text contains a quoted phrase from this Hadith: 'go forth... against those who disbelieve Allah' (kh\u0101j\u016b... 'al\u0101 man dis\u0101 All\u0101h)." + }, + { + "source": "https://quran.ksu.edu/harun/quran.php?sura=9&verse=5", + "quote": "The source is referenced for translations of Sahih Muslim 4357." + }, + { + "source": "http://www.searchtruth.com/searchResults.php?q=%22jihad%20nafasakh&b=and", + "quote": "The source is used as a reference for interpretations of Sahih Bukhari 2986." + }, + { + "source": "The Arab Conquest of Iran by Richard N. Frye", + "quote": "An indirect reference to information about offensive conquests during the Islamic expansion." + }, + { + "source": "http://www.islamicboard.com/showthread.php?t=256097", + "quote": "The source is used as a reference for the conditions for religious tolerance in Islamic empires." + }, + { + "source": "https://www.britannica.com/event/conquest-of-constantinople", + "quote": "The source is referenced in relation to the massacre of Christian minorities during the Ottoman Empire's conquest of Constantinople." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "muslims_can_be_active_citizens_in_secular_countries_20240914_094432.json", + "model": "claude-3-sonnet-20240229", + "topic": "Muslims can be active citizens in secular countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Muslim Views on Religion, Science and Popular Culture - Pew Research Center", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "the Pew Research Center" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Ibn Taymiyah", + "Shakh al-Islam", + "al-Siyasa al-Shariah", + "Messenger" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2014)", + "obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you", + "Muslims must obey the laws of the land in which they live so long as no constraints are imposed that would cause them to deviate from their religion", + "Muslim Views on Religion, Science and Popular Culture", + "The Muslim Question in Canada", + "Quran 4:59" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + "Here are the citations found in this text: 1. { "source": "Quran 4:59", "quote": "obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you" },{ "source": "Ibn Taymiyah, al-Siyasa al-Shariah", "quote": "Muslims must obey the laws of the land in which they live so long as no constraints are imposed that would cause them to deviate from their religion" },{ "source": "Muslim Views on Religion, Science and Popular Culture - Pew Research Center, 2017", "quote": "A 2017 survey by the Pew Research Center found that Muslims widely embrace key secular democratic values such as religious freedom, inter-faith respect, and democratic institutions" },{ "source": "The Muslim Question in Canada - UBC Press, 2014", "quote": "studies show that Muslim civic and political engagement in the West is robust and increasing" } Note: The historical reference to Prophet Muhammad mediating disputes among different faith communities in Medina and granting rights and protections to non-Muslim minorities does not have an explicit citation. This information is commonly found in many Islamic resources and historical accounts." + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Allah", + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "European", + "Islamic", + "Muslim Views on Religion, Science and Popular Culture - Pew Research Center", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "Pew Research Center" + ], + "person": [ + "Saliba", + "Al-Qurafi", + "Kazemipur, A.", + "G.", + "Al-Furuq" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2007)", + "(2014)", + "Indeed, Allah commands justice, good deeds, and giving to relatives, and He forbids immorality, misconduct, and oppression. He admonishes you so that you may take heed", + "If the non-Muslims permit the Muslims to follow their religion and pay the jizya (tax), then it is permissible for them to remain in that territory", + "Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance", + "Muslim Views on Religion, Science and Popular Culture", + "The Muslim Question in Canada" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 16:90", + "quote": "Indeed, Allah commands justice, good deeds, and giving to relatives, and He forbids immorality, misconduct, and oppression. He admonishes you so that you may take heed" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Qurafi, Al-Furuq", + "quote": "If the non-Muslims permit the Muslims to follow their religion and pay the jizya (tax), then it is permissible for them to remain in that territory" + }, + { + "source": "Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance - MIT Press", + "quote": "During the Islamic golden age, Muslim scholars and philosophers played a pivotal role in advancing various fields of knowledge, including mathematics, astronomy, and medicine, which benefited humanity as a whole" + }, + { + "source": "Muslim Views on Religion, Science and Popular Culture - Pew Research Center, 2017", + "quote": "A 2017 Pew Research Center study found that a majority of Muslims in several nations value religious freedom, gender equality, and democratic rights" + }, + { + "source": "Kazemipur, A. (2014). The Muslim Question in Canada - UBC Press", + "quote": "scholars have documented the increasing civic and political engagement of Muslim communities in Western societies" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Muslims", + "non-Muslim", + "Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Allah", + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "European", + "Islamic", + "Muslim Views on Religion, Science and Popular Culture - Pew Research Center", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "the Pew Research Center", + "Pew Research Center" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Saliba", + "Ibn Taymiyah", + "Shakh al-Islam", + "al-Siyasa al-Shariah", + "Al-Qurafi", + "Kazemipur, A.", + "G.", + "Messenger", + "Al-Furuq" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Muslim Views on Religion, Science and Popular Culture", + "obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you", + "Muslims must obey the laws of the land in which they live so long as no constraints are imposed that would cause them to deviate from their religion", + "If the non-Muslims permit the Muslims to follow their religion and pay the jizya (tax), then it is permissible for them to remain in that territory", + "Quran 4:59", + "The Muslim Question in Canada", + "(2014)", + "(2007)", + "Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance", + "Indeed, Allah commands justice, good deeds, and giving to relatives, and He forbids immorality, misconduct, and oppression. He admonishes you so that you may take heed" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { "source": "Quran 4:59", "quote": "obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you" },{ "source": "Ibn Taymiyah, al-Siyasa al-Shariah", "quote": "Muslims must obey the laws of the land in which they live so long as no constraints are imposed that would cause them to deviate from their religion" },{ "source": "Muslim Views on Religion, Science and Popular Culture - Pew Research Center, 2017", "quote": "A 2017 survey by the Pew Research Center found that Muslims widely embrace key secular democratic values such as religious freedom, inter-faith respect, and democratic institutions" },{ "source": "The Muslim Question in Canada - UBC Press, 2014", "quote": ,studies show that Muslim civic and political engagement in the West is robust and increasing, } Note: The historical reference to Prophet Muhammad mediating disputes among different faith communities in Medina and granting rights and protections to non-Muslim minorities does not have an explicit citation. This information is commonly found in many Islamic resources and historical accounts.", + { + "source": "Quran 16:90", + "quote": "Indeed, Allah commands justice, good deeds, and giving to relatives, and He forbids immorality, misconduct, and oppression. He admonishes you so that you may take heed" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Qurafi, Al-Furuq", + "quote": "If the non-Muslims permit the Muslims to follow their religion and pay the jizya (tax), then it is permissible for them to remain in that territory" + }, + { + "source": "Saliba, G. (2007). Islamic Science and the Making of the European Renaissance - MIT Press", + "quote": "During the Islamic golden age, Muslim scholars and philosophers played a pivotal role in advancing various fields of knowledge, including mathematics, astronomy, and medicine, which benefited humanity as a whole" + }, + { + "source": "Muslim Views on Religion, Science and Popular Culture - Pew Research Center, 2017", + "quote": "A 2017 Pew Research Center study found that a majority of Muslims in several nations value religious freedom, gender equality, and democratic rights" + }, + { + "source": "Kazemipur, A. (2014). The Muslim Question in Canada - UBC Press", + "quote": "scholars have documented the increasing civic and political engagement of Muslim communities in Western societies" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Muslims", + "Muslim" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + }, + { + "filename": "muslims_cannot_live_in_secular_countries_20240911_063815.json", + "model": "gpt-4", + "topic": "Muslims cannot live in secular countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Congress", + "FID", + "AI", + "Migration Policy Institute" + ], + "person": [ + "Zinedine Zidane", + "Sadiq Khan", + "Ilhan Omar" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Migration Policy Institute, 2018)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Migration Policy Institute, 2018", + "quote": "Muslim immigrants and their descendants have been thriving and making significant contributions in various fields, such as science, arts, politics, and sports in secular countries." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "GhaneaBassiri", + "Western", + "Muslims", + "R.", + "Muslim Integration", + "Inglehart", + "American", + "non-Muslim", + "the New World Order", + "Pew Research Center" + ], + "person": [ + "M. C.", + "Kambiz GhaneaBassiri" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Liberty of Conscience: The Attack on America's Tradition of Religious Equality", + "A History of Islam in America: From the New World" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Pew Research Center, 2021)", + "(GhaneaBassiri, 2010)", + "(Nussbaum, 2008)", + "(Ipsos MORI, 2016)", + "studies by Inglehart and Norris (2012)", + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries.", + "In 2020, two-thirds of U.S. adults say they see at least some discrimination against Muslims", + "A History of Islam in America: From the New World to the New World Order", + "Muslim Integration into Western Cultures: Between Origins and Destinations", + "Muslims in Britain: A Beyond Multiculturalism Study" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, 2021. In 2020, two-thirds of U.S. adults say they see at least some discrimination against Muslims", + "quote": "the insinuation that Muslims, in their entirety, cannot exist peacefully within secular societies is a gross oversimplification and generalization of over two billion individuals worldwide" + }, + { + "source": "GhaneaBassiri, 2010. A History of Islam in America: From the New World to the New World Order", + "quote": "Muslims are an integral part of every aspect of American life, contributing both culturally and economically, in fields ranging from education and medicine, to law enforcement and entertainment" + }, + { + "source": "Nussbaum, M. C., 2008. \u201cLiberty of Conscience: The Attack on America's Tradition of Religious Equality\u201d", + "quote": "secularism, by its definition, does not equate to 'anti-religion', as it is often misunderstood. Rather, it is a principle that involves two basic propositions. The first is the strict separation of the state from religious institutions, and the second is that people of different religions and beliefs are equal before the law" + }, + { + "source": "Inglehart, R., & Norris, P., 2012. Muslim Integration into Western Cultures: Between Origins and Destinations. Political Studies", + "quote": "studies by Inglehart and Norris (2012) show that, in fact, Muslims in Western countries often demonstrate higher levels of political integration and participation as compared to their non-Muslim counterparts" + }, + { + "source": "Ipsos MORI, 2016. Muslims in Britain: A Beyond Multiculturalism Study", + "quote": "about 93% of Muslims feel they belong to Britain, which is a similar rate to the rest of the population" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Congress", + "Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "Zinedine Zidane", + "Sadiq Khan", + "Ilhan Omar" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "British", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "State Department", + "Iranian", + "Islamic", + "the US Congress", + "Pakistani", + "Swiss Muslim", + "U.S. Department of State", + "BBC" + ], + "person": [ + "Seyyed Hossein Nasr", + "Amir Khan", + "Andre Carson", + "Tariq Ramadan", + "Boxer", + "Bolton", + "Keith Ellison", + "Rashad Hussain", + "Ilhan Omar" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Ladies and Gentlemen" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(BBC, 2019)", + "State Department: Ambassador-at-large for International Religious Freedom: Who Is Rashad Hussain?", + "The 500 Most Influential Muslims" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "BBC, 2019", + "quote": "Amir Khan: How the boy from Bolton became a British boxing icon" + }, + { + "source": "U.S. Department of State, 2021", + "quote": "State Department: Ambassador-at-large for International Religious Freedom: Who Is Rashad Hussain?" + }, + { + "source": "The Islamic Monthly, 2014", + "quote": "The 500 Most Influential Muslims" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims" + ], + "person": [ + "Zinedine Zidane", + "Ilhan Omar" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "British Muslims" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries.", + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries" + ], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Congress", + "FID", + "AI", + "Migration Policy Institute" + ], + "person": [ + "Ilhan Omar", + "Sadiq Khan", + "Zinedine Zidane" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Migration Policy Institute, 2018)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Migration Policy Institute, 2018", + "quote": "Muslim immigrants and their descendants have been thriving and making significant contributions in various fields, such as science, arts, politics, and sports in secular countries." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "R.", + "Inglehart", + "Iranian", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "the US Congress", + "British Muslims", + "GhaneaBassiri", + "Western", + "Muslim Integration", + "American", + "the New World Order", + "Islam", + "Pakistani", + "U.S. Department of State", + "BBC", + "Pew Research Center", + "British", + "State Department", + "Swiss Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "Seyyed Hossein Nasr", + "Amir Khan", + "Andre Carson", + "M. C.", + "Tariq Ramadan", + "Boxer", + "Kambiz GhaneaBassiri", + "Bolton", + "Keith Ellison", + "Rashad Hussain", + "Ilhan Omar" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Liberty of Conscience: The Attack on America's Tradition of Religious Equality", + "Ladies and Gentlemen", + "A History of Islam in America: From the New World" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Pew Research Center, 2021)", + "studies by Inglehart and Norris (2012)", + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries.", + "(BBC, 2019)", + "State Department: Ambassador-at-large for International Religious Freedom: Who Is Rashad Hussain?", + "The 500 Most Influential Muslims", + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries", + "(Ipsos MORI, 2016)", + "Muslim Integration into Western Cultures: Between Origins and Destinations", + "Muslims in Britain: A Beyond Multiculturalism Study", + "In 2020, two-thirds of U.S. adults say they see at least some discrimination against Muslims", + "(GhaneaBassiri, 2010)", + "A History of Islam in America: From the New World to the New World Order", + "(Nussbaum, 2008)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, 2021. In 2020, two-thirds of U.S. adults say they see at least some discrimination against Muslims", + "quote": "the insinuation that Muslims, in their entirety, cannot exist peacefully within secular societies is a gross oversimplification and generalization of over two billion individuals worldwide" + }, + { + "source": "GhaneaBassiri, 2010. A History of Islam in America: From the New World to the New World Order", + "quote": "Muslims are an integral part of every aspect of American life, contributing both culturally and economically, in fields ranging from education and medicine, to law enforcement and entertainment" + }, + { + "source": "Nussbaum, M. C., 2008. \u201cLiberty of Conscience: The Attack on America's Tradition of Religious Equality\u201d", + "quote": "secularism, by its definition, does not equate to 'anti-religion', as it is often misunderstood. Rather, it is a principle that involves two basic propositions. The first is the strict separation of the state from religious institutions, and the second is that people of different religions and beliefs are equal before the law" + }, + { + "source": "Inglehart, R., & Norris, P., 2012. Muslim Integration into Western Cultures: Between Origins and Destinations. Political Studies", + "quote": "studies by Inglehart and Norris (2012) show that, in fact, Muslims in Western countries often demonstrate higher levels of political integration and participation as compared to their non-Muslim counterparts" + }, + { + "source": "Ipsos MORI, 2016. Muslims in Britain: A Beyond Multiculturalism Study", + "quote": "about 93% of Muslims feel they belong to Britain, which is a similar rate to the rest of the population" + }, + { + "source": "BBC, 2019", + "quote": "Amir Khan: How the boy from Bolton became a British boxing icon" + }, + { + "source": "U.S. Department of State, 2021", + "quote": "State Department: Ambassador-at-large for International Religious Freedom: Who Is Rashad Hussain?" + }, + { + "source": "The Islamic Monthly, 2014", + "quote": "The 500 Most Influential Muslims" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_violence_towards_non_muslims_20240914_070206.json", + "model": "mistral-nemo", + "topic": "Islam promotes violence towards non Muslims", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "University of Chicago Press", + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islamic Foundation", + "European Christians", + "Islam", + "Al-Jazeera Interview", + "Al-Azhar University", + "Al-Qaeda's" + ], + "person": [ + "A. Y. Ali", + "Osama bin Laden", + "O.", + "Y.", + "Al-Qaradawi", + "M. G. S.", + "Bin Laden", + "Pickthall", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2014)", + "(1958)", + "(2002)", + "(2014)", + "Kill the disbelievers wherever you find them...", + "They wish you would disbelieve as they have so they would be alike... fight them until there is no more fitna and the religion, all of it, is for Allah...", + "Letter to America.", + "fight the Jews and kill them", + "Quran 9:5", + "Quran 4:89" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "Kill the disbelievers wherever you find them..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:89", + "quote": "They wish you would disbelieve as they have so they would be alike... fight them until there is no more fitna and the religion, all of it, is for Allah..." + }, + { + "source": "Hodgson, M. G. S. (1958). The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.", + "quote": "Muslim leaders often justified their attacks on European Christians as defensive wars based on Quranic verses like 2:190-193." + }, + { + "source": "Bin Laden, O. (2002). 'Letter to America.' Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/etc/binladen.html", + "quote": "Osama bin Laden and other leaders frequently cited Quranic verses to justify their violent attacks on non-Muslims." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Qaradawi, Y. (2014). Al-Jazeera Interview. Retrieved from https://www.memri.org/tv/8673", + "quote": "Muslims should 'fight the Jews and kill them' due to their perceived role in Islam's holy sites." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "the Church of the Holy Sepulchre" + ], + "person": [ + "Quran 60:8) ", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Omar ibn al-Khattab", + "Omar" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Whoever kills a soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain mankind entirely. And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved mankind entirely.", + "God does not forbid you from being kind and equitable to those who have neither fought against your faith nor driven you out of your homes. In fact, God loves the equitable.", + "Quran 5:32", + "Quran 60:8" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:32", + "quote": "Whoever kills a soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain mankind entirely. And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved mankind entirely." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 60:8", + "quote": "God does not forbid you from being kind and equitable to those who have neither fought against your faith nor driven you out of your homes. In fact, God loves the equitable." + }, + { + "source": "Historical Event: The caliphate of Omar ibn al-Khattab", + "quote": "During the caliphate of Omar ibn al-Khattab, non-Muslims in Jerusalem were treated with respect and dignity when they surrendered the city to Muslim forces." + }, + { + "source": "Historical Document: Constitution of Medina", + "quote": "Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, established a charter known as the Constitution of Medina that ensured protection and equality for all its citizens, Muslims and non-Muslims alike." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Allah", + "The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History", + "Muslim", + "Mozarabs", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "University of Chicago Press", + "Islamic", + "Islamic Foundation", + "European Christians", + "Islam", + "Princeton University Press", + "Saudi Arabian", + "NJ" + ], + "person": [ + "A. Y. Ali", + "Surah An-Nisa'", + "Grand Mufti", + "Princeton", + "Wasserstein", + "M. G. S.", + "A.", + "Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz", + "Pickthall", + "Ibn Baz" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Parting of the Ways: A Study of the Formative Century of Islamic Society and Law" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2014)", + "(1985)", + "(1958)", + "(1998)", + "You fight them until there is no more fitna [persecution] and the religion, all of it, is for Allah...", + "the blood of pagans [non-Muslims] is permissible [to spill] according to the words of Allah 'kill them wherever you find them.", + "Quran 5:32", + "Quran 4:91", + "Quran 60:8" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:32", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the verse, the content of which is not directly quoted in the text." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:91", + "quote": "You fight them until there is no more fitna [persecution] and the religion, all of it, is for Allah..." + }, + { + "source": "The Meaning of the Glorious Qur'\u0101n by Pickthall, M. M. (2014)", + "quote": "This is a citation of the translation of Quran 4:91 by M. M. Pickthall." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 60:8", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the verse, the content of which is not directly quoted in the text." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:5 and 4:89", + "quote": "Indirect reference to these verses, the content of which is not directly quoted in the text." + }, + { + "source": "The Parting of the Ways: A Study of the Formative Century of Islamic Society and Law by Wasserstein, D. J. (1985)", + "quote": "The indirect reference to Mozarabs in Spain facing persecution, forced conversion, and violence after the Muslim conquest of al-Andalus." + }, + { + "source": "The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization by Hodgson, M. G. S. (1958)", + "quote": "Indirect reference to Muslim leaders justifying their attacks on European Christians as defensive wars based on Quranic verses like 2:190-193 during the Crusades." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:190-193", + "quote": "Indirect reference to these verses, the content of which is not directly quoted in the text." + }, + { + "source": "Fatwas of Ibn Baz. Volume 6 by Ibn Baz, A. (1998)", + "quote": "Sheikh Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz's fatwa stating that 'the blood of pagans [non-Muslims] is permissible [to spill] according to the words of Allah 'kill them wherever you find them.''" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Muslim Cities", + "Arab Rule", + "Ottoman", + "The Journal of the American Oriental Society", + "Egyptian", + "the Church of the Holy Sepulcher", + "the Islamic University of Madinah", + "Christianity", + "Al-Jazeera Arabic", + "Islamic", + "Islamic Foundation", + "non-Muslim", + "the Department of Islamic Law", + "Orthodox Christians", + "Jews", + "Islam", + "V. L. Menage & A. M. Khawaldeh", + "Saudi Arabian" + ], + "person": [ + "B.", + "A. Y. Ali", + "Y.", + "Qaradawi", + "Arberry", + "Frank Cass", + "C. L.", + "Muhammad Ali al-Hanooti", + "Al-Hanooti", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi", + "Pickthall", + "Hamilton" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Problem of the 'Ghazi' in the Sixteenth Century: A Study of Ottoman Propagandist Literature", + "The Koran Interpreted: A Translation" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2014)", + "(2014)", + "(1955)", + "(2014)", + "(2005)", + "(1978)", + "(1962)", + "(2016)", + "fitna", + "They wish you would disbelieve as they have disbelieved so you would be equal; do not take them as allies until they emigrate for the cause of Allah, but if they turn away \u2013 then seize them and kill them wherever you find them...", + "And fight them until there is no more fitna and the religion, all of it, is for Allah...", + "the verse of the sword", + "Fight and kill the pagans wherever you find them, capture them, encircle them, and lie in wait for them at every place of ambush...", + "But if they desist [from fighting], there shall be no hostility, excepting against those who practice oppression...", + "Baybars I: His Life and Times", + "The Problem of the 'Ghazi' in the Sixteenth Century: A Study of Ottoman Propagandist Literature", + "killing innocent people is a grave sin.", + "Quran 4:91", + "Quran 4:89", + "Quran 4:91", + "Quran 9:5", + "Quran 2:193" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:91", + "quote": "This verse is not a universal command but rather a response to specific historical circumstances, specifically mentioning those who oppress or fight against Muslims first." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:89", + "quote": "They wish you would disbelieve as they have disbelieved so you would be equal; do not take them as allies until they emigrate for the cause of Allah, but if they turn away \u2013 then seize them and kill them wherever you find them..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:91", + "quote": "And fight them until there is no more fitna and the religion, all of it, is for Allah..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "Fight and kill the pagans wherever you find them, capture them, encircle them, and lie in wait for them at every place of ambush..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:193", + "quote": "But if they desist [from fighting], there shall be no hostility, excepting against those who practice oppression..." + }, + { + "source": "Lapidus, I. (2005). Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages. London: Routledge.", + "quote": "During the Islamic Golden Age, Muslims lived in harmony with Jews, Christians, and other minorities under the protection of various caliphates, such as those of Cordoba and Baghdad." + }, + { + "source": "Hamilton, B. (1978). Baybars I: His Life and Times. In V. L. Menage & A. M. Khawaldeh (Eds.), The Muslim Conquest and Arab Rule in Syria and Egypt. London: Frank Cass.", + "quote": "The Mamluk Sultan Baybars allowed the restoration and expansion of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem despite its significance to Christianity after conquering Palestine from the Crusaders." + }, + { + "source": "Imber, C. L. (1962). The Problem of the 'Ghazi' in the Sixteenth Century: A Study of Ottoman Propagandist Literature. The Journal of the American Oriental Society, 82(3), 340-357.", + "quote": "The Ottoman Sultan Selim III implemented a policy of religious tolerance towards Orthodox Christians, Jews, and other minorities after conquering the Eastern Mediterranean region." + }, + { + "source": "Qaradawi, Y. (2016). Al-Jazeera Arabic website. Retrieved from ", + "quote": "Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi, a renowned Egyptian scholar and jurist, has repeatedly condemned terrorism and violence against civilians, stating that killing innocent people is a grave sin." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Hanooti, M. A. (n.d.). Retrieved from ", + "quote": "Dr. Muhammad Ali al-Hanooti, a Saudi Arabian scholar and former head of the Department of Islamic Law at the Islamic University of Madinah, has issued numerous fatwas condemning violence against non-Muslims in various contexts." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "The text refers to a verse from the Quran 9:5 indirectly, noting that it's among the verses that allegedly command Muslims to fight or subjugate non-believers." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:89", + "quote": "The text refers indirectly to a verse from the Quran 4:89, claiming this verse is another that calls for fighting or subjugating non-believers." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:91", + "quote": "A reference is made indirectly to Quran 4:91, stating that it is among the verses that purportedly command Muslims to fight or subjugate non-believers." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "Princeton University Press", + "NJ", + "Islamic", + "Islamic Foundation", + "Jews", + "University of Chicago Press", + "Mozarabs", + "Islam", + "Allah", + "European Christians", + "Al-Jazeera Interview", + "Saudi Arabian", + "Al-Azhar University", + "Al-Qaeda's" + ], + "person": [ + "A. Y. Ali", + "Y.", + "Osama bin Laden", + "O.", + "Surah An-Nisa'", + "Grand Mufti", + "Al-Qaradawi", + "M. G. S.", + "Princeton", + "Bin Laden", + "Wasserstein", + "A.", + "Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz", + "Ibn Baz", + "Pickthall", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Parting of the Ways: A Study of the Formative Century of Islamic Society and Law" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 60:8", + "(1958)", + "Quran 5:32", + "fight the Jews and kill them", + "(2014)", + "(1998)", + "You fight them until there is no more fitna [persecution] and the religion, all of it, is for Allah...", + "(2002)", + "Kill the disbelievers wherever you find them...", + "Letter to America.", + "Quran 4:89", + "They wish you would disbelieve as they have so they would be alike... fight them until there is no more fitna and the religion, all of it, is for Allah...", + "the blood of pagans [non-Muslims] is permissible [to spill] according to the words of Allah 'kill them wherever you find them.", + "Quran 4:91", + "(1985)", + "Quran 9:5" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "Kill the disbelievers wherever you find them..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:89", + "quote": "They wish you would disbelieve as they have so they would be alike... fight them until there is no more fitna and the religion, all of it, is for Allah..." + }, + { + "source": "Hodgson, M. G. S. (1958). The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.", + "quote": "Muslim leaders often justified their attacks on European Christians as defensive wars based on Quranic verses like 2:190-193." + }, + { + "source": "Bin Laden, O. (2002). 'Letter to America.' Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/apocalypse/etc/binladen.html", + "quote": "Osama bin Laden and other leaders frequently cited Quranic verses to justify their violent attacks on non-Muslims." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Qaradawi, Y. (2014). Al-Jazeera Interview. Retrieved from https://www.memri.org/tv/8673", + "quote": "Muslims should 'fight the Jews and kill them' due to their perceived role in Islam's holy sites." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:32", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the verse, the content of which is not directly quoted in the text." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:91", + "quote": "You fight them until there is no more fitna [persecution] and the religion, all of it, is for Allah..." + }, + { + "source": "The Meaning of the Glorious Qur'\u0101n by Pickthall, M. M. (2014)", + "quote": "This is a citation of the translation of Quran 4:91 by M. M. Pickthall." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 60:8", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the verse, the content of which is not directly quoted in the text." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:5 and 4:89", + "quote": "Indirect reference to these verses, the content of which is not directly quoted in the text." + }, + { + "source": "The Parting of the Ways: A Study of the Formative Century of Islamic Society and Law by Wasserstein, D. J. (1985)", + "quote": "The indirect reference to Mozarabs in Spain facing persecution, forced conversion, and violence after the Muslim conquest of al-Andalus." + }, + { + "source": "The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization by Hodgson, M. G. S. (1958)", + "quote": "Indirect reference to Muslim leaders justifying their attacks on European Christians as defensive wars based on Quranic verses like 2:190-193 during the Crusades." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:190-193", + "quote": "Indirect reference to these verses, the content of which is not directly quoted in the text." + }, + { + "source": "Fatwas of Ibn Baz. Volume 6 by Ibn Baz, A. (1998)", + "quote": "Sheikh Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz's fatwa stating that 'the blood of pagans [non-Muslims] is permissible [to spill] according to the words of Allah 'kill them wherever you find them.''" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "The text refers to a verse from the Quran 9:5 indirectly, noting that it's among the verses that allegedly command Muslims to fight or subjugate non-believers." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:89", + "quote": "The text refers indirectly to a verse from the Quran 4:89, claiming this verse is another that calls for fighting or subjugating non-believers." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:91", + "quote": "A reference is made indirectly to Quran 4:91, stating that it is among the verses that purportedly command Muslims to fight or subjugate non-believers." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Muslim Cities", + "Arab Rule", + "Ottoman", + "The Journal of the American Oriental Society", + "Egyptian", + "the Church of the Holy Sepulcher", + "the Islamic University of Madinah", + "Christianity", + "Al-Jazeera Arabic", + "Islamic", + "Islamic Foundation", + "non-Muslim", + "the Church of the Holy Sepulchre", + "the Department of Islamic Law", + "Orthodox Christians", + "Jews", + "Islam", + "V. L. Menage & A. M. Khawaldeh", + "Saudi Arabian" + ], + "person": [ + "Pickthall", + "B.", + "Quran 60:8) ", + "A. Y. Ali", + "Y.", + "Hamilton", + "Qaradawi", + "Arberry", + "Omar", + "C. L.", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Omar ibn al-Khattab", + "Muhammad Ali al-Hanooti", + "Al-Hanooti", + "Frank Cass", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Problem of the 'Ghazi' in the Sixteenth Century: A Study of Ottoman Propagandist Literature", + "The Koran Interpreted: A Translation" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 2:193", + "Baybars I: His Life and Times", + "Quran 60:8", + "(1955)", + "And fight them until there is no more fitna and the religion, all of it, is for Allah...", + "Whoever kills a soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain mankind entirely. And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved mankind entirely.", + "But if they desist [from fighting], there shall be no hostility, excepting against those who practice oppression...", + "Quran 5:32", + "the verse of the sword", + "Quran 9:5", + "(2005)", + "They wish you would disbelieve as they have disbelieved so you would be equal; do not take them as allies until they emigrate for the cause of Allah, but if they turn away \u2013 then seize them and kill them wherever you find them...", + "(1978)", + "Fight and kill the pagans wherever you find them, capture them, encircle them, and lie in wait for them at every place of ambush...", + "killing innocent people is a grave sin.", + "(2016)", + "Quran 4:89", + "The Problem of the 'Ghazi' in the Sixteenth Century: A Study of Ottoman Propagandist Literature", + "God does not forbid you from being kind and equitable to those who have neither fought against your faith nor driven you out of your homes. In fact, God loves the equitable.", + "fitna", + "(2014)", + "Quran 4:91", + "(1962)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:32", + "quote": "Whoever kills a soul unless for a soul or for corruption [done] in the land - it is as if he had slain mankind entirely. And whoever saves one - it is as if he had saved mankind entirely." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 60:8", + "quote": "God does not forbid you from being kind and equitable to those who have neither fought against your faith nor driven you out of your homes. In fact, God loves the equitable." + }, + { + "source": "Historical Event: The caliphate of Omar ibn al-Khattab", + "quote": "During the caliphate of Omar ibn al-Khattab, non-Muslims in Jerusalem were treated with respect and dignity when they surrendered the city to Muslim forces." + }, + { + "source": "Historical Document: Constitution of Medina", + "quote": "Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, established a charter known as the Constitution of Medina that ensured protection and equality for all its citizens, Muslims and non-Muslims alike." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:91", + "quote": "This verse is not a universal command but rather a response to specific historical circumstances, specifically mentioning those who oppress or fight against Muslims first." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:89", + "quote": "They wish you would disbelieve as they have disbelieved so you would be equal; do not take them as allies until they emigrate for the cause of Allah, but if they turn away \u2013 then seize them and kill them wherever you find them..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:91", + "quote": "And fight them until there is no more fitna and the religion, all of it, is for Allah..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "Fight and kill the pagans wherever you find them, capture them, encircle them, and lie in wait for them at every place of ambush..." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:193", + "quote": "But if they desist [from fighting], there shall be no hostility, excepting against those who practice oppression..." + }, + { + "source": "Lapidus, I. (2005). Muslim Cities in the Later Middle Ages. London: Routledge.", + "quote": "During the Islamic Golden Age, Muslims lived in harmony with Jews, Christians, and other minorities under the protection of various caliphates, such as those of Cordoba and Baghdad." + }, + { + "source": "Hamilton, B. (1978). Baybars I: His Life and Times. In V. L. Menage & A. M. Khawaldeh (Eds.), The Muslim Conquest and Arab Rule in Syria and Egypt. London: Frank Cass.", + "quote": "The Mamluk Sultan Baybars allowed the restoration and expansion of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem despite its significance to Christianity after conquering Palestine from the Crusaders." + }, + { + "source": "Imber, C. L. (1962). The Problem of the 'Ghazi' in the Sixteenth Century: A Study of Ottoman Propagandist Literature. The Journal of the American Oriental Society, 82(3), 340-357.", + "quote": "The Ottoman Sultan Selim III implemented a policy of religious tolerance towards Orthodox Christians, Jews, and other minorities after conquering the Eastern Mediterranean region." + }, + { + "source": "Qaradawi, Y. (2016). Al-Jazeera Arabic website. Retrieved from ", + "quote": "Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi, a renowned Egyptian scholar and jurist, has repeatedly condemned terrorism and violence against civilians, stating that killing innocent people is a grave sin." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Hanooti, M. A. (n.d.). Retrieved from ", + "quote": "Dr. Muhammad Ali al-Hanooti, a Saudi Arabian scholar and former head of the Department of Islamic Law at the Islamic University of Madinah, has issued numerous fatwas condemning violence against non-Muslims in various contexts." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_women's_rights_20240911_065153.json", + "model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620", + "topic": "Islam promotes women's rights", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "The Status of Women", + "University of Texas Press", + "Muslim", + "Western", + "Al-Ittihad Journal of Islamic Studies", + "Oxford University Press", + "Islamic", + "Sterling Publishers Pvt.", + "Islam", + "the Transmission of Religious Knowledge", + "Woman's Perspective", + "Cambridge University Press", + "The Rights of Women" + ], + "person": [ + "Abu Bakr", + "Prophet", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Aisha", + "Qur'an" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Believing Women" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(1971)", + "(2004)", + "(1999)", + "(2013)", + "(2002)", + "O you who have believed, it is not lawful for you to inherit women by compulsion", + "Indeed, the Muslim men and Muslim women, the believing men and believing women... - for them Allah has prepared forgiveness and a great reward", + "Believing Women" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "O you who have believed, it is not lawful for you to inherit women by compulsion" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 33:35", + "quote": "Indeed, the Muslim men and Muslim women, the believing men and believing women... - for them Allah has prepared forgiveness and a great reward" + }, + { + "source": "Badawi, J.A. (1971). The Status of Women in Islam. Al-Ittihad Journal of Islamic Studies 8(2), 33-45.", + "quote": "The Quran and the teachings of Prophet Muhammad established women's right to education, property ownership, inheritance, and consent in marriage - rights that were unprecedented in 7th century Arabia and much of the world." + }, + { + "source": "Engineer, A.A. (2004). The Rights of Women in Islam. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.", + "quote": "Islam also gave women the right to initiate divorce, a right not granted in many Western countries until the 20th century." + }, + { + "source": "Wadud, A. (1999). Qur'an and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Text from a Woman's Perspective. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "This spiritual equality translates into an expectation of equal moral and ethical responsibilities, indicating a fundamental equality between genders." + }, + { + "source": "Sayeed, A. (2013). Women and the Transmission of Religious Knowledge in Islam. Cambridge University Press.", + "quote": "For example, Aisha bint Abu Bakr, the Prophet's wife, was a renowned scholar who taught many of the companions and narrated numerous hadiths." + }, + { + "source": "Barlas, A. (2002). Believing Women in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an. University of Texas Press.", + "quote": "Many Muslim feminists and scholars argue that a return to the true principles of Islam is key to advancing women's rights in these societies." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Saudi", + "Muslim", + "International Journal of Law", + "Gender Equity", + "Muslims", + "World Assembly of Muslim Youth", + "Islamic", + "The World Economic Forum's", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "J.", + "J. A. (", + "Global Gender Gap Report", + "Policy" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2021)", + "(2019)", + "(1995)", + "(2007)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "World Economic Forum. (2021). Global Gender Gap Report 2021.", + "quote": "The World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2021 shows that many Muslim-majority countries rank poorly in terms of gender parity, particularly in areas of economic participation and political empowerment." + }, + { + "source": "Human Rights Watch. (2019). Saudi Arabia: Important Advances for Saudi Women.", + "quote": "In Saudi Arabia, despite recent reforms, women still require male guardian approval for many important life decisions." + }, + { + "source": "Badawi, J. A. (1995). Gender Equity in Islam. World Assembly of Muslim Youth.", + "quote": "In many Islamic legal systems, based on traditional interpretations of religious texts, a woman's inheritance is typically half that of a man's, and her testimony in court may be valued less than a man's." + }, + { + "source": "Rehman, J. (2007). The Sharia, Islamic Family Laws and International Human Rights Law: Examining the Theory and Practice of Polygamy and Talaq. International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 21(1), 108-127.", + "quote": "Polygamy, which is permitted in many Islamic societies, inherently creates an imbalance in marital rights between men and women." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Muslim", + "Jurisprudence", + "Sexual Ethics", + "Islamic Marriage Contracts", + "Oxford University Press", + "Islamic", + "Oneworld Publications", + "Islam", + "Imams & Communities", + "Yale University Press", + "Woman's Perspective", + "CNN" + ], + "person": [ + "Sunan Ibn Majah", + "Ibn Majah", + "Khadijah", + "Fatima al-Fihri", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Khuwaylid", + "Qur'an" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2015)", + "(1992)", + "(2015)", + "(1999)", + "(2006)", + "Seeking knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim", + "There shall be no compulsion in religion", + "But if you fear that you will not be just, then [marry only] one", + "World's oldest university is 1,157 and counting.", + "Islamic Marriage Contracts: A Resource Guide for Legal Professionals, Advocates, Imams & Communities." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 33:35", + "quote": "The Quran emphasizes spiritual equality between men and women" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 39:9", + "quote": "The Quran... encourages both [men and women] to seek knowledge" + }, + { + "source": "Prophet Muhammad, Ibn Majah, Sunan Ibn Majah, Book of Sunnah, Hadith 224", + "quote": "Prophet Muhammad said, 'Seeking knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim'...making no distinction between genders" + }, + { + "source": "Rawlinson, K. (2015). World's oldest university is 1,157 and counting". CNN.", + "quote": "Historically, Muslim women like Fatima al-Fihri founded the world's first university in 859 CE" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:256", + "quote": "The Quran states, 'There shall be no compulsion in religion', which extends to personal choices" + }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, L. (1992). Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. Yale University Press.", + "quote": "Islamic history shows examples of women like Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, the Prophet's first wife, who was an independent businesswoman" + }, + { + "source": "Alkhateeb, M. (2015). Islamic Marriage Contracts: A Resource Guide for Legal Professionals, Advocates, Imams & Communities". Peaceful Families Project.", + "quote": "In Islamic law, men are obligated to financially support their families, while women's wealth is their own" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:282", + "quote": "Regarding testimony, the Quran generally considers the testimony of a man and a woman as equal, with the exception of financial transactions" + }, + { + "source": "Wadud, A. (1999). Qur'an and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Text from a Woman's Perspective. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "The Quran... which scholars argue was due to women's lesser involvement in financial matters at that time" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:3", + "quote": "While polygamy is permitted in Islam, it's heavily restricted and conditional. The Quran states, 'But if you fear that you will not be just, then [marry only] one'" + }, + { + "source": "Ali, K. (2006). Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith, and Jurisprudence. Oneworld Publications.", + "quote": "Many modern Muslim scholars argue that true justice between wives is nearly impossible, making monogamy the ideal" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "UNESCO" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Literacy Rates Continue to Rise", + "Human Rights Quarterly", + "Psychosocial Impact of Polygamy", + "Iran: Events of" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2017)", + "(2021)", + "(2005)", + "(2014)", + "(2021)", + "Literacy Rates Continue to Rise from One Generation to the Next.", + "Iran: Events of 2020.", + "Islamic Law and Gender Equality.", + "Psychosocial Impact of Polygamy in the Middle East.", + "Global Gender Gap Report 2021." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "UNESCO. (2017). 'Literacy Rates Continue to Rise from One Generation to the Next.'", + "quote": "The reality is that in many Muslim-majority countries, women continue to face significant barriers to education and professional advancement. According to UNESCO, 2/3 of the 775 million illiterate adults worldwide are women, with high illiteracy rates in Muslim-majority countries." + }, + { + "source": "Human Rights Watch. (2021). 'Iran: Events of 2020.'", + "quote": "In many Muslim-majority countries, women face restrictions on dress, movement, and life choices. For instance, in Iran, the mandatory hijab law continues to be enforced, limiting women's freedom of choice." + }, + { + "source": "Mashhour, A. (2005). 'Islamic Law and Gender Equality.' Human Rights Quarterly, 27(2), 562-596.", + "quote": "The disparity in inheritance and testimony, regardless of the reasoning, institutionalizes gender inequality. In today's world, where women often contribute equally to household finances, this unequal distribution is unjustifiable. Moreover, the lesser value placed on women's testimony in certain cases perpetuates the notion of women's inferiority in legal matters." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Krenawi, A. (2014). 'Psychosocial Impact of Polygamy in the Middle East.' Springer.", + "quote": "While polygamy may be restricted in Islam, its very permission creates an imbalance in marital rights. No similar provision exists for women, and the practice, even when regulated, can lead to emotional and economic challenges for women and children." + }, + { + "source": "World Economic Forum. (2021). 'Global Gender Gap Report 2021.'", + "quote": "You argue that challenges stem from cultural practices or misinterpretations rather than Islamic teachings. However, this raises the question: if Islam truly promotes women's rights, why have so many Muslim-majority countries and scholars interpreted it in ways that restrict women's freedoms? The persistence of gender inequality in these societies suggests a deeper issue within Islamic interpretations and practices." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Participation", + "Muslim", + "egalitarian", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "The Status of Women", + "Muslim", + "Jurisprudence", + "Sexual Ethics", + "Quran", + "Participation", + "Islamic Marriage Contracts", + "Islamic", + "Imams & Communities", + "Cambridge University Press", + "Yale University Press", + "egalitarian", + "Western", + "Al-Ittihad Journal of Islamic Studies", + "Islam", + "Woman's Perspective", + "University of Texas Press", + "Oxford University Press", + "Sterling Publishers Pvt.", + "Oneworld Publications", + "the Transmission of Religious Knowledge", + "CNN", + "The Rights of Women" + ], + "person": [ + "Sunan Ibn Majah", + "Ibn Majah", + "Abu Bakr", + "Prophet", + "Khadijah", + "Fatima al-Fihri", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Aisha", + "Khuwaylid", + "Qur'an" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Believing Women", + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(1999)", + "(1971)", + "O you who have believed, it is not lawful for you to inherit women by compulsion", + "Indeed, the Muslim men and Muslim women, the believing men and believing women... - for them Allah has prepared forgiveness and a great reward", + "(1992)", + "Islamic Marriage Contracts: A Resource Guide for Legal Professionals, Advocates, Imams & Communities.", + "(2006)", + "(2002)", + "(2015)", + "(2004)", + "(2013)", + "World's oldest university is 1,157 and counting.", + "Seeking knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim", + "Believing Women", + "There shall be no compulsion in religion", + "But if you fear that you will not be just, then [marry only] one" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "O you who have believed, it is not lawful for you to inherit women by compulsion" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 33:35", + "quote": "Indeed, the Muslim men and Muslim women, the believing men and believing women... - for them Allah has prepared forgiveness and a great reward" + }, + { + "source": "Badawi, J.A. (1971). The Status of Women in Islam. Al-Ittihad Journal of Islamic Studies 8(2), 33-45.", + "quote": "The Quran and the teachings of Prophet Muhammad established women's right to education, property ownership, inheritance, and consent in marriage - rights that were unprecedented in 7th century Arabia and much of the world." + }, + { + "source": "Engineer, A.A. (2004). The Rights of Women in Islam. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.", + "quote": "Islam also gave women the right to initiate divorce, a right not granted in many Western countries until the 20th century." + }, + { + "source": "Wadud, A. (1999). Qur'an and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Text from a Woman's Perspective. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "This spiritual equality translates into an expectation of equal moral and ethical responsibilities, indicating a fundamental equality between genders." + }, + { + "source": "Sayeed, A. (2013). Women and the Transmission of Religious Knowledge in Islam. Cambridge University Press.", + "quote": "For example, Aisha bint Abu Bakr, the Prophet's wife, was a renowned scholar who taught many of the companions and narrated numerous hadiths." + }, + { + "source": "Barlas, A. (2002). Believing Women in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an. University of Texas Press.", + "quote": "Many Muslim feminists and scholars argue that a return to the true principles of Islam is key to advancing women's rights in these societies." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 33:35", + "quote": "The Quran emphasizes spiritual equality between men and women" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 39:9", + "quote": "The Quran... encourages both [men and women] to seek knowledge" + }, + { + "source": "Prophet Muhammad, Ibn Majah, Sunan Ibn Majah, Book of Sunnah, Hadith 224", + "quote": "Prophet Muhammad said, 'Seeking knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim'...making no distinction between genders" + }, + { + "source": "Rawlinson, K. (2015). World's oldest university is 1,157 and counting". CNN.", + "quote": "Historically, Muslim women like Fatima al-Fihri founded the world's first university in 859 CE" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:256", + "quote": "The Quran states, 'There shall be no compulsion in religion', which extends to personal choices" + }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, L. (1992). Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. Yale University Press.", + "quote": "Islamic history shows examples of women like Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, the Prophet's first wife, who was an independent businesswoman" + }, + { + "source": "Alkhateeb, M. (2015). Islamic Marriage Contracts: A Resource Guide for Legal Professionals, Advocates, Imams & Communities". Peaceful Families Project.", + "quote": "In Islamic law, men are obligated to financially support their families, while women's wealth is their own" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:282", + "quote": "Regarding testimony, the Quran generally considers the testimony of a man and a woman as equal, with the exception of financial transactions" + }, + { + "source": "Wadud, A. (1999). Qur'an and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Text from a Woman's Perspective. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "The Quran... which scholars argue was due to women's lesser involvement in financial matters at that time" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:3", + "quote": "While polygamy is permitted in Islam, it's heavily restricted and conditional. The Quran states, 'But if you fear that you will not be just, then [marry only] one'" + }, + { + "source": "Ali, K. (2006). Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith, and Jurisprudence. Oneworld Publications.", + "quote": "Many modern Muslim scholars argue that true justice between wives is nearly impossible, making monogamy the ideal" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Saudi", + "International Journal of Law", + "Muslim", + "Gender Equity", + "Muslims", + "World Assembly of Muslim Youth", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "The World Economic Forum's", + "Islam", + "UNESCO" + ], + "person": [ + "J.", + "Global Gender Gap Report", + "J. A. (", + "Policy" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Literacy Rates Continue to Rise", + "Human Rights Quarterly", + "Iran: Events of", + "Psychosocial Impact of Polygamy" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Psychosocial Impact of Polygamy in the Middle East.", + "(2005)", + "Global Gender Gap Report 2021.", + "Literacy Rates Continue to Rise from One Generation to the Next.", + "(1995)", + "Islamic Law and Gender Equality.", + "(2007)", + "(2014)", + "Iran: Events of 2020.", + "(2021)", + "(2017)", + "(2019)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "World Economic Forum. (2021). Global Gender Gap Report 2021.", + "quote": "The World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2021 shows that many Muslim-majority countries rank poorly in terms of gender parity, particularly in areas of economic participation and political empowerment." + }, + { + "source": "Human Rights Watch. (2019). Saudi Arabia: Important Advances for Saudi Women.", + "quote": "In Saudi Arabia, despite recent reforms, women still require male guardian approval for many important life decisions." + }, + { + "source": "Badawi, J. A. (1995). Gender Equity in Islam. World Assembly of Muslim Youth.", + "quote": "In many Islamic legal systems, based on traditional interpretations of religious texts, a woman's inheritance is typically half that of a man's, and her testimony in court may be valued less than a man's." + }, + { + "source": "Rehman, J. (2007). The Sharia, Islamic Family Laws and International Human Rights Law: Examining the Theory and Practice of Polygamy and Talaq. International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 21(1), 108-127.", + "quote": "Polygamy, which is permitted in many Islamic societies, inherently creates an imbalance in marital rights between men and women." + }, + { + "source": "UNESCO. (2017). 'Literacy Rates Continue to Rise from One Generation to the Next.'", + "quote": "The reality is that in many Muslim-majority countries, women continue to face significant barriers to education and professional advancement. According to UNESCO, 2/3 of the 775 million illiterate adults worldwide are women, with high illiteracy rates in Muslim-majority countries." + }, + { + "source": "Human Rights Watch. (2021). 'Iran: Events of 2020.'", + "quote": "In many Muslim-majority countries, women face restrictions on dress, movement, and life choices. For instance, in Iran, the mandatory hijab law continues to be enforced, limiting women's freedom of choice." + }, + { + "source": "Mashhour, A. (2005). 'Islamic Law and Gender Equality.' Human Rights Quarterly, 27(2), 562-596.", + "quote": "The disparity in inheritance and testimony, regardless of the reasoning, institutionalizes gender inequality. In today's world, where women often contribute equally to household finances, this unequal distribution is unjustifiable. Moreover, the lesser value placed on women's testimony in certain cases perpetuates the notion of women's inferiority in legal matters." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Krenawi, A. (2014). 'Psychosocial Impact of Polygamy in the Middle East.' Springer.", + "quote": "While polygamy may be restricted in Islam, its very permission creates an imbalance in marital rights. No similar provision exists for women, and the practice, even when regulated, can lead to emotional and economic challenges for women and children." + }, + { + "source": "World Economic Forum. (2021). 'Global Gender Gap Report 2021.'", + "quote": "You argue that challenges stem from cultural practices or misinterpretations rather than Islamic teachings. However, this raises the question: if Islam truly promotes women's rights, why have so many Muslim-majority countries and scholars interpreted it in ways that restrict women's freedoms? The persistence of gender inequality in these societies suggests a deeper issue within Islamic interpretations and practices." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "muslims_can_be_active_citizens_in_secular_countries_20240914_100141.json", + "model": "llama2", + "topic": "Muslims can be active citizens in secular countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Hamid", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Quran 4:128-129", + "the Ideals of Democracy", + "Islam", + "Journal of International Relations and Development", + "Pew Research Center" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Hamid, 2013)", + "(Pew Research Center, 2019)", + "(2013)", + "(2019)", + "obey Allah and obey the messenger and obey those in authority over you", + "Quran 4:128", + "Quran 4:59" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:128-129", + "quote": "The Quran emphasizes the importance of standing up for the rights of the oppressed and vulnerable members of society" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:59", + "quote": "Obey Allah and obey the messenger and obey those in authority over you. This means that Muslims should not only participate in the democratic process but also respect the laws and institutions of their host countries, even if they do not align with their personal beliefs" + }, + { + "source": "Hamid, A. (2013). The Relationship Between Islam and Democracy. Journal of International Relations and Development, 16(1), 55-78.", + "quote": "Muslims have a long history of contributing to the societies in which they live. From ancient civilizations such as the Arab Empire and the Ottoman Empire to modern-day nations, Muslims have made significant contributions to fields such as science, medicine, literature, and art" + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center. (2019). Muslim-Majority Countries and the Ideals of Democracy. Pew Research Center.", + "quote": "A Pew Research Center survey found that 62% of Muslim-majority country residents believe that democracy is the best form of government, while 31% prefer authoritarian rule" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "the United Nations General Assembly", + "Muslims", + "Oxford University Press", + "2) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights", + "Secularism and Its Critics", + "the European Convention on Human Rights", + "United Nations General Assembly" + ], + "person": [ + "Markus Gabriel" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Oxford University Press, 2015)", + "Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)", + "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "United Nations General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). Article 18.", + "quote": "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance." + }, + { + "source": "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, United Nations General Assembly; December 16, 1966, entered into force on March 23, 1976. Article 18.", + "quote": "Numerous international human rights instruments, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights, obligate states to protect and promote the rights of religious minorities, including Muslims. These treaties recognize that the exercise of religion is an essential aspect of a person's identity and that individuals have the right to practice their religion freely, as long as they do not harm others." + }, + { + "source": "Markus Gabriel, Secularism and Its Critics (Oxford University Press, 2015).", + "quote": "Secularism does not mean excluding religious minorities from participating in civic life or denying them their fundamental rights. On the contrary, secularism recognizes the diversity of beliefs and practices and promotes tolerance, mutual respect, and coexistence among different groups." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "the Ideals of Democracy", + "the Pew Research Center", + "the European Convention on Human Rights", + "Pew Research Center" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Pew Research Center, 2019)", + "(Pew Research Center, 2019)", + "(2019)", + "(2019)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 18", + "quote": "Emphasizes the importance of religious freedom and the right to practice one's religion without fear of persecution or discrimination." + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, 2019", + "quote": "62% of Muslim-majority country residents believe that democracy is the best form of government, while 31% prefer authoritarian rule." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to the principles of secularism", + "quote": "Secularism recognizes the diversity of beliefs and practices and promotes tolerance, mutual respect, and coexistence among different groups." + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, 2019", + "quote": "60% of Muslims in the United States feel that they are not treated with respect by the general public." + }, + { + "source": "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights", + "quote": "Obligate states to protect and promote the rights of religious minorities, including Muslims." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to international human rights instruments", + "quote": "These instruments also emphasize the importance of protecting the rights of marginalized groups, including women, LGBTQ+ individuals, and racial and ethnic minorities." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "International Republican Institute", + "Muslims", + "the Ideals of Democracy", + "democratic", + "Women's Political Participation", + "World Bank", + "Conscience and Religion", + "United Nations Human Rights Council" + ], + "person": [ + "Tunisia" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(International Republican Institute, 2020)", + "(World Bank, 2019)", + "(United Nations Human Rights Council, 2018)", + "(2020)", + "(2019)", + "(2018)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "International Republican Institute. (2020)", + "quote": "Tunisia has been praised for its efforts to promote gender equality and women's political participation" + }, + { + "source": "World Bank. (2019)", + "quote": "significant progress towards promoting inclusivity and mutual understanding between different communities" + }, + { + "source": "United Nations Human Rights Council. (2018)", + "quote": "the fundamental right of all citizens to participate in political life and to have their voices heard" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Muslim" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "democratic", + "Muslim" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Hamid", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Quran 4:128-129", + "the Ideals of Democracy", + "Islam", + "the Pew Research Center", + "Journal of International Relations and Development", + "the European Convention on Human Rights", + "Pew Research Center" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "obey Allah and obey the messenger and obey those in authority over you", + "Quran 4:128", + "(Pew Research Center, 2019)", + "Quran 4:59", + "(2013)", + "(Hamid, 2013)", + "(2019)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:128-129", + "quote": "The Quran emphasizes the importance of standing up for the rights of the oppressed and vulnerable members of society" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:59", + "quote": "Obey Allah and obey the messenger and obey those in authority over you. This means that Muslims should not only participate in the democratic process but also respect the laws and institutions of their host countries, even if they do not align with their personal beliefs" + }, + { + "source": "Hamid, A. (2013). The Relationship Between Islam and Democracy. Journal of International Relations and Development, 16(1), 55-78.", + "quote": "Muslims have a long history of contributing to the societies in which they live. From ancient civilizations such as the Arab Empire and the Ottoman Empire to modern-day nations, Muslims have made significant contributions to fields such as science, medicine, literature, and art" + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center. (2019). Muslim-Majority Countries and the Ideals of Democracy. Pew Research Center.", + "quote": "A Pew Research Center survey found that 62% of Muslim-majority country residents believe that democracy is the best form of government, while 31% prefer authoritarian rule" + }, + { + "source": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 18", + "quote": "Emphasizes the importance of religious freedom and the right to practice one's religion without fear of persecution or discrimination." + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, 2019", + "quote": "62% of Muslim-majority country residents believe that democracy is the best form of government, while 31% prefer authoritarian rule." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to the principles of secularism", + "quote": "Secularism recognizes the diversity of beliefs and practices and promotes tolerance, mutual respect, and coexistence among different groups." + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, 2019", + "quote": "60% of Muslims in the United States feel that they are not treated with respect by the general public." + }, + { + "source": "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights", + "quote": "Obligate states to protect and promote the rights of religious minorities, including Muslims." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to international human rights instruments", + "quote": "These instruments also emphasize the importance of protecting the rights of marginalized groups, including women, LGBTQ+ individuals, and racial and ethnic minorities." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "the United Nations General Assembly", + "Muslim", + "International Republican Institute", + "Muslims", + "the Ideals of Democracy", + "World Bank", + "Oxford University Press", + "democratic", + "Women's Political Participation", + "United Nations Human Rights Council", + "2) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights", + "Secularism and Its Critics", + "Conscience and Religion", + "the European Convention on Human Rights", + "United Nations General Assembly" + ], + "person": [ + "Markus Gabriel", + "Tunisia" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Oxford University Press, 2015)", + "(International Republican Institute, 2020)", + "(2020)", + "(2018)", + "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.", + "Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)", + "(World Bank, 2019)", + "(2019)", + "(United Nations Human Rights Council, 2018)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "United Nations General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). Article 18.", + "quote": "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance." + }, + { + "source": "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, United Nations General Assembly; December 16, 1966, entered into force on March 23, 1976. Article 18.", + "quote": "Numerous international human rights instruments, such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the European Convention on Human Rights, obligate states to protect and promote the rights of religious minorities, including Muslims. These treaties recognize that the exercise of religion is an essential aspect of a person's identity and that individuals have the right to practice their religion freely, as long as they do not harm others." + }, + { + "source": "Markus Gabriel, Secularism and Its Critics (Oxford University Press, 2015).", + "quote": "Secularism does not mean excluding religious minorities from participating in civic life or denying them their fundamental rights. On the contrary, secularism recognizes the diversity of beliefs and practices and promotes tolerance, mutual respect, and coexistence among different groups." + }, + { + "source": "International Republican Institute. (2020)", + "quote": "Tunisia has been praised for its efforts to promote gender equality and women's political participation" + }, + { + "source": "World Bank. (2019)", + "quote": "significant progress towards promoting inclusivity and mutual understanding between different communities" + }, + { + "source": "United Nations Human Rights Council. (2018)", + "quote": "the fundamental right of all citizens to participate in political life and to have their voices heard" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_music_20240911_072918.json", + "model": "gpt-3.5-turbo", + "topic": "Islam permits music", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Sufi", + "Sufi Muslims" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith", + "Music is the language of the spirit" + ], + "person": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Surah al-Isra", + "Rumi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Music is the language of the spirit. It opens the secret of life bringing peace, abolishing strife." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 17:64", + "quote": "Islam does not clearly prohibit music" + }, + { + "source": "Hadith of Sahih Muslim, Book 24, Hadith 5165", + "quote": "Music has a place within Islam and can be enjoyed by Muslims" + }, + { + "source": "Rumi", + "quote": "Music is the language of the spirit. It opens the secret of life bringing peace, abolishing strife" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Albani" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Hadith", + "Singing is the amusement of the soul and the food of the foolish" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah Al-An'am", + "Muhammad", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Sahih al-Jami" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "There will be among my community people who will consider as permissible adultery, silk, intoxicants and musical instruments", + "And the poets - [only] the deviators follow them", + "Singing is the amusement of the soul and the food of the foolish... It is the way of prostitutes" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari, 5590", + "quote": "There will be among my community people who will consider as permissible adultery, silk, intoxicants and musical instruments" + }, + { + "source": "Quran, 26:224", + "quote": "And the poets - [only] the deviators follow them" + }, + { + "source": "Albani, Sahih al-Jami, 3314", + "quote": "Singing is the amusement of the soul and the food of the foolish... It is the way of prostitutes" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Ibn Hazm", + "Surah Luqman", + "Al-Muhalla" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And of the people is he who buys the amusement of speech to mislead [others] from the way of Allah without knowledge and who takes it in ridicule. Those will have a humiliating punishment", + "There is no harm in beat drums, string instruments, wind instruments, nor in listening to them... unless they are conducive to immorality or distraction from the remembrance of Allah", + "Surah Luqman (31:6)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran, 31:6", + "quote": "And of the people is he who buys the amusement of speech to mislead [others] from the way of Allah without knowledge and who takes it in ridicule. Those will have a humiliating punishment" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Hazm, Al-Muhalla, 5/464", + "quote": "There is no harm in beat drums, string instruments, wind instruments, nor in listening to them... unless they are conducive to immorality or distraction from the remembrance of Allah" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Surah Luqman", + "Sahih al-Jami", + "al-Bukhari", + "Imam" + ], + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Islam", + "Islamic", + "Albani" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Hadith", + "Singing is the amusement of the soul and the food of the foolish" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Singing is the amusement of the soul and the food of the foolish... It is the way of prostitutes" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "Warns against the misuse of speech to mislead others from the way of Allah without knowledge" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari, 5590", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad warned against the use of musical instruments" + }, + { + "source": "Albani, Sahih al-Jami, 3314", + "quote": "Imam Shafi'i stated, 'Singing is the amusement of the soul and the food of the foolish... It is the way of prostitutes'" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "quote": "The warnings against music in authentic Hadith" + }, + { + "source": "Imam Shafi'i", + "quote": "the strong disapproval of scholars" + }, + { + "source": "Prophet Muhammad and Islamic jurisprudence", + "quote": "the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad and the consensus of Islamic jurisprudence" + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Sufi", + "Sufi Muslims" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith", + "Music is the language of the spirit" + ], + "person": [ + "Ibn Hazm", + "Surah Luqman", + "Surah al-Isra", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Al-Muhalla", + "Rumi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Music is the language of the spirit. It opens the secret of life bringing peace, abolishing strife.", + "There is no harm in beat drums, string instruments, wind instruments, nor in listening to them... unless they are conducive to immorality or distraction from the remembrance of Allah", + "Surah Luqman (31:6)", + "And of the people is he who buys the amusement of speech to mislead [others] from the way of Allah without knowledge and who takes it in ridicule. Those will have a humiliating punishment" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 17:64", + "quote": "Islam does not clearly prohibit music" + }, + { + "source": "Hadith of Sahih Muslim, Book 24, Hadith 5165", + "quote": "Music has a place within Islam and can be enjoyed by Muslims" + }, + { + "source": "Rumi", + "quote": "Music is the language of the spirit. It opens the secret of life bringing peace, abolishing strife" + }, + { + "source": "Quran, 31:6", + "quote": "And of the people is he who buys the amusement of speech to mislead [others] from the way of Allah without knowledge and who takes it in ridicule. Those will have a humiliating punishment" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Hazm, Al-Muhalla, 5/464", + "quote": "There is no harm in beat drums, string instruments, wind instruments, nor in listening to them... unless they are conducive to immorality or distraction from the remembrance of Allah" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Albani" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Hadith", + "Singing is the amusement of the soul and the food of the foolish" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Surah Luqman", + "Sahih al-Jami", + "al-Bukhari", + "Imam", + "Surah Al-An'am" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "There will be among my community people who will consider as permissible adultery, silk, intoxicants and musical instruments", + "And the poets - [only] the deviators follow them", + "Singing is the amusement of the soul and the food of the foolish... It is the way of prostitutes" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari, 5590", + "quote": "There will be among my community people who will consider as permissible adultery, silk, intoxicants and musical instruments" + }, + { + "source": "Quran, 26:224", + "quote": "And the poets - [only] the deviators follow them" + }, + { + "source": "Albani, Sahih al-Jami, 3314", + "quote": "Singing is the amusement of the soul and the food of the foolish... It is the way of prostitutes" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "Warns against the misuse of speech to mislead others from the way of Allah without knowledge" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari, 5590", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad warned against the use of musical instruments" + }, + { + "source": "Albani, Sahih al-Jami, 3314", + "quote": "Imam Shafi'i stated, 'Singing is the amusement of the soul and the food of the foolish... It is the way of prostitutes'" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "quote": "The warnings against music in authentic Hadith" + }, + { + "source": "Imam Shafi'i", + "quote": "the strong disapproval of scholars" + }, + { + "source": "Prophet Muhammad and Islamic jurisprudence", + "quote": "the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad and the consensus of Islamic jurisprudence" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "muslims_cannot_live_in_secular_countries_20240911_063850.json", + "model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620", + "topic": "Muslims cannot live in secular countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Western", + "Muslims", + "R.", + "Cesari", + "The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory", + "Oxford University Press", + "Islamic", + "Columbia University Press", + "Islam", + "Pew Research Center" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Political Secularism" + ], + "person": [ + "J. Dryzek", + "J.", + "B. Honig" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2017)", + "(2006)", + "(2015)", + "(2013)", + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries.", + "Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world.", + "Political Secularism.", + "Muslims in the West after 9/11: Religion, Politics and Law.", + "Democracy and Islam in Indonesia." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Pew Research Center. (2017). 'Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world.'", + "quote": "In the United States alone, there are an estimated 3.45 million Muslims as of 2017, comprising about 1.1% of the total population." + }, + { + "source": "Bhargava, R. (2006). 'Political Secularism.' In J. Dryzek, B. Honig, & A. Phillips (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "Secular countries, by definition, are meant to be neutral grounds where people of all faiths, or no faith, can coexist. The very essence of secularism is the separation of religion and state, which protects religious freedoms rather than inhibiting them." + }, + { + "source": "Cesari, J. (2015). 'Muslims in the West after 9/11: Religion, Politics and Law.' Routledge.", + "quote": "Muslims not only can live in secular countries but can also thrive and reach positions of influence. We've seen Muslim mayors in major Western cities, Muslim members of parliament, and Muslim judges in various secular nations." + }, + { + "source": "K\u00fcnkler, M., & Stepan, A. (Eds.). (2013). 'Democracy and Islam in Indonesia.' Columbia University Press.", + "quote": "Many Muslim-majority countries, such as Turkey, Senegal, and Indonesia, have secular constitutions." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Spirit", + "The Brookings Institution", + "E., & Rorive", + "I.", + "Congress", + "the Interfaith Alliance", + "Primer", + "European Commission", + "Beacon Press", + "Polity Press" + ], + "person": [ + "B. G.", + "Law" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2010)", + "(2018)", + "(2016)", + "(2009)", + "(2013)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Durham, W. C., & Scharffs, B. G. (2010). Law and Religion: National, International, and Comparative Perspectives. Aspen Publishers.", + "quote": "Secular democracies typically have constitutional and legal frameworks that protect freedom of religion for all faiths. For example, the First Amendment of the US Constitution and Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights safeguard religious liberty." + }, + { + "source": "Bribosia, E., & Rorive, I. (2018). Reasonable Accommodation beyond Disability in Europe? European Commission.", + "quote": "Many secular countries have policies of reasonable accommodation for religious practices in workplaces, schools, and public institutions. This allows people of all faiths to participate fully in society while adhering to their beliefs." + }, + { + "source": "Patel, E. (2016). Interfaith Leadership: A Primer. Beacon Press.", + "quote": "Secular societies often foster interfaith dialogue and cooperation, promoting mutual understanding between different religious communities. Organizations like the Interfaith Alliance work to build these bridges." + }, + { + "source": "Levine, B. J. (2009). The Spirit of Congress: How Faith Shapes Lawmaking. The Brookings Institution.", + "quote": "People of all faiths in secular countries can and do participate in civic life, including voting, running for office, and engaging in public discourse. This enriches democracy and ensures diverse perspectives are represented." + }, + { + "source": "Modood, T. (2013). Multiculturalism. Polity Press.", + "quote": "Religious diversity in secular societies leads to rich cultural exchanges, with various faith traditions contributing to art, literature, cuisine, and other aspects of social life." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Muslim", + "democratic", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries" + ], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "R.", + "The Brookings Institution", + "European Commission", + "Spirit", + "Cesari", + "E., & Rorive", + "The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory", + "Congress", + "Islamic", + "Columbia University Press", + "Primer", + "Polity Press", + "Western", + "I.", + "democratic", + "Islam", + "Pew Research Center", + "Oxford University Press", + "the Interfaith Alliance", + "Beacon Press" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Political Secularism" + ], + "person": [ + "J. Dryzek", + "Law", + "B. G.", + "B. Honig", + "J." + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Muslims in the West after 9/11: Religion, Politics and Law.", + "Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world.", + "(2010)", + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries.", + "Democracy and Islam in Indonesia.", + "(2018)", + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries", + "(2016)", + "(2006)", + "(2009)", + "(2015)", + "(2013)", + "(2017)", + "Political Secularism." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Pew Research Center. (2017). 'Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world.'", + "quote": "In the United States alone, there are an estimated 3.45 million Muslims as of 2017, comprising about 1.1% of the total population." + }, + { + "source": "Bhargava, R. (2006). 'Political Secularism.' In J. Dryzek, B. Honig, & A. Phillips (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "Secular countries, by definition, are meant to be neutral grounds where people of all faiths, or no faith, can coexist. The very essence of secularism is the separation of religion and state, which protects religious freedoms rather than inhibiting them." + }, + { + "source": "Cesari, J. (2015). 'Muslims in the West after 9/11: Religion, Politics and Law.' Routledge.", + "quote": "Muslims not only can live in secular countries but can also thrive and reach positions of influence. We've seen Muslim mayors in major Western cities, Muslim members of parliament, and Muslim judges in various secular nations." + }, + { + "source": "K\u00fcnkler, M., & Stepan, A. (Eds.). (2013). 'Democracy and Islam in Indonesia.' Columbia University Press.", + "quote": "Many Muslim-majority countries, such as Turkey, Senegal, and Indonesia, have secular constitutions." + }, + { + "source": "Durham, W. C., & Scharffs, B. G. (2010). Law and Religion: National, International, and Comparative Perspectives. Aspen Publishers.", + "quote": "Secular democracies typically have constitutional and legal frameworks that protect freedom of religion for all faiths. For example, the First Amendment of the US Constitution and Article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights safeguard religious liberty." + }, + { + "source": "Bribosia, E., & Rorive, I. (2018). Reasonable Accommodation beyond Disability in Europe? European Commission.", + "quote": "Many secular countries have policies of reasonable accommodation for religious practices in workplaces, schools, and public institutions. This allows people of all faiths to participate fully in society while adhering to their beliefs." + }, + { + "source": "Patel, E. (2016). Interfaith Leadership: A Primer. Beacon Press.", + "quote": "Secular societies often foster interfaith dialogue and cooperation, promoting mutual understanding between different religious communities. Organizations like the Interfaith Alliance work to build these bridges." + }, + { + "source": "Levine, B. J. (2009). The Spirit of Congress: How Faith Shapes Lawmaking. The Brookings Institution.", + "quote": "People of all faiths in secular countries can and do participate in civic life, including voting, running for office, and engaging in public discourse. This enriches democracy and ensures diverse perspectives are represented." + }, + { + "source": "Modood, T. (2013). Multiculturalism. Polity Press.", + "quote": "Religious diversity in secular societies leads to rich cultural exchanges, with various faith traditions contributing to art, literature, cuisine, and other aspects of social life." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_peace_20240911_070107.json", + "model": "gpt-4", + "topic": "Islam promotes peace", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Arabic", + "Online Etymology Dictionary" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Sunan Abi Dawud", + "Origin", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Anwar Sadat", + "Muhammad Yunus", + "https://quran.com/ - Sunan Abi Dawud", + "Malala Yousafzai" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Nobel Peace", + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Etymonline, 2020)", + "(2020)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Etymonline, 2020", + "quote": "The word Islam' itself, derived from the Arabic root word 'Salam' signifies peace, safety, and submission, underscoring a harmonious avoidance of conflict or violence" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:190, 5:32", + "quote": "The Quran repeatedly emphasizes the virtue of peace, teaching Muslims that peace is the rule and warfare is an exception, allowed only under certain specific conditions" + }, + { + "source": "Sunan Abi Dawud, 13:76", + "quote": "For instance, his peace treaty called the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah is widely recognized as a manifest demonstration of his preference for peace over violence" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "work_of_art": [ + "Sharia", + "Islam Promotes Peace" + ], + "organizations": [ + "ISIS", + "Muslim", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Society", + "Muslims", + "Holbrook", + "Oxford University Press", + "the global jihadist movement", + "Islamic", + "Terrorism", + "Islam", + "the Pew Research Center", + "Al Qaeda", + "D.", + "The Quranic Concept of War", + "Pew Research Center" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Boko Haram", + "Al-Shabaab" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Byman, 2015)", + "(Pew Research Center, 2013)", + "As noted by Holbrook (2014)", + "(2015)", + "(2014)", + "(2013)", + "Islam Promotes Peace", + "And kill them wherever you find them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out..." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Byman, D. (2015). Al Qaeda, the Islamic State, and the global jihadist movement: what everyone needs to know. Oxford University Press, USA.", + "quote": "Its interpretation of Islam has been historically and continues to be, subject to manipulation perpetuating conflict and violence." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:191", + "quote": "And kill them wherever you find them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out..." + }, + { + "source": "Holbrook, D. (2014). \u201cThe Quranic Concept of War\u201d: A Comment. Perspectives on Terrorism, 8(6).", + "quote": "The Quran's 'verses of the sword' eclipse its prior teachings of tolerance and restraint." + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center. (2013). The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society. Washington, D.C.", + "quote": "Revealed massive support for Sharia law in numerous Muslim-majority countries, under which punishments such as amputations for theft and stoning for adultery apply." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Allah is Forgiving", + "Muslims", + "SanFrancisco", + "Islamic", + "Dupret, Berger & Al-Zwaini", + "Islam", + "Abou El Fadl", + "Kluwer Law International", + "Arab", + "K." + ], + "person": [ + "B.", + "Al-Zwaini", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "L.", + "Islam", + "Ahmad Kutty", + "Berger" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Kutty, 2015)", + "(Ali, 1999)", + "(Abou El Fadl, 2014)", + "(2015)", + "(1999)", + "(1999)", + "(2014)", + "But if they cease, then Allah is Forgiving, Merciful." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:191", + "quote": "The verse from Surah Al-Baqarah (2:191)" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:192", + "quote": "But if they cease, then Allah is Forgiving, Merciful." + }, + { + "source": "Kutty, A. (2015). Clarification of Jihad and War Verses in the Qur'an.", + "quote": "As Muslim scholars like Sheikh Ahmad Kutty indicate, this verse was revealed during wartime, instructing the Muslims on what to do when they are attacked." + }, + { + "source": "Dupret, B., Berger, M., & Al-Zwaini, L. (1999). Legal pluralism in the Arab world. Kluwer Law International.", + "quote": "The implementation of Sharia laws, as mentioned, is a contentious topic, and should not be viewed as an accurate portrayal of Islam but rather as varying cultural practices and legal jurisprudence in different societies." + }, + { + "source": "Ali, A.A. (1999). Crime and punishment in Islamic law. Religion Compass 2.", + "quote": "The majority of these laws attribute to the deterrent effect with capital punishments for the gravest crimes, not intending to execute but dissuade perpetrators from causing harm." + }, + { + "source": "Abou El Fadl, K. (2014). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. Harper SanFrancisco.", + "quote": "Certain extremist groups who use Islam as their banner... are a testament to the misuse of any ideology or religion to fulfil their personal, political or territorial ambitions. Violence cannot be ascribed to a religion merely because some individuals or groups claim to act in its name and distort its teachings for their ends." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Cs", + "Bergen", + "George Washington University", + "Hashmi, S.H.", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "U.S. Policy", + "Rienner Publishers" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Ahmad Kutty" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Sharia" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Bergen, 2018)", + "(Hashmi, 2012)", + "(George Washington University, 2017)", + "(2018)", + "(2012)", + "(2017)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran Surah Al-Baqarah", + "quote": "The verses from Surah Al-Baqarah provided a context of wartime, they are open-ended, making them susceptible to misinterpretation." + }, + { + "source": "Bergen, P. (2018). United States of Jihad: Who are America's homegrown terrorists, and how do we stop them?", + "quote": "Whilst scholars like Sheikh Ahmad Kutty emphasize the defensive nature of these verses, their flexible interpretation has been used as a call to arms by various non-state actors" + }, + { + "source": "Hashmi, S.H. (2012). What is Islamic democracy? The three Cs of Islamic governance. Rienner Publishers.", + "quote": "Regarding Sharia law, it is indeed culturally and locally interpreted; however, it is nevertheless rooted in Islamic texts and traditions." + }, + { + "source": "George Washington University. (2017). The Islamic State and U.S. Policy. Retrieved from https://www.crsreports.com.", + "quote": "Their narratives are based on their extreme interpretations of Islamic texts, and they draw upon Islamic symbolism, rhetoric, history, motivation, and justification" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Baqarah" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:191", + "quote": "Misinterpretations and misappropriations of religious texts, like Surah Al-Baqarah (2:191), when taken out of context, breed misconceptions and misuse." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah Al-Baqarah" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + "Here is one citation identified in the provided text: [ { "source": "Quran 2", "quote": "Varied interpretations of verses, used both defensively and provocatively" } ] There were no other direct or indirect citations, quotations, or references found in the text." + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Allah is Forgiving", + "Muslims", + "SanFrancisco", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Dupret, Berger & Al-Zwaini", + "Arabic", + "Abou El Fadl", + "Kluwer Law International", + "Arab", + "K.", + "Online Etymology Dictionary" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "B.", + "Sunan Abi Dawud", + "Al-Zwaini", + "Origin", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Anwar Sadat", + "Muhammad Yunus", + "https://quran.com/ - Sunan Abi Dawud", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "L.", + "Islam", + "Ahmad Kutty", + "Berger", + "Malala Yousafzai" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Nobel Peace", + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(1999)", + "(Kutty, 2015)", + "But if they cease, then Allah is Forgiving, Merciful.", + "(2020)", + "(2014)", + "(Etymonline, 2020)", + "(2015)", + "(Abou El Fadl, 2014)", + "(Ali, 1999)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Etymonline, 2020", + "quote": "The word 'Islam' itself, derived from the Arabic root word 'Salam' signifies peace, safety, and submission, underscoring a harmonious avoidance of conflict or violence" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:190, 5:32", + "quote": "The Quran repeatedly emphasizes the virtue of peace, teaching Muslims that peace is the rule and warfare is an exception, allowed only under certain specific conditions" + }, + { + "source": "Sunan Abi Dawud, 13:76", + "quote": "For instance, his peace treaty called the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah is widely recognized as a manifest demonstration of his preference for peace over violence" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:191", + "quote": "The verse from Surah Al-Baqarah (2:191)" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:192", + "quote": "But if they cease, then Allah is Forgiving, Merciful." + }, + { + "source": "Kutty, A. (2015). Clarification of Jihad and War Verses in the Qur'an.", + "quote": "As Muslim scholars like Sheikh Ahmad Kutty indicate, this verse was revealed during wartime, instructing the Muslims on what to do when they are attacked." + }, + { + "source": "Dupret, B., Berger, M., & Al-Zwaini, L. (1999). Legal pluralism in the Arab world. Kluwer Law International.", + "quote": "The implementation of Sharia laws, as mentioned, is a contentious topic, and should not be viewed as an accurate portrayal of Islam but rather as varying cultural practices and legal jurisprudence in different societies." + }, + { + "source": "Ali, A.A. (1999). Crime and punishment in Islamic law. Religion Compass 2.", + "quote": "The majority of these laws attribute to the deterrent effect with capital punishments for the gravest crimes, not intending to execute but dissuade perpetrators from causing harm." + }, + { + "source": "Abou El Fadl, K. (2014). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. Harper SanFrancisco.", + "quote": "Certain extremist groups who use Islam as their banner... are a testament to the misuse of any ideology or religion to fulfil their personal, political or territorial ambitions. Violence cannot be ascribed to a religion merely because some individuals or groups claim to act in its name and distort its teachings for their ends." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:191", + "quote": "Misinterpretations and misappropriations of religious texts, like Surah Al-Baqarah (2:191), when taken out of context, breed misconceptions and misuse." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "work_of_art": [ + "Sharia", + "Islam Promotes Peace" + ], + "organizations": [ + "George Washington University", + "Muslim", + "Hashmi, S.H.", + "Muslims", + "Rienner Publishers", + "Bergen", + "ISIS", + "Islamic", + "Al Qaeda", + "The Quranic Concept of War", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Holbrook", + "Islam", + "U.S. Policy", + "Pew Research Center", + "Cs", + "Society", + "Oxford University Press", + "the global jihadist movement", + "Terrorism", + "the Pew Research Center", + "D." + ], + "person": [ + "Ahmad Kutty", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Boko Haram", + "Al-Shabaab" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Pew Research Center, 2013)", + "As noted by Holbrook (2014)", + "(2018)", + "And kill them wherever you find them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out...", + "(2014)", + "(Byman, 2015)", + "(Hashmi, 2012)", + "(George Washington University, 2017)", + "(2015)", + "(2013)", + "(2017)", + "(Bergen, 2018)", + "Islam Promotes Peace", + "(2012)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Byman, D. (2015). Al Qaeda, the Islamic State, and the global jihadist movement: what everyone needs to know. Oxford University Press, USA.", + "quote": "Its interpretation of Islam has been historically and continues to be, subject to manipulation perpetuating conflict and violence." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:191", + "quote": "And kill them wherever you find them, and turn them out from where they have turned you out..." + }, + { + "source": "Holbrook, D. (2014). \u201cThe Quranic Concept of War\u201d: A Comment. Perspectives on Terrorism, 8(6).", + "quote": "The Quran's 'verses of the sword' eclipse its prior teachings of tolerance and restraint." + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center. (2013). The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society. Washington, D.C.", + "quote": "Revealed massive support for Sharia law in numerous Muslim-majority countries, under which punishments such as amputations for theft and stoning for adultery apply." + }, + { + "source": "Quran Surah Al-Baqarah", + "quote": "The verses from Surah Al-Baqarah provided a context of wartime, they are open-ended, making them susceptible to misinterpretation." + }, + { + "source": "Bergen, P. (2018). United States of Jihad: Who are America's homegrown terrorists, and how do we stop them?", + "quote": "Whilst scholars like Sheikh Ahmad Kutty emphasize the defensive nature of these verses, their flexible interpretation has been used as a call to arms by various non-state actors" + }, + { + "source": "Hashmi, S.H. (2012). What is Islamic democracy? The three Cs of Islamic governance. Rienner Publishers.", + "quote": "Regarding Sharia law, it is indeed culturally and locally interpreted; however, it is nevertheless rooted in Islamic texts and traditions." + }, + { + "source": "George Washington University. (2017). The Islamic State and U.S. Policy. Retrieved from https://www.crsreports.com.", + "quote": "Their narratives are based on their extreme interpretations of Islamic texts, and they draw upon Islamic symbolism, rhetoric, history, motivation, and justification" + }, + "Here is one citation identified in the provided text: [ { "source": "Quran 2 (Surah Al-Baqarah)", "quote": "Varied interpretations of verses, used both defensively and provocatively" } ] There were no other direct or indirect citations, quotations, or references found in the text." + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_violence_towards_non_muslims_20240913_202349.json", + "model": "llama3", + "topic": "Islam promotes violence towards non Muslims", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": {}, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Quran", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Kafirun", + "Bukhari" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Say to those who disbelieve: 'You will be vanquished and driven back to the flames of hell. You have received a blessing from your Lord, so taste it. As for the unbelievers, they are the fuel of the fire.", + "The strong believer is better and more exalted than the weak believer. The strong believer is like a solid rock, while the weak believer is like a broken thread.", + "Jihad is not aggression or invasion. It is a struggle against one's own base instincts and desires.", + "Quran 2:153", + "Quran 109:1", + "Quran 2:153" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 109:1-3", + "quote": "Say to those who disbelieve: 'You will be vanquished and driven back to the flames of hell. You have received a blessing from your Lord, so taste it. As for the unbelievers, they are the fuel of the fire.'" + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari, Hadith 1:1:8", + "quote": "The strong believer is better and more exalted than the weak believer. The strong believer is like a solid rock, while the weak believer is like a broken thread." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:153", + "quote": "Jihad is not aggression or invasion. It is a struggle against one's own base instincts and desires." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": {}, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Bukhari" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Jihad is not aggression or invasion. It is a struggle against one's own base instincts and desires.", + "The strong believer is better and more exalted than the weak believer. The strong believer is like a solid rock, while the weak believer is like a broken thread.", + "Quran 2:153", + "Quran 109:1", + "Quran 2:153" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:153", + "quote": "Jihad is not aggression or invasion. It is a struggle against one's own base instincts and desires." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "The strong believer is better and more exalted than the weak believer. The strong believer is like a solid rock, while the weak believer is like a broken thread." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 109:1-3", + "quote": "Indirect reference: Points towards emphasizing coexistence, respect, tolerance, and compassion towards all human beings, regardless of their faith or belief." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari, Hadith 1:1:8", + "quote": "Indirect reference: Possibly related to the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad on compassion, mercy, and forgiveness." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect", + "quote": "Points towards the interpretation of the concept of jihad by majority of Islamic scholars throughout history as an internal struggle to purify oneself and one's community, rather than promotion of violence towards non-Muslims." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad's", + "Surah Al-Kafirun" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 2:153" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 109:1-3", + "quote": "The Quran's messages of tolerance and acceptance are evident in Surah Al-Kafirun (109:1-3), which explicitly conveys a message of forgiveness towards non-Muslims." + }, + { + "source": "Prophet Muhammad's teachings", + "quote": "I have also highlighted the Prophet Muhammad's teachings on compassion, mercy, and forgiveness, as well as his emphasis on empathy, understanding, and compassion towards all human beings." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic scholars' interpretations", + "quote": "I have disputed the misconception that jihad means violent warfare against non-Muslims by pointing out that the majority of Islamic scholars throughout history have interpreted it as an internal struggle to purify oneself and one's community." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:153", + "quote": "This interpretation is supported by Quranic verses such as Quran 2:153, which describes jihad as a struggle against one's own base instincts and desires." + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Quran", + "Muhammad", + "Bukhari", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "the Prophet Muhammad's", + "Surah Al-Kafirun" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Say to those who disbelieve: 'You will be vanquished and driven back to the flames of hell. You have received a blessing from your Lord, so taste it. As for the unbelievers, they are the fuel of the fire.", + "Jihad is not aggression or invasion. It is a struggle against one's own base instincts and desires.", + "Quran 109:1", + "Quran 2:153", + "The strong believer is better and more exalted than the weak believer. The strong believer is like a solid rock, while the weak believer is like a broken thread." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 109:1-3", + "quote": "Say to those who disbelieve: 'You will be vanquished and driven back to the flames of hell. You have received a blessing from your Lord, so taste it. As for the unbelievers, they are the fuel of the fire.'" + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari, Hadith 1:1:8", + "quote": "The strong believer is better and more exalted than the weak believer. The strong believer is like a solid rock, while the weak believer is like a broken thread." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:153", + "quote": "Jihad is not aggression or invasion. It is a struggle against one's own base instincts and desires." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:153", + "quote": "Jihad is not aggression or invasion. It is a struggle against one's own base instincts and desires." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "The strong believer is better and more exalted than the weak believer. The strong believer is like a solid rock, while the weak believer is like a broken thread." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 109:1-3", + "quote": "Indirect reference: Points towards emphasizing coexistence, respect, tolerance, and compassion towards all human beings, regardless of their faith or belief." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari, Hadith 1:1:8", + "quote": "Indirect reference: Possibly related to the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad on compassion, mercy, and forgiveness." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect", + "quote": "Points towards the interpretation of the concept of jihad by majority of Islamic scholars throughout history as an internal struggle to purify oneself and one's community, rather than promotion of violence towards non-Muslims." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 109:1-3", + "quote": "The Quran's messages of tolerance and acceptance are evident in Surah Al-Kafirun (109:1-3), which explicitly conveys a message of forgiveness towards non-Muslims." + }, + { + "source": "Prophet Muhammad's teachings", + "quote": "I have also highlighted the Prophet Muhammad's teachings on compassion, mercy, and forgiveness, as well as his emphasis on empathy, understanding, and compassion towards all human beings." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic scholars' interpretations", + "quote": "I have disputed the misconception that jihad means violent warfare against non-Muslims by pointing out that the majority of Islamic scholars throughout history have interpreted it as an internal struggle to purify oneself and one's community." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:153", + "quote": "This interpretation is supported by Quranic verses such as Quran 2:153, which describes jihad as a struggle against one's own base instincts and desires." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "muslims_can_be_active_citizens_in_secular_countries_20240914_091941.json", + "model": "gpt-3.5-turbo", + "topic": "Muslims can be active citizens in secular countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Americans", + "Islam", + "the Pew Research Center" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism, 2011", + "quote": "Research by the Pew Research Center has found that, on average, Muslims in the United States are just as likely as the general public to engage in volunteer work and charitable giving." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "T., & Hussain", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "R.", + "European", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Y.", + "Citizenship" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2014)", + "(2008)", + "(2010)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Mahmood, R., & Hull, S. (2014). Interfaith dialogue: Challenges and opportunities in a secular age. Sociology of Religion, 75(4), 515-535.", + "quote": "One of the primary reasons why Muslims may struggle to be active citizens in secular countries is the potential clash of values and beliefs. Islam, as a religion, encompasses a comprehensive set of beliefs and practices that govern all aspects of life, including political, social, and personal conduct. In secular countries, however, the separation of religion and state is a fundamental principle that upholds the idea of equal rights and freedoms for all individuals, regardless of their religious beliefs. This can create tensions for Muslims who may feel conflicced between their religious obligations and the secular laws and norms of the country." + }, + { + "source": "Modood, T., & Hussain, Y. (2008). Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach. Routledge.", + "quote": "Furthermore, the integration of Muslims into secular societies can be hindered by cultural differences and social attitudes. Muslims may face discrimination, prejudice, and marginalization based on their religious identity, which can lead to feelings of alienation and exclusion. This can make it difficult for Muslims to actively engage in civic life, participate in political processes, and contribute to the overall well-being of the society." + }, + { + "source": "Vertovec, S. (2010). Towards a post-multiculturalism. Patterns of Prejudice, 44(3), 251-273.", + "quote": "In addition, the rise of radical and extremist ideologies within certain segments of the Muslim community poses a significant challenge to the idea of Muslims being active citizens in secular countries. These ideologies may advocate for violence, intolerance, and the imposition of Islamic laws over secular laws, leading to potential conflicts with the values and principles of the secular state. This can further marginalize and isolate Muslims from mainstream society, making it difficult for them to fully participate and contribute positively to their communities." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Samy", + "Saleem", + "Muslim", + "T., & Hussain", + "Muslims", + "European", + "British Journal of Educational Studies", + "L., & Samy, Y. (", + "Western Educational Systems" + ], + "person": [ + "Y.", + "Citizenship" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "and Samy (2017)", + "Studies by Modood and Hussain (2008)", + "(2017)", + "(2008)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Saleem, H., Tikly, L., & Samy, Y. (2017). Muslim Migrant Experiences in Western Educational Systems: A Review of the Literature. British Journal of Educational Studies, 65(1), 35-52.", + "quote": "Muslim migrants in Western countries who have balanced their religious beliefs with their civic responsibilities, demonstrating that it is indeed possible for Muslims to be active citizens in secular contexts." + }, + { + "source": "Modood, T., & Hussain, Y. (2008). Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach. Routledge.", + "quote": "promoting multiculturalism, understanding, and tolerance in fostering inclusive societies where individuals of all faiths can participate fully in civic life." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "R.", + "Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "Vertovec", + "Hull" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Research by Mahmood and Hull (2014)", + "Vertovec (2010)", + "(2014)", + "(2010)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Mahmood, R., & Hull, S. (2014). Interfaith dialogue: Challenges and opportunities in a secular age. Sociology of Religion, 75(4), 515-535", + "quote": "Research by Mahmood and Hull (2014) highlights the complexities that arise when individuals try to navigate between their religious obligations and the laws of a secular state, which can create internal conflict and hinder their ability to fully participate as active citizens." + }, + { + "source": "Vertovec, S. (2010). Towards a post-multiculturalism. Patterns of Prejudice, 44(3), 251-273", + "quote": "Vertovec (2010) emphasizes the need for a post-multiculturalism approach that goes beyond mere tolerance and actively promotes inclusivity and respect for diverse identities in order to truly enable Muslims to be active and engaged citizens." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Muslim" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Samy", + "Saleem", + "Muslim", + "T., & Hussain", + "Muslims", + "Americans", + "European", + "Islam", + "the Pew Research Center", + "British Journal of Educational Studies", + "L., & Samy, Y. (", + "Western Educational Systems" + ], + "person": [ + "Y.", + "Citizenship" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2008)", + "Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism,", + "(2017)", + "and Samy (2017)", + "Studies by Modood and Hussain (2008)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Pew Research Center, Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism, 2011", + "quote": "Research by the Pew Research Center has found that, on average, Muslims in the United States are just as likely as the general public to engage in volunteer work and charitable giving." + }, + { + "source": "Saleem, H., Tikly, L., & Samy, Y. (2017). Muslim Migrant Experiences in Western Educational Systems: A Review of the Literature. British Journal of Educational Studies, 65(1), 35-52.", + "quote": "Muslim migrants in Western countries who have balanced their religious beliefs with their civic responsibilities, demonstrating that it is indeed possible for Muslims to be active citizens in secular contexts." + }, + { + "source": "Modood, T., & Hussain, Y. (2008). Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach. Routledge.", + "quote": "promoting multiculturalism, understanding, and tolerance in fostering inclusive societies where individuals of all faiths can participate fully in civic life." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "T., & Hussain", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "R.", + "European", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Vertovec", + "Y.", + "Hull", + "Citizenship" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Vertovec (2010)", + "(2010)", + "(2008)", + "(2014)", + "Research by Mahmood and Hull (2014)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Mahmood, R., & Hull, S. (2014). Interfaith dialogue: Challenges and opportunities in a secular age. Sociology of Religion, 75(4), 515-535.", + "quote": "One of the primary reasons why Muslims may struggle to be active citizens in secular countries is the potential clash of values and beliefs. Islam, as a religion, encompasses a comprehensive set of beliefs and practices that govern all aspects of life, including political, social, and personal conduct. In secular countries, however, the separation of religion and state is a fundamental principle that upholds the idea of equal rights and freedoms for all individuals, regardless of their religious beliefs. This can create tensions for Muslims who may feel conflicced between their religious obligations and the secular laws and norms of the country." + }, + { + "source": "Modood, T., & Hussain, Y. (2008). Multiculturalism, Muslims and Citizenship: A European Approach. Routledge.", + "quote": "Furthermore, the integration of Muslims into secular societies can be hindered by cultural differences and social attitudes. Muslims may face discrimination, prejudice, and marginalization based on their religious identity, which can lead to feelings of alienation and exclusion. This can make it difficult for Muslims to actively engage in civic life, participate in political processes, and contribute to the overall well-being of the society." + }, + { + "source": "Vertovec, S. (2010). Towards a post-multiculturalism. Patterns of Prejudice, 44(3), 251-273.", + "quote": "In addition, the rise of radical and extremist ideologies within certain segments of the Muslim community poses a significant challenge to the idea of Muslims being active citizens in secular countries. These ideologies may advocate for violence, intolerance, and the imposition of Islamic laws over secular laws, leading to potential conflicts with the values and principles of the secular state. This can further marginalize and isolate Muslims from mainstream society, making it difficult for them to fully participate and contribute positively to their communities." + }, + { + "source": "Mahmood, R., & Hull, S. (2014). Interfaith dialogue: Challenges and opportunities in a secular age. Sociology of Religion, 75(4), 515-535", + "quote": "Research by Mahmood and Hull (2014) highlights the complexities that arise when individuals try to navigate between their religious obligations and the laws of a secular state, which can create internal conflict and hinder their ability to fully participate as active citizens." + }, + { + "source": "Vertovec, S. (2010). Towards a post-multiculturalism. Patterns of Prejudice, 44(3), 251-273", + "quote": "Vertovec (2010) emphasizes the need for a post-multiculturalism approach that goes beyond mere tolerance and actively promotes inclusivity and respect for diverse identities in order to truly enable Muslims to be active and engaged citizens." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "muslims_cannot_live_in_secular_countries_20240913_184721.json", + "model": "llama2", + "topic": "Muslims cannot live in secular countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Organization of Islamic Cooperation", + "United Nations" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Charter of Rights and Freedoms", + "The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights", + "The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries.", + "The Charter of Rights and Freedoms", + "Everyone has the right to equal treatment under the law without discrimination based on race, ethnicity, religion, sex, gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, or disability.", + "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights", + "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of their choice.", + "The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam", + "The state shall respect the integrity of the human person and shall not violate it in any way, including by exposing him to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.", + "The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights", + "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right includes freedom to have or to adopt a religion of his choice, and freedom to practice or to observe the religion of his choice." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "The Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Canada), section 2(a)", + "quote": "Everyone has the right to equal treatment under the law without discrimination based on race, ethnicity, religion, sex, gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, or disability." + }, + { + "source": "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations), article 18", + "quote": "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of their choice." + }, + { + "source": "The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (Organization of Islamic Cooperation), article 24", + "quote": "The state shall respect the integrity of the human person and shall not violate it in any way, including by exposing him to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment." + }, + { + "source": "The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (United Nations), article 18", + "quote": "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right includes freedom to have or to adopt a religion of his choice, and freedom to practice or to observe the religion of his choice." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "the International Consortium for Religion and Society", + "Muslims", + "the Pew Research Center", + "Islamic" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Future of Religious Freedom: A Global Challenge", + "Religious Freedom in the 21st Century", + "The Secular State" + ], + "person": [ + "Saifullah Bhatt", + "Ziauddin Sardar" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "by the Pew Research Center (2017)", + "by Ziauddin Sardar (2013)", + "by Saifullah Bhatt (2017)", + "by the International Consortium for Religion and Society (2019)", + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries.", + "The Future of Religious Freedom: A Global Challenge", + "Muslims in the West: Integration, Identity, and Social Cohesion", + "The Secular State and Islamic Law: A Comparative Study of India and Pakistan", + "Religious Freedom in the 21st Century: A Global Assessment" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "The Future of Religious Freedom: A Global Challenge by the Pew Research Center (2017)", + "quote": "This report highlights the growing challenges to religious freedom around the world, including the increasing restrictions on religious practices and the marginalization of minority religious groups." + }, + { + "source": "Muslims in the West: Integration, Identity, and Social Cohesion by Ziauddin Sardar (2013)", + "quote": "This book explores the experiences of Muslims in Western societies, including their challenges and opportunities for integration, identity formation, and social cohesion." + }, + { + "source": "The Secular State and Islamic Law: A Comparative Study of India and Pakistan by Saifullah Bhatt (2017)", + "quote": "This study compares the secular state and Islamic law in India and Pakistan, highlighting the challenges and opportunities for Muslims in both countries in terms of religious freedom and social inclusion." + }, + { + "source": "Religious Freedom in the 21st Century: A Global Assessment by the International Consortium for Religion and Society (2019)", + "quote": "This report assesses the state of religious freedom around the world, including the challenges faced by Muslims in secular countries, and provides recommendations for promoting greater respect and understanding between different religious groups." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "the Pew Research Center", + "The Relationship Between Religion and Politics" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Future of Religious Freedom: A Global Challenge", + "The Rights of Minority Groups" + ], + "person": [ + "D. W. Harding", + "Markus Dressler", + "Ziad Touma" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "by the Pew Research Center (2017)", + "by Ziad Touma (2017)", + "Harding (1952)", + "by Markus Dressler (2013)", + "The Future of Religious Freedom: A Global Challenge", + "Muslims in the West: Integration, Identity, and Social Cohesion", + "The Rights of Minority Groups", + "The Relationship Between Religion and Politics in Secular Democracies" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "The Future of Religious Freedom: A Global Challenge by the Pew Research Center (2017)", + "quote": "The report highlights the growing challenges to religious freedom around the world, including the increasing restrictions on religious practices and the marginalization of minority religious groups. However, it also provides examples of Muslim-majority countries with a secular system of government, such as Turkey and Indonesia, where Islamic law coexists with democratic principles." + }, + { + "source": "Muslims in the West: Integration, Identity, and Social Cohesion by Ziad Touma (2017)", + "quote": "This book provides an in-depth analysis of the experiences of Muslim immigrants in Western societies, including their social and economic integration, cultural identity, and interactions with non-Muslim citizens. It challenges the stereotype that Muslims are inherently opposed to secularism and provides examples of successful integration in countries such as Canada and Sweden." + }, + { + "source": "The Rights of Minority Groups by D. W. Harding (1952)", + "quote": "This book examines the rights of minority groups, including religious minorities, in democratic societies. It argues that the protection of these rights is essential for maintaining social cohesion and stability, and provides examples of how secularism can promote the well-being of Muslim citizens without compromising their religious beliefs." + }, + { + "source": "The Relationship Between Religion and Politics in Secular Democracies by Markus Dressler (2013)", + "quote": "This article examines the relationship between religion and politics in secular democracies, including the role of Muslim citizens in these societies. It challenges the notion that Islam is incompatible with secularism and provides examples of how Muslims have successfully navigated this complex landscape without feeling marginalized or discriminated against." + }, + { + "source": "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) article 18", + "quote": "The article does not prohibit Muslims from living in secular countries. Instead, it provides a broad right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, which includes the right to adopt or practice any religion without fear of persecution." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Organization of Islamic Cooperation", + "United Nations", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Charter of Rights and Freedoms", + "The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights", + "The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Everyone has the right to equal treatment under the law without discrimination based on race, ethnicity, religion, sex, gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, or disability.", + "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of their choice.", + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries.", + "The Charter of Rights and Freedoms", + "The state shall respect the integrity of the human person and shall not violate it in any way, including by exposing him to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.", + "The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam", + "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right includes freedom to have or to adopt a religion of his choice, and freedom to practice or to observe the religion of his choice.", + "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights", + "The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "The Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Canada), section 2(a)", + "quote": "Everyone has the right to equal treatment under the law without discrimination based on race, ethnicity, religion, sex, gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, or disability." + }, + { + "source": "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations), article 18", + "quote": "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to have or to adopt a religion or belief of their choice." + }, + { + "source": "The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (Organization of Islamic Cooperation), article 24", + "quote": "The state shall respect the integrity of the human person and shall not violate it in any way, including by exposing him to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment." + }, + { + "source": "The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (United Nations), article 18", + "quote": "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right includes freedom to have or to adopt a religion of his choice, and freedom to practice or to observe the religion of his choice." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "the Pew Research Center", + "the International Consortium for Religion and Society", + "The Relationship Between Religion and Politics" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Future of Religious Freedom: A Global Challenge", + "Religious Freedom in the 21st Century", + "The Secular State", + "The Rights of Minority Groups" + ], + "person": [ + "Saifullah Bhatt", + "Markus Dressler", + "Ziad Touma", + "D. W. Harding", + "Ziauddin Sardar" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The Secular State and Islamic Law: A Comparative Study of India and Pakistan", + "by the Pew Research Center (2017)", + "by Saifullah Bhatt (2017)", + "Religious Freedom in the 21st Century: A Global Assessment", + "by Markus Dressler (2013)", + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries.", + "Muslims in the West: Integration, Identity, and Social Cohesion", + "Harding (1952)", + "The Rights of Minority Groups", + "The Future of Religious Freedom: A Global Challenge", + "by Ziad Touma (2017)", + "The Relationship Between Religion and Politics in Secular Democracies", + "by the International Consortium for Religion and Society (2019)", + "by Ziauddin Sardar (2013)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "The Future of Religious Freedom: A Global Challenge by the Pew Research Center (2017)", + "quote": "This report highlights the growing challenges to religious freedom around the world, including the increasing restrictions on religious practices and the marginalization of minority religious groups." + }, + { + "source": "Muslims in the West: Integration, Identity, and Social Cohesion by Ziauddin Sardar (2013)", + "quote": "This book explores the experiences of Muslims in Western societies, including their challenges and opportunities for integration, identity formation, and social cohesion." + }, + { + "source": "The Secular State and Islamic Law: A Comparative Study of India and Pakistan by Saifullah Bhatt (2017)", + "quote": "This study compares the secular state and Islamic law in India and Pakistan, highlighting the challenges and opportunities for Muslims in both countries in terms of religious freedom and social inclusion." + }, + { + "source": "Religious Freedom in the 21st Century: A Global Assessment by the International Consortium for Religion and Society (2019)", + "quote": "This report assesses the state of religious freedom around the world, including the challenges faced by Muslims in secular countries, and provides recommendations for promoting greater respect and understanding between different religious groups." + }, + { + "source": "The Future of Religious Freedom: A Global Challenge by the Pew Research Center (2017)", + "quote": "The report highlights the growing challenges to religious freedom around the world, including the increasing restrictions on religious practices and the marginalization of minority religious groups. However, it also provides examples of Muslim-majority countries with a secular system of government, such as Turkey and Indonesia, where Islamic law coexists with democratic principles." + }, + { + "source": "Muslims in the West: Integration, Identity, and Social Cohesion by Ziad Touma (2017)", + "quote": "This book provides an in-depth analysis of the experiences of Muslim immigrants in Western societies, including their social and economic integration, cultural identity, and interactions with non-Muslim citizens. It challenges the stereotype that Muslims are inherently opposed to secularism and provides examples of successful integration in countries such as Canada and Sweden." + }, + { + "source": "The Rights of Minority Groups by D. W. Harding (1952)", + "quote": "This book examines the rights of minority groups, including religious minorities, in democratic societies. It argues that the protection of these rights is essential for maintaining social cohesion and stability, and provides examples of how secularism can promote the well-being of Muslim citizens without compromising their religious beliefs." + }, + { + "source": "The Relationship Between Religion and Politics in Secular Democracies by Markus Dressler (2013)", + "quote": "This article examines the relationship between religion and politics in secular democracies, including the role of Muslim citizens in these societies. It challenges the notion that Islam is incompatible with secularism and provides examples of how Muslims have successfully navigated this complex landscape without feeling marginalized or discriminated against." + }, + { + "source": "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) article 18", + "quote": "The article does not prohibit Muslims from living in secular countries. Instead, it provides a broad right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, which includes the right to adopt or practice any religion without fear of persecution." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_muslims_to_eat_any_beef_sold_in_christian_countries_20240911_072747.json", + "model": "gpt-4", + "topic": "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "the Islamic Institute of Toronto", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "Allah is Forgiving and Merciful" + ], + "person": [ + "Ahmad Kutty", + "Ghamidi", + "Al-Mawrid", + "Surah al-Baqarah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Ghamidi, 2001)", + "(Ahmad Kutty, 2003)", + "(2001)", + "(2003)", + "He has only forbidden to you dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than Allah. But whoever is forced [by necessity], neither desiring [it] nor transgressing [its limit] - then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:173", + "quote": "He has only forbidden to you dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than Allah. But whoever is forced [by necessity], neither desiring [it] nor transgressing [its limit] - then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful." + }, + { + "source": "Ghamidi, 2001", + "quote": "\u201cIf a Muslim is living in a non-Muslim society, he can eat the meat easily available in his society keeping in view this directive of the Qur'\u0101n.\u201d" + }, + { + "source": "Ahmad Kutty, 2003", + "quote": "\u201cMuslims should not make life difficult for one another. Therefore, if we live in a predominantly Christian country it should be okay to eat their food\u201d" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "the Islamic Holy Book", + "Haram", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "non-Halal (Farm Animal Welfare Committee", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "Halal", + "Canadian Food Inspection Agency" + ], + "person": [ + "Haram", + "Halal", + "Al-Baqarah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Farm Animal Welfare Committee, 2012)", + "(Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 2010)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran, Al-Baqarah 2:168", + "quote": "Muslims are allowed to eat only Halal meat, which is from an animal slaughtered according to specific rites prescribed in Islamic law." + }, + { + "source": "Farm Animal Welfare Committee, 2012", + "quote": "The common industrial method of stunning before slaughter, which often involves introducing an electric current or bolt to the brain, or by gas stunning, is controversial among scholars and in some cases considered non-Halal." + }, + { + "source": "Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 2010", + "quote": "Meat products in many non-Muslim countries may also contain miscellaneous additions or be processed in ways which renders the final product non-Halal, even if the original meat source was Halal. They might contain Haram hidden ingredients like pork derivatives, alcohol, or come into contact with non-Halal substances during processing due to issues with cross-contamination." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Haram", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "HFA", + "Australian Federation of Islamic Councils", + "Islamic", + "Halal Food Authority", + "AFIC", + "Islam", + "The Halal Food Authority", + "the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Ma'idah", + "Haram", + "Maktabah al-Thaqafah al-Diniyyah", + "Tartib al-Madarik", + "Halal", + "Tafsil al-Masalik li", + "Madhhab Malik", + "M.K.", + "Ibn Adiyy" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Halal Food Authority, 2015)", + "(AFIC, 2017)", + "(Ibn Adiyy, 1959)", + "(2015)", + "(2017)", + "(1959)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran Al-Ma'idah 5:5", + "quote": "the Islamic law allows Muslims to consume food prepared by the 'People of the Book,' which includes Christians" + }, + { + "source": "Halal Food Authority, 2015", + "quote": "The Halal Food Authority (HFA), an internationally recognized orthodox Halal certifier based in the UK, accepts the pre-stunning method as long as it does not result in an animal's death prior to the ritual slaughter" + }, + { + "source": "Australian Federation of Islamic Councils, 2017", + "quote": "Similarly, the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils approve of certain methods of stunning in their Halal certification" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Adiyy, 1959", + "quote": "Muslims are urged to make things easy rather than difficult. Islam provides a principle called 'presumption of permissiveness,' which means everything is Halal unless proven Haram" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "non-Halal", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "HMC", + "Islamic", + "the Halal Monitoring Committee", + "non-Muslim", + "Al-Nahl 16:115", + "Islam", + "ISNA Canada", + "The MWL Journal", + "MWL Journal" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Ma'idah", + "Haram", + "Halal", + "Al-Baqarah", + "Al-Majma` Al-Fiqhi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(MWL Journal, 1981)", + "(ISNA Canada, 2015)", + "(HMC, 2020)", + "(1981)", + "(2015)", + "(2020)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran, Al-Ma'idah 5:5", + "quote": "The Quran does permit Muslims to consume the food prepared by the 'People of the Book'" + }, + { + "source": "MWL Journal, 1981", + "quote": "This rule has been traditionally interpreted within specific cultural and historical contexts, where 'People of the Book' adhered relatively closely to dietary laws akin to Halal." + }, + { + "source": "ISNA Canada, 2015", + "quote": "Permissibility remains contingent upon whether the animal dies before or after the Islamic slaughter. It's also crucially linked with the role of a conscious invocation of the name of God, which cannot happen if the animal is unconscious or dead before slaughter." + }, + { + "source": "HMC, 2020", + "quote": "The Halal Monitoring Committee UK strictly prohibits stunning due to the potential risk of death before slaughter." + }, + { + "source": "Quran, Al-Baqarah 2:173; Al-Nahl 16:115", + "quote": "The principle of 'presumption of permissiveness' and dietary concessions due to necessity emphasizes Islam's commitment to ease and practicality for its followers. However, this does not mean that careful consideration of what constitutes Haram and Halal is unimportant. It emphasizes that necessity, not convenience or habit, may temporarily permit otherwise non-Halal foods." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "Halal" + ], + "person": [ + "Javed Ghamidi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "presumption of permissiveness" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Interpretation of Islamic dietary laws" + }, + { + "source": "Teachings from Islamic Scholars and Practical Realities", + "quote": "Muslim life in non-Muslim countries" + }, + { + "source": "Islam's Teachings", + "quote": "Degree of flexibility under necessity and the principle of 'presumption of permissiveness'" + }, + { + "source": "Several recognized Halal Certifiers", + "quote": "Acceptance of pre-slaughter stunning" + }, + { + "source": "Javed Ghamidi", + "quote": "\u201cIf a Muslim is living in a non-Muslim society, he can eat the meat easily available\u201d" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Haram", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "HFA", + "Australian Federation of Islamic Councils", + "the Islamic Institute of Toronto", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Halal Food Authority", + "non-Muslim", + "AFIC", + "Islam", + "Halal", + "The Halal Food Authority", + "Allah is Forgiving and Merciful", + "the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils" + ], + "person": [ + "Javed Ghamidi", + "Al-Ma'idah", + "Haram", + "Surah al-Baqarah", + "Maktabah al-Thaqafah al-Diniyyah", + "Ghamidi", + "Al-Mawrid", + "Tartib al-Madarik", + "Halal", + "Tafsil al-Masalik li", + "Madhhab Malik", + "M.K.", + "Ahmad Kutty", + "Ibn Adiyy" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(1959)", + "He has only forbidden to you dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than Allah. But whoever is forced [by necessity], neither desiring [it] nor transgressing [its limit] - then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful.", + "(Halal Food Authority, 2015)", + "(2001)", + "(2003)", + "(Ibn Adiyy, 1959)", + "(2015)", + "(AFIC, 2017)", + "presumption of permissiveness", + "(Ghamidi, 2001)", + "(2017)", + "(Ahmad Kutty, 2003)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:173", + "quote": "He has only forbidden to you dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than Allah. But whoever is forced [by necessity], neither desiring [it] nor transgressing [its limit] - then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful." + }, + { + "source": "Ghamidi, 2001", + "quote": "\u201cIf a Muslim is living in a non-Muslim society, he can eat the meat easily available in his society keeping in view this directive of the Qur'\u0101n.\u201d" + }, + { + "source": "Ahmad Kutty, 2003", + "quote": "\u201cMuslims should not make life difficult for one another. Therefore, if we live in a predominantly Christian country it should be okay to eat their food\u201d" + }, + { + "source": "Quran Al-Ma'idah 5:5", + "quote": "the Islamic law allows Muslims to consume food prepared by the 'People of the Book,' which includes Christians" + }, + { + "source": "Halal Food Authority, 2015", + "quote": "The Halal Food Authority (HFA), an internationally recognized orthodox Halal certifier based in the UK, accepts the pre-stunning method as long as it does not result in an animal's death prior to the ritual slaughter" + }, + { + "source": "Australian Federation of Islamic Councils, 2017", + "quote": "Similarly, the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils approve of certain methods of stunning in their Halal certification" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Adiyy, 1959", + "quote": "Muslims are urged to make things easy rather than difficult. Islam provides a principle called 'presumption of permissiveness,' which means everything is Halal unless proven Haram" + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Interpretation of Islamic dietary laws" + }, + { + "source": "Teachings from Islamic Scholars and Practical Realities", + "quote": "Muslim life in non-Muslim countries" + }, + { + "source": "Islam's Teachings", + "quote": "Degree of flexibility under necessity and the principle of 'presumption of permissiveness'" + }, + { + "source": "Several recognized Halal Certifiers", + "quote": "Acceptance of pre-slaughter stunning" + }, + { + "source": "Javed Ghamidi", + "quote": "\u201cIf a Muslim is living in a non-Muslim society, he can eat the meat easily available\u201d" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "the Islamic Holy Book", + "Haram", + "non-Halal", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "non-Halal (Farm Animal Welfare Committee", + "Islamic", + "HMC", + "non-Muslim", + "the Halal Monitoring Committee", + "Islam", + "Al-Nahl 16:115", + "Halal", + "ISNA Canada", + "The MWL Journal", + "MWL Journal", + "Canadian Food Inspection Agency" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Ma'idah", + "Haram", + "Halal", + "Al-Baqarah", + "Al-Majma` Al-Fiqhi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 2010)", + "(2020)", + "(HMC, 2020)", + "(Farm Animal Welfare Committee, 2012)", + "(MWL Journal, 1981)", + "(1981)", + "(2015)", + "(ISNA Canada, 2015)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran, Al-Baqarah 2:168", + "quote": "Muslims are allowed to eat only Halal meat, which is from an animal slaughtered according to specific rites prescribed in Islamic law." + }, + { + "source": "Farm Animal Welfare Committee, 2012", + "quote": "The common industrial method of stunning before slaughter, which often involves introducing an electric current or bolt to the brain, or by gas stunning, is controversial among scholars and in some cases considered non-Halal." + }, + { + "source": "Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 2010", + "quote": "Meat products in many non-Muslim countries may also contain miscellaneous additions or be processed in ways which renders the final product non-Halal, even if the original meat source was Halal. They might contain Haram hidden ingredients like pork derivatives, alcohol, or come into contact with non-Halal substances during processing due to issues with cross-contamination." + }, + { + "source": "Quran, Al-Ma'idah 5:5", + "quote": "The Quran does permit Muslims to consume the food prepared by the 'People of the Book'" + }, + { + "source": "MWL Journal, 1981", + "quote": "This rule has been traditionally interpreted within specific cultural and historical contexts, where 'People of the Book' adhered relatively closely to dietary laws akin to Halal." + }, + { + "source": "ISNA Canada, 2015", + "quote": "Permissibility remains contingent upon whether the animal dies before or after the Islamic slaughter. It's also crucially linked with the role of a conscious invocation of the name of God, which cannot happen if the animal is unconscious or dead before slaughter." + }, + { + "source": "HMC, 2020", + "quote": "The Halal Monitoring Committee UK strictly prohibits stunning due to the potential risk of death before slaughter." + }, + { + "source": "Quran, Al-Baqarah 2:173; Al-Nahl 16:115", + "quote": "The principle of 'presumption of permissiveness' and dietary concessions due to necessity emphasizes Islam's commitment to ease and practicality for its followers. However, this does not mean that careful consideration of what constitutes Haram and Halal is unimportant. It emphasizes that necessity, not convenience or habit, may temporarily permit otherwise non-Halal foods." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "muslims_can_be_active_citizens_in_secular_countries_20240914_091918.json", + "model": "gemma2", + "topic": "Muslims can be active citizens in secular countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Muslims", + "Muslim" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Universal Declaration of Human Rights" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "secularism." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { "source": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 18", "quote": "Secularism does not imply hostility towards religion or the exclusion of religious individuals from public life. Rather, as enshrined in international declarations like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 18), it guarantees the separation of religious institutions from state power while ensuring freedom of belief and practice for all. This means Muslims, just like citizens of any other faith, have the right to participate fully in the political, social, and economic life of their secular country" } There are no indirect references or quotations in the text." + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Why Active Citizenship", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Bukhari" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Sharia" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And whoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed - then they are the disbelievers.", + "Islam will expand until it fills the whole earth.", + "Quran 5:44" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:44", + "quote": "And whoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed - then they are the disbelievers." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 52, Number 236", + "quote": "Islam will expand until it fills the whole earth." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "democratic", + "Islamic", + "International Institute of Islamic", + "Islam", + "The Muslim Public Affairs Council" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Sharia" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "irreconcilable divide", + "Quran 5:44" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:44", + "quote": "Interpretation/indirect reference about a verse addressing the issue of judging legal disputes based on God's revealed law within a society where Islam was already established." + }, + { + "source": "International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT)", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the organization's mission of promoting a progressive understanding of Islam that emphasizes social justice and human rights." + }, + { + "source": "The Muslim Public Affairs Council (MPAC)", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the organization's mission of interfaith advocacy and promoting understanding between Muslims and other communities in the US." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "messenger", + "Muhammad", + "Bukhari", + "Messenger" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Sharia" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "O you who believe! obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you.", + "Quran 5:44", + "Quran 5:44", + "Quran 4:59" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:44", + "quote": "The opposing side claims that Quran 5:44 only applies to disputes within an established Islamic society." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:59", + "quote": "O you who believe! obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari", + "quote": "The foundational goal of establishing a worldwide Islamic caliphate, as stated by the Prophet Muhammad himself." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Esteemed" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Esteemed" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "democratic", + "International Institute of Islamic", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "Islam", + "The Muslim Public Affairs Council" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Universal Declaration of Human Rights", + "Sharia" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "secularism.", + "irreconcilable divide", + "Quran 5:44" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { "source": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 18", "quote": "Secularism does not imply hostility towards religion or the exclusion of religious individuals from public life. Rather, as enshrined in international declarations like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 18), it guarantees the separation of religious institutions from state power while ensuring freedom of belief and practice for all. This means Muslims, just like citizens of any other faith, have the right to participate fully in the political, social, and economic life of their secular country" } There are no indirect references or quotations in the text.", + { + "source": "Quran 5:44", + "quote": "Interpretation/indirect reference about a verse addressing the issue of judging legal disputes based on God's revealed law within a society where Islam was already established." + }, + { + "source": "International Institute of Islamic Thought (IIIT)", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the organization's mission of promoting a progressive understanding of Islam that emphasizes social justice and human rights." + }, + { + "source": "The Muslim Public Affairs Council (MPAC)", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the organization's mission of interfaith advocacy and promoting understanding between Muslims and other communities in the US." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Why Active Citizenship", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "messenger", + "Bukhari", + "Messenger" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith", + "Sharia" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "O you who believe! obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you.", + "Islam will expand until it fills the whole earth.", + "Quran 4:59", + "And whoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed - then they are the disbelievers.", + "Quran 5:44" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:44", + "quote": "And whoever does not judge by what Allah has revealed - then they are the disbelievers." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 52, Number 236", + "quote": "Islam will expand until it fills the whole earth." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:44", + "quote": "The opposing side claims that Quran 5:44 only applies to disputes within an established Islamic society." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:59", + "quote": "O you who believe! obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari", + "quote": "The foundational goal of establishing a worldwide Islamic caliphate, as stated by the Prophet Muhammad himself." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_violence_towards_non_muslims_20240913_201826.json", + "model": "llama2", + "topic": "Islam promotes violence towards non Muslims", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Quran 4:128-129" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And if any evil touches you, he (Muhammad) is not the one to whom you may be unfairly biased. But if you refrain from (the wrong) actions and observe your duty to Allah, then if Satan touches you, there is no power except in Allah to protect you against him.", + "And do not kill yourselves (or one another). Verily, Allah is Most Merciful to you.", + "And if any of you are injured with a splinter from the fire, they should come to him and he will remove it. And shun those who turn away.", + "Quran 4:128", + "Quran 6:151", + "Quran 4:128", + "Quran 6:151", + "Quran 25:63" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:128-129", + "quote": "And if any evil touches you, he (Muhammad) is not the one to whom you may be unfairly biased. But if you refrain from (the wrong) actions and observe your duty to Allah, then if Satan touches you, there is no power except in Allah to protect you against him." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:151", + "quote": "And do not kill yourselves (or one another). Verily, Allah is Most Merciful to you." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 25:63", + "quote": "And if any of you are injured with a splinter from the fire, they should come to him and he will remove it. And shun those who turn away." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Quran", + "Quran 4:128-129", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Adam" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And do not kill yourselves nor kill one another", + "And certainly We have honored the children of Adam. And We have provided them with good things, and advanced them in (their) knowledge and mutual instruction. And We have varied (their) languages and colors. And among them are (men) who are righteous. But verily, the wicked will be in the fire of hell. They will be exposed to it (the fire) and they will be heated by it. But those will dwell in a paradise of delight. They will live therein for ever.", + "And do not kill yourselves nor kill one another. Indeed, Allah is to you a Protector.", + "Quran 4:128", + "Quran 4:29", + "Quran 4:128", + "Quran 4:29" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:128-129", + "quote": "The Quran emphasizes the importance of justice, compassion, and forgiveness in all aspects of life, including interactions with non-Muslims" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:29", + "quote": "And do not kill yourselves nor kill one another" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic", + "Quran 4:128-129" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 4:128", + "Quran 4:29", + "Quran 6:151" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:128-129", + "quote": "While it is true that these verses emphasize the importance of mutual respect and understanding between different cultures and belief systems, they do not condone violence or extremism." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:29", + "quote": "On the contrary, these verses promote peaceful coexistence and emphasize the importance of avoiding harm to oneself or others." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:151", + "quote": "The Quran explicitly states that taking innocent life is prohibited." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Allah", + "Quran 4:128-129", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Adam", + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And certainly We have honored the children of Adam", + "teach them how many species are there in the heavens and on earth", + "do not kill yourselves nor kill one another", + "Quran 4:128", + "Quran 4:29", + "Quran 6:151", + "Quran 4:128", + "Quran 4:128", + "Quran 4:129", + "Quran 4:128", + "Quran 4:29", + "Quran 4:29" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:128-129", + "quote": "These verses emphasize the importance of mutual respect and understanding between different cultures and belief systems, they do not condone violence or extremism." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:29", + "quote": "These verses promote peaceful coexistence and emphasize the importance of avoiding harm to oneself or others." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:151", + "quote": "The Quran explicitly states that taking innocent life is prohibited." + }, + { + "source": "Hadiths & Scholarly Consensus", + "quote": "This principle (prohibited taking of innocent life) is reiterated in numerous hadiths and scholarly consensus." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:128", + "quote": "And certainly We have honored the children of Adam, highlights the importance of treating all human beings with dignity and respect, regardless of their beliefs or background." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:129", + "quote": "Allah tells the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) to 'teach them how many species are there in the heavens and on earth', emphasizing the importance of scientific inquiry and knowledge-sharing between different cultures." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:29", + "quote": "do not kill yourselves nor kill one another." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslims", + "Quran 4:128-129", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And if any evil touches you, he (Muhammad) is not the one to whom you may be unfairly biased. But if you refrain from (the wrong) actions and observe your duty to Allah, then if Satan touches you, there is no power except in Allah to protect you against him.", + "Quran 4:128", + "Quran 25:63", + "Quran 4:29", + "Quran 6:151", + "And if any of you are injured with a splinter from the fire, they should come to him and he will remove it. And shun those who turn away.", + "And do not kill yourselves (or one another). Verily, Allah is Most Merciful to you." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:128-129", + "quote": "And if any evil touches you, he (Muhammad) is not the one to whom you may be unfairly biased. But if you refrain from (the wrong) actions and observe your duty to Allah, then if Satan touches you, there is no power except in Allah to protect you against him." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:151", + "quote": "And do not kill yourselves (or one another). Verily, Allah is Most Merciful to you." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 25:63", + "quote": "And if any of you are injured with a splinter from the fire, they should come to him and he will remove it. And shun those who turn away." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:128-129", + "quote": "While it is true that these verses emphasize the importance of mutual respect and understanding between different cultures and belief systems, they do not condone violence or extremism." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:29", + "quote": "On the contrary, these verses promote peaceful coexistence and emphasize the importance of avoiding harm to oneself or others." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:151", + "quote": "The Quran explicitly states that taking innocent life is prohibited." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Quran", + "Allah", + "Quran 4:128-129", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Adam", + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "teach them how many species are there in the heavens and on earth", + "Quran 4:128", + "do not kill yourselves nor kill one another", + "Quran 4:29", + "And do not kill yourselves nor kill one another", + "And certainly We have honored the children of Adam", + "Quran 6:151", + "Quran 4:129", + "And certainly We have honored the children of Adam. And We have provided them with good things, and advanced them in (their) knowledge and mutual instruction. And We have varied (their) languages and colors. And among them are (men) who are righteous. But verily, the wicked will be in the fire of hell. They will be exposed to it (the fire) and they will be heated by it. But those will dwell in a paradise of delight. They will live therein for ever.", + "And do not kill yourselves nor kill one another. Indeed, Allah is to you a Protector." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:128-129", + "quote": "The Quran emphasizes the importance of justice, compassion, and forgiveness in all aspects of life, including interactions with non-Muslims" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:29", + "quote": "And do not kill yourselves nor kill one another" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:128-129", + "quote": "These verses emphasize the importance of mutual respect and understanding between different cultures and belief systems, they do not condone violence or extremism." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:29", + "quote": "These verses promote peaceful coexistence and emphasize the importance of avoiding harm to oneself or others." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:151", + "quote": "The Quran explicitly states that taking innocent life is prohibited." + }, + { + "source": "Hadiths & Scholarly Consensus", + "quote": "This principle (prohibited taking of innocent life) is reiterated in numerous hadiths and scholarly consensus." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:128", + "quote": "And certainly We have honored the children of Adam, highlights the importance of treating all human beings with dignity and respect, regardless of their beliefs or background." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:129", + "quote": "Allah tells the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) to 'teach them how many species are there in the heavens and on earth', emphasizing the importance of scientific inquiry and knowledge-sharing between different cultures." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:29", + "quote": "In Quran 4:29, Allah tells the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) to 'do not kill yourselves nor kill one another', emphasizing the importance of avoiding harm to oneself or others." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_women's_rights_20240911_065052.json", + "model": "gpt-4", + "topic": "Islam promotes women's rights", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "person": [ + "Mahr", + "S. Ali", + "Al-Hujurat", + "Prophet", + "E. Aziz-Zadeh", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Aisha", + "Honorable Audience", + "Sunnan Ibn M\u0101jah" + ], + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "the Transformation of the Feminine", + "Islamic" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "A Woman with No Shadows: Gender Unbinding" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "1 (2014)", + "O mankind, We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes that you may know one another. Verily, the most honorable of you with Allah is that (believer) who has At-Taqwa [i.e. who is pious and righteous]", + "Seeking knowledge is a mandate for every Muslim (male and female).", + "A Woman with No Shadows: Gender Unbinding and the Transformation of the Feminine in Islam." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "O mankind, We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes that you may know one another. Verily, the most honorable of you with Allah is that (believer) who has At-Taqwa [i.e. who is pious and righteous]" + }, + { + "source": "Sunnan Ibn M\u0101jah 224", + "quote": "Seeking knowledge is a mandate for every Muslim (male and female)." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:229", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the Quranic verse allowing women the right to divorce" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the Quranic verse enshrining the right of women to choose whom they marry" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:4", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the Quranic verse ensuring that women are given a Mahr, a non-returnable mandatory gift as part of the marriage contract" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:32", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the Quranic verse declaring women's right to own and control their property without male guardianship" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:7", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the Quranic verse providing women with the right to inheritance" + }, + { + "source": "S. Ali, and E. Aziz-Zadeh. A Woman with No Shadows: Gender Unbinding and the Transformation of the Feminine in Islam. Hawwa 12, no. 1 (2014)", + "quote": "The role of Aisha (R.A.), the wife of the Prophet, as a significant contributor in Islamic jurisprudence, as a political leader, and as an army commander serving as a pioneer for women's rights in Islam." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Child Marriage Around The World", + "Carroll", + "Muslim", + "UNHCR", + "Islamic", + "the Politics of Space", + "Islam", + "The New Cambridge History", + "Custom and Statutory Social Reform", + "Cambridge University Press", + "Hallaq", + "UNICEF", + "SPCK Publishing" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Sharia" + ], + "person": [ + "Law", + "Hassan", + "Riffat", + "Wael B.", + "Lucy", + "Mona" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Hallaq, 2009)", + "(UNHCR, 2013)", + "(Hassan, 1999)", + "(UNICEF, 2018)", + "(2009)", + "(2016)", + "(2009)", + "(1999)", + "(2013)", + "(2018)", + "I divorce you" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Carroll, Lucy. (2009). Law, Custom and Statutory Social Reform, in Women in Modern India. The New Cambridge History of India.", + "quote": "In many countries where Islam is the predominant faith, we often witness a pervading interpretation of Islamic law or Sharia that systematically discriminates against women, notably by diminishing their rights to divorce and inheritance, and perpetuating harmful practices such as child marriage." + }, + { + "source": "Eltahawy, Mona. (2016). Headscarves and Hymens: Why the Middle East Needs a Sexual Revolution.", + "quote": "In many countries where Islam is the predominant faith, we often witness a pervading interpretation of Islamic law or Sharia that systematically discriminates against women, notably by diminishing their rights to divorce and inheritance, and perpetuating harmful practices such as child marriage." + }, + { + "source": "Hallaq, Wael B. (2009). An Introduction to Islamic Law. Cambridge University Press.", + "quote": "In Islamic law, men can divorce quite simply by saying, 'I divorce you' three times (khul'), while women must navigate a complicated legal process with various stipulations and limitations." + }, + { + "source": "UNHCR. (2013). The Islamic and International Law of Inheritance in Sudan.", + "quote": "Under Islamic inheritance laws, a daughter gets half the share of her brother." + }, + { + "source": "Hassan, Riffat. (1999). Feminist Theology: Muslim Women and the Politics of Space. In Feminist Theology: A Reader. SPCK Publishing.", + "quote": "The public sphere of life, such as work, politics and law-making are forcefully dominated by men, reducing women to the private sphere." + }, + { + "source": "UNICEF. (2018). Child Marriage Around The World. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/stories/child-marriage-around-world", + "quote": "Child marriage, which UNICEF records as being as high as 70% in some majority-Muslim countries, primarily because of interpretations that allow marriage upon a girl's first menstruation." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Teens", + "Muslim", + "DeLong-Bas", + "Respected Opponent", + "CEDAW", + "Society", + "Esteemed Judges", + "Social and Legal Studies", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Human Rights Review", + "ICRD", + "International Journal of Politics", + "Ahmed, L (", + "Women's Rights and" + ], + "person": [ + "Basarudin", + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "DeLong-Bas", + "Khadijah", + "Al-Bukhari", + "A.", + "Honorable Audience", + "the Prophet Mohammad's" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Basarudin, 2010)", + "(Bunting, 2005)", + "(Ahmed, 2012)", + "(2001)", + "(2010)", + "(2005)", + "L (2012)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "DeLong-Bas, N.J. (2001). Women's Rights and Islam: From the ICRD to the CEDAW. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 14 (3), p. 515-532.", + "quote": "Yet, women still retain the right to seek divorce (khula') under grounds including, but not limited to, mistreatment, incompatibility, and financial instability, safeguarding women's right to dissolve a marriage." + }, + { + "source": "Basarudin, A. (2010). Intersectionality and Human Rights: Engaging Islamic Feminism. Human Rights Review, 12(2), p. 217-235.", + "quote": "the man's responsibility, according to Islamic law, to financially provide for the females in his family, a burden not placed on women. The laws of inheritance therefore must be seen in the broader context of Islamic regulations on financial responsibilities, where gender roles are intricately interconnected." + }, + { + "source": "Bunting, A. (2005). Stages of Development: Marriage of Girls and Teens as an International Human Rights Issue. Social and Legal Studies, 14 (1), p. 17-38.", + "quote": "this cultural practice is prevalent in many societies, regardless of their religious beliefs." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Bukhari and Muslim. (n.d.). Prophetic Narrations. Various collections of Hadith.", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad mandated for the parties in a marriage to be mature and capable of making an independent decisions." + }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, L (2012), A quiet revolution: The veil's resurgence, from the Middle East to America.", + "quote": "For instance, the Prophet Mohammad's first wife, Khadijah, was a successful trader and one of the most powerful women in Arabia." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "person": [ + "Critical Inquiry", + "the Prophet Mohammed's", + "N\u00ed Aol\u00e1in", + "Chowdhury Elora", + "Khadijah", + "Z.", + "J.", + "Esteemed Audience", + "N. R." + ], + "organizations": [ + "Imperialism", + "Gender and Human Rights", + "Haynes", + "Respected Opponent", + "Muslim Women's Quest for Equality: Between Islamic Law and Feminism", + "Transnational Solidarity", + "Oxford University Press", + "Islamic", + "the Post-Conflict Process", + "Islam", + "University of Illinois Press" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Chowdhury Elora, 2020)", + "(Afary, 2019)", + "(2011)", + "(2006)", + "(2020)", + "(2019)", + "N\u00ed Aol\u00e1in et al." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "N\u00ed Aol\u00e1in, F., Haynes, D. F., & Cahn, N. R. (Eds.). (2011). On the Frontlines: Gender, War, and the Post-Conflict Process. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "Women, particularly in lower socio-economic classes, often lack access to the legal resources needed to navigate this process, resulting in an unequal system that ties them to unhappy or abusive marriages" + }, + { + "source": "Mir-Hosseini, Z. (2006). Muslim Women's Quest for Equality: Between Islamic Law and Feminism. Critical Inquiry, 32(4), 629-645.", + "quote": "Wouldn't women receiving an equal share and being expected to contribute, as men are, ultimately promote their independence and uphold their rights more substantially" + }, + { + "source": "Chowdhury Elora, H. (2020). Dissident Friendships: Feminism, Imperialism, and Transnational Solidarity. University of Illinois Press.", + "quote": "However, the fact that this practice is condoned and perpetuated by interpretations of Islamic law in many societies cannot be denied" + }, + { + "source": "Afary, J. (2019). Gender and Human Rights in Islam and International Law: Equal Before Allah, Unequal Before Man? Kluwer Law International.", + "quote": "Lastly, attributing the disenfranchisement of women in public life solely to patriarchal culture overlooks how in many regions it is justified through religious interpretations" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Respected Opponent", + "Esteemed Judges", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Honorable Audience", + "Prophet" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam," + ], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "egalitarian", + "Esteemed Judges", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Respected Audience", + "Honorable Opponent" + ], + "person": [ + "Khadijah", + "Sharia", + "the Prophet Mohammad's" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "person": [ + "Basarudin", + "Mahr", + "S. Ali", + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Muhammad", + "DeLong-Bas", + "Al-Hujurat", + "Prophet", + "E. Aziz-Zadeh", + "Khadijah", + "Al-Bukhari", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "A.", + "Aisha", + "Honorable Audience", + "Sunnan Ibn M\u0101jah", + "the Prophet Mohammad's" + ], + "organizations": [ + "Teens", + "Muslim", + "DeLong-Bas", + "Respected Opponent", + "CEDAW", + "the Transformation of the Feminine", + "Society", + "Esteemed Judges", + "Social and Legal Studies", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Human Rights Review", + "ICRD", + "International Journal of Politics", + "Ahmed, L (", + "Women's Rights and" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "A Woman with No Shadows: Gender Unbinding", + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Ahmed, 2012)", + "(2005)", + "(2010)", + "(2001)", + "(Basarudin, 2010)", + "A Woman with No Shadows: Gender Unbinding and the Transformation of the Feminine in Islam.", + "Islam,", + "O mankind, We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes that you may know one another. Verily, the most honorable of you with Allah is that (believer) who has At-Taqwa [i.e. who is pious and righteous]", + "Seeking knowledge is a mandate for every Muslim (male and female).", + "L (2012)", + "(Bunting, 2005)", + "1 (2014)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "O mankind, We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes that you may know one another. Verily, the most honorable of you with Allah is that (believer) who has At-Taqwa [i.e. who is pious and righteous]" + }, + { + "source": "Sunnan Ibn M\u0101jah 224", + "quote": "Seeking knowledge is a mandate for every Muslim (male and female)." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:229", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the Quranic verse allowing women the right to divorce" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the Quranic verse enshrining the right of women to choose whom they marry" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:4", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the Quranic verse ensuring that women are given a Mahr, a non-returnable mandatory gift as part of the marriage contract" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:32", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the Quranic verse declaring women's right to own and control their property without male guardianship" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:7", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the Quranic verse providing women with the right to inheritance" + }, + { + "source": "S. Ali, and E. Aziz-Zadeh. A Woman with No Shadows: Gender Unbinding and the Transformation of the Feminine in Islam. Hawwa 12, no. 1 (2014)", + "quote": "The role of Aisha (R.A.), the wife of the Prophet, as a significant contributor in Islamic jurisprudence, as a political leader, and as an army commander serving as a pioneer for women's rights in Islam." + }, + { + "source": "DeLong-Bas, N.J. (2001). Women's Rights and Islam: From the ICRD to the CEDAW. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 14 (3), p. 515-532.", + "quote": "Yet, women still retain the right to seek divorce (khula') under grounds including, but not limited to, mistreatment, incompatibility, and financial instability, safeguarding women's right to dissolve a marriage." + }, + { + "source": "Basarudin, A. (2010). Intersectionality and Human Rights: Engaging Islamic Feminism. Human Rights Review, 12(2), p. 217-235.", + "quote": "the man's responsibility, according to Islamic law, to financially provide for the females in his family, a burden not placed on women. The laws of inheritance therefore must be seen in the broader context of Islamic regulations on financial responsibilities, where gender roles are intricately interconnected." + }, + { + "source": "Bunting, A. (2005). Stages of Development: Marriage of Girls and Teens as an International Human Rights Issue. Social and Legal Studies, 14 (1), p. 17-38.", + "quote": "this cultural practice is prevalent in many societies, regardless of their religious beliefs." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Bukhari and Muslim. (n.d.). Prophetic Narrations. Various collections of Hadith.", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad mandated for the parties in a marriage to be mature and capable of making an independent decisions." + }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, L (2012), A quiet revolution: The veil's resurgence, from the Middle East to America.", + "quote": "For instance, the Prophet Mohammad's first wife, Khadijah, was a successful trader and one of the most powerful women in Arabia." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Imperialism", + "Carroll", + "Muslim", + "UNHCR", + "Esteemed Judges", + "The New Cambridge History", + "the Post-Conflict Process", + "University of Illinois Press", + "SPCK Publishing", + "Islamic", + "Respected Audience", + "Cambridge University Press", + "Custom and Statutory Social Reform", + "Gender and Human Rights", + "egalitarian", + "Muslim Women's Quest for Equality: Between Islamic Law and Feminism", + "the Politics of Space", + "Islam", + "UNICEF", + "Honorable Opponent", + "Child Marriage Around The World", + "Haynes", + "Respected Opponent", + "Transnational Solidarity", + "Oxford University Press", + "Hallaq" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Sharia" + ], + "person": [ + "Law", + "Hassan", + "Riffat", + "Critical Inquiry", + "Wael B.", + "the Prophet Mohammed's", + "N\u00ed Aol\u00e1in", + "Lucy", + "Chowdhury Elora", + "Khadijah", + "Sharia", + "Z.", + "J.", + "Esteemed Audience", + "Mona", + "N. R.", + "the Prophet Mohammad's" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "I divorce you", + "(1999)", + "(UNHCR, 2013)", + "(Hassan, 1999)", + "(2020)", + "(2018)", + "(2009)", + "(2016)", + "(UNICEF, 2018)", + "(2006)", + "(Afary, 2019)", + "N\u00ed Aol\u00e1in et al.", + "(Hallaq, 2009)", + "(2013)", + "(2011)", + "(2019)", + "(Chowdhury Elora, 2020)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Carroll, Lucy. (2009). Law, Custom and Statutory Social Reform, in Women in Modern India. The New Cambridge History of India.", + "quote": "In many countries where Islam is the predominant faith, we often witness a pervading interpretation of Islamic law or Sharia that systematically discriminates against women, notably by diminishing their rights to divorce and inheritance, and perpetuating harmful practices such as child marriage." + }, + { + "source": "Eltahawy, Mona. (2016). Headscarves and Hymens: Why the Middle East Needs a Sexual Revolution.", + "quote": "In many countries where Islam is the predominant faith, we often witness a pervading interpretation of Islamic law or Sharia that systematically discriminates against women, notably by diminishing their rights to divorce and inheritance, and perpetuating harmful practices such as child marriage." + }, + { + "source": "Hallaq, Wael B. (2009). An Introduction to Islamic Law. Cambridge University Press.", + "quote": "In Islamic law, men can divorce quite simply by saying, 'I divorce you' three times (khul'), while women must navigate a complicated legal process with various stipulations and limitations." + }, + { + "source": "UNHCR. (2013). The Islamic and International Law of Inheritance in Sudan.", + "quote": "Under Islamic inheritance laws, a daughter gets half the share of her brother." + }, + { + "source": "Hassan, Riffat. (1999). Feminist Theology: Muslim Women and the Politics of Space. In Feminist Theology: A Reader. SPCK Publishing.", + "quote": "The public sphere of life, such as work, politics and law-making are forcefully dominated by men, reducing women to the private sphere." + }, + { + "source": "UNICEF. (2018). Child Marriage Around The World. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/stories/child-marriage-around-world", + "quote": "Child marriage, which UNICEF records as being as high as 70% in some majority-Muslim countries, primarily because of interpretations that allow marriage upon a girl's first menstruation." + }, + { + "source": "N\u00ed Aol\u00e1in, F., Haynes, D. F., & Cahn, N. R. (Eds.). (2011). On the Frontlines: Gender, War, and the Post-Conflict Process. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "Women, particularly in lower socio-economic classes, often lack access to the legal resources needed to navigate this process, resulting in an unequal system that ties them to unhappy or abusive marriages" + }, + { + "source": "Mir-Hosseini, Z. (2006). Muslim Women's Quest for Equality: Between Islamic Law and Feminism. Critical Inquiry, 32(4), 629-645.", + "quote": "Wouldn't women receiving an equal share and being expected to contribute, as men are, ultimately promote their independence and uphold their rights more substantially" + }, + { + "source": "Chowdhury Elora, H. (2020). Dissident Friendships: Feminism, Imperialism, and Transnational Solidarity. University of Illinois Press.", + "quote": "However, the fact that this practice is condoned and perpetuated by interpretations of Islamic law in many societies cannot be denied" + }, + { + "source": "Afary, J. (2019). Gender and Human Rights in Islam and International Law: Equal Before Allah, Unequal Before Man? Kluwer Law International.", + "quote": "Lastly, attributing the disenfranchisement of women in public life solely to patriarchal culture overlooks how in many regions it is justified through religious interpretations" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "muslims_cannot_live_in_secular_countries_20240911_063636.json", + "model": "claude-3-sonnet-20240229", + "topic": "Muslims cannot live in secular countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": {}, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Islamic Democratic Discourse", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "University Press of America", + "Pew Research Center" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Opening Argument" + ], + "person": [ + "Muqtedar Khan", + "Ansari", + "Khan", + "Surah An-Nisa", + "I. A.", + "Islam Among", + "Messenger", + "Obey Allah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Ansari, 2020)", + "(Pew Research Center, 2017)", + "(Khan, 2003)", + "(2020)", + "Muqtedar (2003)", + "Pew Research Center (2017)", + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries,", + "O you who believe! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you", + "Quran 4:59", + "Quran 4:59" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:59", + "quote": "O you who believe! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you" + }, + { + "source": "Ansari, I. A. (2020). Islam Among Plural Traditions: The Diversity of Islam in Secular India. Routledge.", + "quote": "Muslims have lived for centuries in secular-pluralist states like India" + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center (2017). Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/", + "quote": "Currently, secular nations with large Muslim populations include the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, and many others" + }, + { + "source": "Khan, M. A. Muqtedar (2003). Muqtedar Khan on Islamic Democratic Discourse. University Press of America.", + "quote": "Rather than being antithetical to secularism, Islamic teachings emphasize religious pluralism and tolerance for non-Muslim communities" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries." + ], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Sachedina", + "The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism", + "Muslim", + "Peace Review", + "Muslims", + "Cesari", + "J. (2013)", + "Liberal Democracies", + "Macmillan", + "Islamic", + "Oxford University Press", + "non-Muslim", + "Journal of Islamic and" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Y.", + "Yildirim" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Sachedina, 2001)", + "(Yildirim, 2006)", + "(Hadi, 2016)", + "(Cesari, 2013)", + "(2013)", + "(2016)", + "(2001)", + "(2006)", + "adl", + "dhimmitude" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Sachedina, A. A. (2001). The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "The Islamic concept of 'adl' or justice mandates upholding rights and non-discrimination based on religious identity." + }, + { + "source": "Yildirim, Y. (2006). Peace and Conflict Resolution in the Medina Charter. Peace Review, 18(1), 109-117.", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad himself granted protections and religious freedoms to diverse faith communities in the Constitution of Medina." + }, + { + "source": "Hadi, S. M. (2016). Muslims in a Pluralistic Society: How Islamophobia Is Impacting Muslims' Integration in Europe. Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies, 1(1), 151-165.", + "quote": "Islamic jurisprudence has developed frameworks like 'dhimmitude' that allowed non-Muslim minorities to practice their faiths while living in Muslim-governed lands." + }, + { + "source": "Cesari, J. (2013). Why the West Fears Islam: An Exploration of Muslims in Liberal Democracies. Palgrave Macmillan.", + "quote": "From Malaysia to Western Europe, we see vibrant examples of Muslims maintaining religious identities while being legally and civically integrated citizens." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries", + "clash of civilizations" + ], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Muslims", + "non-Muslim", + "Muslim" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries." + ], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Sachedina", + "The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism", + "Muslim", + "Peace Review", + "Islamic Democratic Discourse", + "Muslims", + "Cesari", + "J. (2013)", + "Liberal Democracies", + "Macmillan", + "Islamic", + "Oxford University Press", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "Journal of Islamic and", + "University Press of America", + "Pew Research Center" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Opening Argument" + ], + "person": [ + "Muqtedar Khan", + "Muhammad", + "Ansari", + "Obey Allah", + "Y.", + "Khan", + "Surah An-Nisa", + "Yildirim", + "Islam Among", + "Messenger", + "I. A." + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries", + "(Pew Research Center, 2017)", + "(Hadi, 2016)", + "(Sachedina, 2001)", + "(Yildirim, 2006)", + "O you who believe! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you", + "(Ansari, 2020)", + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries,", + "dhimmitude", + "(2020)", + "Quran 4:59", + "adl", + "(2016)", + "Pew Research Center (2017)", + "(2001)", + "Muqtedar (2003)", + "(2006)", + "(Khan, 2003)", + "(2013)", + "clash of civilizations", + "(Cesari, 2013)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:59", + "quote": "O you who believe! Obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you" + }, + { + "source": "Ansari, I. A. (2020). Islam Among Plural Traditions: The Diversity of Islam in Secular India. Routledge.", + "quote": "Muslims have lived for centuries in secular-pluralist states like India" + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center (2017). Muslims and Islam: Key findings in the U.S. and around the world. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/08/09/muslims-and-islam-key-findings-in-the-u-s-and-around-the-world/", + "quote": "Currently, secular nations with large Muslim populations include the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, and many others" + }, + { + "source": "Khan, M. A. Muqtedar (2003). Muqtedar Khan on Islamic Democratic Discourse. University Press of America.", + "quote": "Rather than being antithetical to secularism, Islamic teachings emphasize religious pluralism and tolerance for non-Muslim communities" + }, + { + "source": "Sachedina, A. A. (2001). The Islamic Roots of Democratic Pluralism. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "The Islamic concept of 'adl' or justice mandates upholding rights and non-discrimination based on religious identity." + }, + { + "source": "Yildirim, Y. (2006). Peace and Conflict Resolution in the Medina Charter. Peace Review, 18(1), 109-117.", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad himself granted protections and religious freedoms to diverse faith communities in the Constitution of Medina." + }, + { + "source": "Hadi, S. M. (2016). Muslims in a Pluralistic Society: How Islamophobia Is Impacting Muslims' Integration in Europe. Journal of Islamic and Muslim Studies, 1(1), 151-165.", + "quote": "Islamic jurisprudence has developed frameworks like 'dhimmitude' that allowed non-Muslim minorities to practice their faiths while living in Muslim-governed lands." + }, + { + "source": "Cesari, J. (2013). Why the West Fears Islam: An Exploration of Muslims in Liberal Democracies. Palgrave Macmillan.", + "quote": "From Malaysia to Western Europe, we see vibrant examples of Muslims maintaining religious identities while being legally and civically integrated citizens." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_encourages_violence_towards_women_20240911_064630.json", + "model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620", + "topic": "Islam encourages violence towards women", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Allah", + "egalitarian", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Book of Wedlock, Marriage", + "Islam", + "Nikaah", + "Religion and Men's Violence Against Women" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Surah An-Nisa", + "Alwani", + "Al-Bukhari", + "Ed", + "Z.", + "Zainab Alwani", + "A. J. Johnson", + "Sahih Al-Bukhari" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Alwani, 2013)", + "(2013)", + "Islam encourages violence towards women", + "Live with them in kindness. For if you dislike them - perhaps you dislike a thing and Allah makes therein much good.", + "Treat women well and be kind to them for they are your partners and committed helpers", + "And for women are rights over men similar to those of men over women", + "Islam's primary sources (the Quran and Prophetic tradition) promote egalitarian ethics and gender equity, and oppose all forms of violence and oppression", + "Domestic Violence: Islamic Perspective." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "Live with them in kindness. For if you dislike them - perhaps you dislike a thing and Allah makes therein much good." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Bukhari", + "quote": "Treat women well and be kind to them for they are your partners and committed helpers" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:228", + "quote": "And for women are rights over men similar to those of men over women" + }, + { + "source": "Alwani, Z. (2013). Domestic Violence: Islamic Perspective. In A. J. Johnson (Ed.), Religion and Men's Violence Against Women (pp. 319-342). Springer.", + "quote": "Islam's primary sources (the Quran and Prophetic tradition) promote egalitarian ethics and gender equity, and oppose all forms of violence and oppression" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": {}, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "UN", + "Muslim", + "The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality", + "the Empowerment of Women", + "the World Bank's", + "Domestic Violence", + "Islam", + "UN Women", + "World Bank", + "the Journal of Religion and Health" + ], + "person": [ + "J. A.", + "Anderson", + "& Johnson", + "C. G.,", + "B. R.", + "Ellison" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Women, Business and the Law 2021" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(UN Women, 2015)", + "(World Bank, 2021)", + "(2015)", + "(2007)", + "(2021)", + "Ellison et al.", + "religious precepts and customary practices have been used to justify discrimination against women in many parts of the world,", + "religious leaders and faith-based organizations can be key agents in challenging gender inequalities and 'harmful' practices", + "higher levels of religious involvement were associated with lower levels of domestic violence", + "Women, Business and the Law 2021" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "UN Women. (2015). Religion and Gender Equality. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2015/1/religion-and-gender-equality", + "quote": "religious precepts and customary practices have been used to justify discrimination against women in many parts of the world, but also emphasize that religious leaders and faith-based organizations can be key agents in challenging gender inequalities and 'harmful' practices" + }, + { + "source": "UN Women. (2015). Religion and Gender Equality. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2015/1/religion-and-gender-equality", + "quote": "many religious leaders are working to promote gender equality and women's rights within their communities." + }, + { + "source": "Ellison, C. G., Trinitapoli, J. A., Anderson, K. L., & Johnson, B. R. (2007). Race/Ethnicity, Religious Involvement, and Domestic Violence. Violence Against Women, 13(11), 1094\u20131112.", + "quote": "higher levels of religious involvement were associated with lower levels of domestic violence" + }, + { + "source": "World Bank. (2021). Women, Business and the Law 2021. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35094", + "quote": "reforms in several Muslim-majority countries that have improved gender equality in areas such as workplace rights, pay, and legal protections" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": {}, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "UN", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam encourages violence towards women" + ], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Allah", + "UN", + "Muslim", + "egalitarian", + "Muslims", + "The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality", + "the Journal of Religion and Health", + "the Empowerment of Women", + "Islamic", + "the World Bank's", + "Book of Wedlock, Marriage", + "Islam", + "UN Women", + "World Bank", + "Domestic Violence", + "Nikaah", + "Religion and Men's Violence Against Women" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Surah An-Nisa", + "J. A.", + "Alwani", + "Anderson", + "Al-Bukhari", + "Ed", + "& Johnson", + "C. G.,", + "Z.", + "Zainab Alwani", + "A. J. Johnson", + "Sahih Al-Bukhari", + "B. R.", + "Ellison" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith", + "Women, Business and the Law 2021" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(UN Women, 2015)", + "(Alwani, 2013)", + "Domestic Violence: Islamic Perspective.", + "Islam's primary sources (the Quran and Prophetic tradition) promote egalitarian ethics and gender equity, and oppose all forms of violence and oppression", + "religious leaders and faith-based organizations can be key agents in challenging gender inequalities and 'harmful' practices", + "And for women are rights over men similar to those of men over women", + "Ellison et al.", + "Islam encourages violence towards women", + "(2007)", + "higher levels of religious involvement were associated with lower levels of domestic violence", + "Women, Business and the Law 2021", + "(2015)", + "(2021)", + "religious precepts and customary practices have been used to justify discrimination against women in many parts of the world,", + "(2013)", + "(World Bank, 2021)", + "Treat women well and be kind to them for they are your partners and committed helpers", + "Live with them in kindness. For if you dislike them - perhaps you dislike a thing and Allah makes therein much good." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "Live with them in kindness. For if you dislike them - perhaps you dislike a thing and Allah makes therein much good." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Bukhari", + "quote": "Treat women well and be kind to them for they are your partners and committed helpers" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:228", + "quote": "And for women are rights over men similar to those of men over women" + }, + { + "source": "Alwani, Z. (2013). Domestic Violence: Islamic Perspective. In A. J. Johnson (Ed.), Religion and Men's Violence Against Women (pp. 319-342). Springer.", + "quote": "Islam's primary sources (the Quran and Prophetic tradition) promote egalitarian ethics and gender equity, and oppose all forms of violence and oppression" + }, + { + "source": "UN Women. (2015). Religion and Gender Equality. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2015/1/religion-and-gender-equality", + "quote": "religious precepts and customary practices have been used to justify discrimination against women in many parts of the world, but also emphasize that religious leaders and faith-based organizations can be key agents in challenging gender inequalities and 'harmful' practices" + }, + { + "source": "UN Women. (2015). Religion and Gender Equality. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2015/1/religion-and-gender-equality", + "quote": "many religious leaders are working to promote gender equality and women's rights within their communities." + }, + { + "source": "Ellison, C. G., Trinitapoli, J. A., Anderson, K. L., & Johnson, B. R. (2007). Race/Ethnicity, Religious Involvement, and Domestic Violence. Violence Against Women, 13(11), 1094\u20131112.", + "quote": "higher levels of religious involvement were associated with lower levels of domestic violence" + }, + { + "source": "World Bank. (2021). Women, Business and the Law 2021. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35094", + "quote": "reforms in several Muslim-majority countries that have improved gender equality in areas such as workplace rights, pay, and legal protections" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_muslims_to_take_mortgages_with_interest_20240911_071630.json", + "model": "gpt-3.5-turbo", + "topic": "Islam permits Muslims to take mortgages with interest", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "the Islamic Fiqh Council of the Muslim World League", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "riba" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Tuhfat al-Mawdud bi Ahkam al-Mawlud" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "riba", + "Tuhfat al-Mawdud bi Ahkam al-Mawlud" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Islamic Fiqh Council of the Muslim World League Fatwa #92 (2/16), 9th session", + "quote": "Taking a mortgage with interest is permissible as long as it is necessary and there are no other viable alternatives available." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to Islamic teachings", + "quote": "Charging or paying interest is prohibited in Islam, this prohibition was primarily established to prevent exploitation and ensure fair and just economic practices." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to various Islamic scholars' opinions", + "quote": "In today's modern financial system, it is nearly impossible for individuals to purchase homes without some form of financing. Many scholars have concluded that taking a mortgage with interest is permissible in Islam as long as certain conditions are met." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Al-Baihaqi", + "Shariah", + "Ahmad" + ], + "organizations": [ + "Ijarah", + "Allah", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Those who devour usury will not stand except as stand one whom the devil has driven to madness by [his] touch. That is because they say, 'Trade is [just] like usury,' but Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden usury.", + "A dirham of usury that a man devours knowingly is worse before Allah than committing seventy adulteries." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "Those who devour usury will not stand except as stand one whom the devil has driven to madness by [his] touch. That is because they say, 'Trade is [just] like usury,' but Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden usury." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith narrated by Ahmad and Al-Baihaqi", + "quote": "A dirham of usury that a man devours knowingly is worse before Allah than committing seventy adulteries." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "the Fiqh Council of North America", + "Islam", + "the Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance" + ], + "person": [ + "Monzer Kahf" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Fiqh Council of North America Resolution on Islamic Financing (2002)", + "Mortgage Issues: A New Fatwa" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran (unspecified verse refers indirectly to the concept)", + "quote": "usury, or riba, is strictly prohibited in Islam" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic jurisprudence", + "quote": "concept of darurah, or necessity, in Islamic jurisprudence" + }, + { + "source": "Fiqh Council of North America Resolution on Islamic Financing (2002)", + "quote": "Fiqh Council of North America has stated that taking a conventional mortgage may be permissible for Muslims in countries where Islamic financing options are limited or unavailable" + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Monzer Kahf's article 'Mortgage Issues: A New Fatwa' in the Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance", + "quote": "One key point to consider is...Scholars have provided guidelines on how mortgages with interest can be structured to minimize harm and ensure that they do not violate Islamic principles." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Monzer Kahf's article 'Mortgage Issues: A New Fatwa' in the Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance", + "quote": "Islamic scholars have issued fatwas and opinions supporting the permissibility of mortgages with interest in specific cases." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Islam", + "Muslims", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "darurah", + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Ijarah", + "Al-Baihaqi", + "Musharakah", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Ahmad" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "Those who engage in usury will face severe consequences." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith narrated by Ahmad and Al-Baihaqi", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) emphasized the severity of consuming usury, equating it to committing major sins like adultery." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "darurah" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Ijarah", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Musharakah", + "Shariah" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "the absolute prohibition of usury" + }, + { + "source": "Prophet Muhammad", + "quote": "the severity of engaging in usury" + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "the Islamic Fiqh Council of the Muslim World League", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "the Fiqh Council of North America", + "Islam", + "the Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance", + "riba" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Tuhfat al-Mawdud bi Ahkam al-Mawlud" + ], + "person": [ + "darurah", + "Monzer Kahf" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Tuhfat al-Mawdud bi Ahkam al-Mawlud", + "Mortgage Issues: A New Fatwa", + "Fiqh Council of North America Resolution on Islamic Financing (2002)", + "riba" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Islamic Fiqh Council of the Muslim World League Fatwa #92 (2/16), 9th session", + "quote": "Taking a mortgage with interest is permissible as long as it is necessary and there are no other viable alternatives available." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to Islamic teachings", + "quote": "Charging or paying interest is prohibited in Islam, this prohibition was primarily established to prevent exploitation and ensure fair and just economic practices." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to various Islamic scholars' opinions", + "quote": "In today's modern financial system, it is nearly impossible for individuals to purchase homes without some form of financing. Many scholars have concluded that taking a mortgage with interest is permissible in Islam as long as certain conditions are met." + }, + { + "source": "Quran (unspecified verse refers indirectly to the concept)", + "quote": "usury, or riba, is strictly prohibited in Islam" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic jurisprudence", + "quote": "concept of darurah, or necessity, in Islamic jurisprudence" + }, + { + "source": "Fiqh Council of North America Resolution on Islamic Financing (2002)", + "quote": "Fiqh Council of North America has stated that taking a conventional mortgage may be permissible for Muslims in countries where Islamic financing options are limited or unavailable" + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Monzer Kahf's article 'Mortgage Issues: A New Fatwa' in the Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance", + "quote": "One key point to consider is...Scholars have provided guidelines on how mortgages with interest can be structured to minimize harm and ensure that they do not violate Islamic principles." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Monzer Kahf's article 'Mortgage Issues: A New Fatwa' in the Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance", + "quote": "Islamic scholars have issued fatwas and opinions supporting the permissibility of mortgages with interest in specific cases." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "person": [ + "darurah", + "Muhammad", + "Al-Baihaqi", + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Ijarah", + "Musharakah", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Ahmad", + "Shariah" + ], + "organizations": [ + "Ijarah", + "Allah", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "A dirham of usury that a man devours knowingly is worse before Allah than committing seventy adulteries.", + "Those who devour usury will not stand except as stand one whom the devil has driven to madness by [his] touch. That is because they say, 'Trade is [just] like usury,' but Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden usury." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "Those who devour usury will not stand except as stand one whom the devil has driven to madness by [his] touch. That is because they say, 'Trade is [just] like usury,' but Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden usury." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith narrated by Ahmad and Al-Baihaqi", + "quote": "A dirham of usury that a man devours knowingly is worse before Allah than committing seventy adulteries." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "Those who engage in usury will face severe consequences." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith narrated by Ahmad and Al-Baihaqi", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) emphasized the severity of consuming usury, equating it to committing major sins like adultery." + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "the absolute prohibition of usury" + }, + { + "source": "Prophet Muhammad", + "quote": "the severity of engaging in usury" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_homosexuality_20240913_183626.json", + "model": "llama2", + "topic": "Islam permits homosexuality", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Aware" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Adam", + "Quran 21:37-38" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know one another. Verily, the most honorable of you in the sight of Allah is the most pious of you. Verily, Allah is Knowing and Aware.", + "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: 'Allah created Adam in His own image. When He created him, He made him perfect in all respects, and then He Blessed him and granted him honor.", + "He created death and life, that he may test you, which of you is the best in deed. And He is the All-Mighty, the Exalted in Power.", + "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: 'Allah has created all things good, and He has only made them bad through the actions of people.", + "Quran 49:13", + "Quran 21:37" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know one another. Verily, the most honorable of you in the sight of Allah is the most pious of you. Verily, Allah is Knowing and Aware." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith 1.7.34", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: 'Allah created Adam in His own image. When He created him, He made him perfect in all respects, and then He Blessed him and granted him honor.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 21:37-38", + "quote": "He created death and life, that he may test you, which of you is the best in deed. And He is the All-Mighty, the Exalted in Power." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith 4.350", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: 'Allah has created all things good, and He has only made them bad through the actions of people.'" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Muhammad", + "Hadith", + "Bukhari" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Do not even think about (or engage in) sexual relations with each other if you are no longer fit to continue your marriage", + "The people who will be most miserable on the Day of Resurrection are those who are doomed to burn in the fire of Hell, and they are the gay people", + "Quran 2:230", + "Quran 2:230" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:230", + "quote": "Do not even think about (or engage in) sexual relations with each other if you are no longer fit to continue your marriage" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 54, Number 361", + "quote": "The people who will be most miserable on the Day of Resurrection are those who are doomed to burn in the fire of Hell, and they are the gay people" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Aware" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know one another. Verily, the most honorable of you in the sight of Allah is the most pious of you. Verily, Allah is Knowing and Aware", + "Allah has created all things good, and He has only made them bad through the actions of people", + "Quran 49:13", + "Quran 2:178" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know one another. Verily, the most honorable of you in the sight of Allah is the most pious of you. Verily, Allah is Knowing and Aware" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:178", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the Quranic verse on stoning, interpreted by some as a punishment for adultery and by others as a violation of human rights." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith 4.350", + "quote": "Allah has created all things good, and He has only made them bad through the actions of people" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Moroccan", + "Fatwa", + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Pakistani", + "al-Azhar", + "Journal of Islamic Studies", + "International Journal of Middle East Studies" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith", + "The Stoning of Aisha:" + ], + "person": [ + "Qaiser", + "Fatima Qaiser", + "Asma Lamrabet", + "F." + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2017)", + "(2012)", + "Quran 2:178" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:178", + "quote": "Indirect reference: the argument related to Quranic verse on stoning, interpreted by Dr. Fatima Qaiser as often misused for justifying discrimination against women and LGBTQ+ individuals." + }, + { + "source": "Qaiser, F. (2017). The Stoning of Aisha: A Study of the Juristic and Ethical Debate in Islam. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 49(3), 465-484.", + "quote": "Indirect reference: Dr. Fatima Qaiser's work and her argument against the common interpretation of Quranic passages related to stoning, discrimination and LGBTQ+ rights." + }, + { + "source": "Lamrabet, A. (2012). The Fatwa of al-Azhar on Homosexuality: An Analysis of the Juristic and Ethical Debate. Journal of Islamic Studies, 23(1), 51-76.", + "quote": "Indirect reference: Dr. Asma Lamrabet's argument on the changing interpretations of Islamic law on sexuality and gender, emphasizing the necessity of contemporary social and cultural contexts." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Quranic", + "Islam", + "Muslim" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Aware" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Adam", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Quran 21:37-38" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 49:13", + "O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know one another. Verily, the most honorable of you in the sight of Allah is the most pious of you. Verily, Allah is Knowing and Aware.", + "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: 'Allah has created all things good, and He has only made them bad through the actions of people.", + "Quran 2:178", + "He created death and life, that he may test you, which of you is the best in deed. And He is the All-Mighty, the Exalted in Power.", + "O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know one another. Verily, the most honorable of you in the sight of Allah is the most pious of you. Verily, Allah is Knowing and Aware", + "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: 'Allah created Adam in His own image. When He created him, He made him perfect in all respects, and then He Blessed him and granted him honor.", + "Allah has created all things good, and He has only made them bad through the actions of people", + "Quran 21:37" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know one another. Verily, the most honorable of you in the sight of Allah is the most pious of you. Verily, Allah is Knowing and Aware." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith 1.7.34", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: 'Allah created Adam in His own image. When He created him, He made him perfect in all respects, and then He Blessed him and granted him honor.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 21:37-38", + "quote": "He created death and life, that he may test you, which of you is the best in deed. And He is the All-Mighty, the Exalted in Power." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith 4.350", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) said: 'Allah has created all things good, and He has only made them bad through the actions of people.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "O mankind! We have created you from a male and a female, and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know one another. Verily, the most honorable of you in the sight of Allah is the most pious of you. Verily, Allah is Knowing and Aware" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:178", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the Quranic verse on stoning, interpreted by some as a punishment for adultery and by others as a violation of human rights." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith 4.350", + "quote": "Allah has created all things good, and He has only made them bad through the actions of people" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Moroccan", + "Fatwa", + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam", + "Pakistani", + "al-Azhar", + "Journal of Islamic Studies", + "International Journal of Middle East Studies" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Fatima Qaiser", + "Asma Lamrabet", + "Qaiser", + "Hadith", + "Bukhari", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "F." + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith", + "The Stoning of Aisha:" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Do not even think about (or engage in) sexual relations with each other if you are no longer fit to continue your marriage", + "Quran 2:178", + "The people who will be most miserable on the Day of Resurrection are those who are doomed to burn in the fire of Hell, and they are the gay people", + "Quran 2:230", + "(2017)", + "(2012)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:230", + "quote": "Do not even think about (or engage in) sexual relations with each other if you are no longer fit to continue your marriage" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 54, Number 361", + "quote": "The people who will be most miserable on the Day of Resurrection are those who are doomed to burn in the fire of Hell, and they are the gay people" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:178", + "quote": "Indirect reference: the argument related to Quranic verse on stoning, interpreted by Dr. Fatima Qaiser as often misused for justifying discrimination against women and LGBTQ+ individuals." + }, + { + "source": "Qaiser, F. (2017). The Stoning of Aisha: A Study of the Juristic and Ethical Debate in Islam. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 49(3), 465-484.", + "quote": "Indirect reference: Dr. Fatima Qaiser's work and her argument against the common interpretation of Quranic passages related to stoning, discrimination and LGBTQ+ rights." + }, + { + "source": "Lamrabet, A. (2012). The Fatwa of al-Azhar on Homosexuality: An Analysis of the Juristic and Ethical Debate. Journal of Islamic Studies, 23(1), 51-76.", + "quote": "Indirect reference: Dr. Asma Lamrabet's argument on the changing interpretations of Islamic law on sexuality and gender, emphasizing the necessity of contemporary social and cultural contexts." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_muslims_to_eat_any_beef_sold_in_christian_countries_20240911_072343.json", + "model": "gpt-3.5-turbo", + "topic": "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ], + "person": [ + "Ummah", + "Muhammad", + "Prophet" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The Earth has been made a mosque and a means of purification for me, so wherever a man of my Ummah may be when the prayer time comes, let him pray." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim", + "quote": "The Earth has been made a mosque and a means of purification for me, so wherever a man of my Ummah may be when the prayer time comes, let him pray." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "Allah (Surah Al-An'am" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah Al-An'am", + "Halal" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And do not kill the soul which Allah has forbidden, except by right." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 6:121", + "quote": "Muslims are prohibited from consuming the meat of animals that have not been slaughtered in the name of Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:151", + "quote": "And do not kill the soul which Allah has forbidden, except by right." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "Ummah", + "Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The Earth has been made a mosque and a means of purification for me, so wherever a man of my Ummah may be when the prayer time comes, let him pray," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran (indirect reference)", + "quote": "The general principle in Islam regarding permissible foods is that anything is allowed unless specifically prohibited." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim", + "quote": "The Earth has been made a mosque and a means of purification for me, so wherever a man of my Ummah may be when the prayer time comes, let him pray." + }, + { + "source": "Quran (indirect reference)", + "quote": "The key criteria for meat to be Halal is that it must be slaughtered by a Muslim who pronounces the name of Allah at the time of slaughter, and the blood must be drained from the meat." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah Al-An'am", + "Halal" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 6:121", + "quote": "Muslims are prohibited from consuming the meat of animals that have not been slaughtered in the name of Allah" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim (indirect reference)", + "quote": "references the hadith regarding the Earth being made a means of purification for the Prophet Muhammad" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Halal" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Muslims", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Halal" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "The Quran explicitly prohibits the consumption of meat that has not been slaughtered in the name of Allah" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to teachings of the Prophet Muhammad", + "quote": "Let us prioritize the well-being and spiritual growth that come from following the guidelines set forth in the Quran and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad" + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "Halal", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ], + "person": [ + "Ummah", + "Muhammad", + "Prophet" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The Earth has been made a mosque and a means of purification for me, so wherever a man of my Ummah may be when the prayer time comes, let him pray,", + "The Earth has been made a mosque and a means of purification for me, so wherever a man of my Ummah may be when the prayer time comes, let him pray." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim", + "quote": "The Earth has been made a mosque and a means of purification for me, so wherever a man of my Ummah may be when the prayer time comes, let him pray." + }, + { + "source": "Quran (indirect reference)", + "quote": "The general principle in Islam regarding permissible foods is that anything is allowed unless specifically prohibited." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim", + "quote": "The Earth has been made a mosque and a means of purification for me, so wherever a man of my Ummah may be when the prayer time comes, let him pray." + }, + { + "source": "Quran (indirect reference)", + "quote": "The key criteria for meat to be Halal is that it must be slaughtered by a Muslim who pronounces the name of Allah at the time of slaughter, and the blood must be drained from the meat." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "Allah (Surah Al-An'am", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah Al-An'am", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Halal" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And do not kill the soul which Allah has forbidden, except by right." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 6:121", + "quote": "Muslims are prohibited from consuming the meat of animals that have not been slaughtered in the name of Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:151", + "quote": "And do not kill the soul which Allah has forbidden, except by right." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:121", + "quote": "Muslims are prohibited from consuming the meat of animals that have not been slaughtered in the name of Allah" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim (indirect reference)", + "quote": "references the hadith regarding the Earth being made a means of purification for the Prophet Muhammad" + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "The Quran explicitly prohibits the consumption of meat that has not been slaughtered in the name of Allah" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to teachings of the Prophet Muhammad", + "quote": "Let us prioritize the well-being and spiritual growth that come from following the guidelines set forth in the Quran and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_muslims_to_eat_any_beef_sold_in_christian_countries_20240913_222245.json", + "model": "gemma2", + "topic": "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "Halal" + ], + "person": [ + "Dhabiha", + "Prophet Muhammad's", + "Halal" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Prohibited to you are: carrion...", + "And whatever you consume of the earth and graze from it is provision from Allah.", + "Quran 5:3", + "Quran 6:143" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:3", + "quote": "Prohibited to you are: carrion..." + }, + { + "source": "Prophetic tradition", + "quote": "The Prophet emphasized the importance of ethical slaughter (Dhabiha), ensuring animal well-being and minimizing suffering." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:143", + "quote": "And whatever you consume of the earth and graze from it is provision from Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic principle", + "quote": "Islam encourages Muslims to seek knowledge and understanding." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "Islam", + "SWT", + "Allah (SWT" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Beef", + "Sharia" + ], + "person": [ + "Zabiha" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Zabiha.", + "O you who believe! Eat from what We have provided for you, and be grateful to Me", + "Quran 5:3", + "Quran 2:173" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:3", + "quote": "Halal to you are [all] good things and the messenger's slaughter." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:173", + "quote": "O you who believe! Eat from what We have provided for you, and be grateful to Me" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "person": [ + "Zabiha", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Halal" + ], + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "SWT" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Say: 'O Allah! Lord of knowledge! Grant me knowledge which is beneficial.", + "Quran 5:3", + "Quran 4:8", + "Quran 2:173" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + {"source": "Quran 5:3", "quote": "The Quran specifically advocates for Zabiha, which refers to the Islamic method of animal slaughter. The specific verse is not quoted but the principles described in Quran 5:3 are indirectly referenced."},{"source": "Quran 4:8", "quote": "Say: 'O Allah! Lord of knowledge! Grant me knowledge which is beneficial."},{"source": "Quran 2:173", "quote": "While the specific verse is not quoted, it's principles are referenced indirectly, suggesting the importance of expressing gratitude to Allah (SWT) for sustenance and promoting responsible consumption."},{"source": "Ijtihad", "quote": "Islamic jurisprudence principles allow for Ijtihad, which denotes the process of scholarly reasoning and interpretation within the framework of Quranic principles. The specific source for Ijtihad is not mentioned but it is a well-known concept in Islamic jurisprudence."} + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Quran", + "Modern Food Supply Chains:*", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Blanket Prohibition:*", + "Islam", + "SWT" + ], + "person": [ + "Zabiha", + "Muhammad", + "Halal" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "\u2026and hasten to forgiveness from your Lord and make paradise as a goal for yourselves\u2026", + "Say: 'O Allah! Lord of knowledge! Grant me knowledge which is beneficial.", + "Quran 4:8", + "Quran 5:9" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:185", + "quote": "and hasten to forgiveness from your Lord and make paradise as a goal for yourselves" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:3", + "quote": "Halal to you are [all] good things and the messenger's slaughter" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:8", + "quote": "Say: 'O Allah! Lord of knowledge! Grant me knowledge which is beneficial.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:9", + "quote": "And they ask you (O Muhammad) concerning intoxicants and gambling. Say: 'In them is a great sin, and some benefit for people, but the sin therein is greater than their benefit.'" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "Islam", + "Ijtihad" + ], + "person": [ + "Zabiha", + "Halal" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "Islam", + "SWT" + ], + "person": [ + "Zabiha" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 5:3" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:3", + "quote": "The Quran clearly outlines permissible sustenance and meat slaughtered according to Zabiha by a Muslim invoking Allah's name" + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "Halal", + "Ijtihad", + "SWT" + ], + "person": [ + "Dhabiha", + "Prophet Muhammad's", + "Zabiha", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Halal" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 6:143", + "Say: 'O Allah! Lord of knowledge! Grant me knowledge which is beneficial.", + "Quran 2:173", + "And whatever you consume of the earth and graze from it is provision from Allah.", + "Prohibited to you are: carrion...", + "Quran 5:3", + "Quran 4:8" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:3", + "quote": "Prohibited to you are: carrion..." + }, + { + "source": "Prophetic tradition", + "quote": "The Prophet emphasized the importance of ethical slaughter (Dhabiha), ensuring animal well-being and minimizing suffering." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 6:143", + "quote": "And whatever you consume of the earth and graze from it is provision from Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic principle", + "quote": "Islam encourages Muslims to seek knowledge and understanding." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:3", + "quote": "The Quran specifically advocates for Zabiha, which refers to the Islamic method of animal slaughter. The specific verse is not quoted but the principles described in Quran 5:3 are indirectly referenced." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:8", + "quote": "Say: 'O Allah! Lord of knowledge! Grant me knowledge which is beneficial." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:173", + "quote": "While the specific verse is not quoted, it's principles are referenced indirectly, suggesting the importance of expressing gratitude to Allah (SWT) for sustenance and promoting responsible consumption." + }, + { + "source": "Ijtihad", + "quote": "Islamic jurisprudence principles allow for Ijtihad, which denotes the process of scholarly reasoning and interpretation within the framework of Quranic principles. The specific source for Ijtihad is not mentioned but it is a well-known concept in Islamic jurisprudence." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Quran", + "Modern Food Supply Chains:*", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Esteemed", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Blanket Prohibition:*", + "SWT", + "Allah (SWT" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Beef", + "Sharia" + ], + "person": [ + "Zabiha", + "Muhammad", + "Halal" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 4:8", + "O you who believe! Eat from what We have provided for you, and be grateful to Me", + "and hasten to forgiveness from your Lord and make paradise as a goal for yourselves", + "Zabiha.", + "Quran 5:9", + "Say: 'O Allah! Lord of knowledge! Grant me knowledge which is beneficial.", + "Quran 5:3", + "Quran 2:173" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:3", + "quote": "Halal to you are [all] good things and the messenger's slaughter." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:173", + "quote": "O you who believe! Eat from what We have provided for you, and be grateful to Me" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:185", + "quote": "and hasten to forgiveness from your Lord and make paradise as a goal for yourselves" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:3", + "quote": "Halal to you are [all] good things and the messenger's slaughter" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:8", + "quote": "Say: 'O Allah! Lord of knowledge! Grant me knowledge which is beneficial.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:9", + "quote": "And they ask you (O Muhammad) concerning intoxicants and gambling. Say: 'In them is a great sin, and some benefit for people, but the sin therein is greater than their benefit.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:3", + "quote": "The Quran clearly outlines permissible sustenance and meat slaughtered according to Zabiha by a Muslim invoking Allah's name" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_violence_towards_non_muslims_20240911_065705.json", + "model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620", + "topic": "Islam promotes violence towards non Muslims", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam's sacred texts contain numerous passages that can be interpreted as promoting violence against non-believers. The Quran includes verses like 'kill them wherever you find them' (2:191) and 'fight those who do not believe in Allah' (9:29). While many Muslims interpret these passages metaphorically or as specific to historical contexts, they have been used to justify violence by extremist groups. Some scholars argue that Islam's concept of jihad, which can mean both spiritual struggle and physical warfare, has contributed to religiously-motivated violence throughout history. The spread of Islam through military conquest in its early centuries set a precedent that some use to justify aggression today. Additionally, some Islamic legal schools prescribe harsh punishments for apostasy and blasphemy, which can promote intolerance and violence towards religious minorities and dissenters in some Muslim-majority countries. It's important to note that the vast majority of Muslims are peaceful and reject violence. However, the existence of scriptural passages and historical precedents that can be used to justify aggression remains a challenge within Islam that deserves critical examination." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:191", + "quote": "kill them wherever you find them" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "fight those who do not believe in Allah" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect", + "quote": "Islam's concept of jihad, which can mean both spiritual struggle and physical warfare, has contributed to religiously-motivated violence throughout history" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect", + "quote": "The spread of Islam through military conquest in its early centuries set a precedent that some use to justify aggression today" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect", + "quote": "some Islamic legal schools prescribe harsh punishments for apostasy and blasphemy, which can promote intolerance and violence towards religious minorities and dissenters in some Muslim-majority countries" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Little, Brown", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "J. L.", + "Surah Al-Ma'idah" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Ornament of the World: How Muslims" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2002)", + "(2015)", + "(2004)", + "There is no compulsion in religion" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "The Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah 2:256", + "quote": "There is no compulsion in religion" + }, + { + "source": "The Quran, Surah Al-Ma'idah 5:32", + "quote": "Taking an innocent life is equivalent to killing all of humanity, while saving a life is akin to saving all of humanity" + }, + { + "source": "Menocal, M. R. (2002). The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain. Little, Brown.", + "quote": "Islamic history is replete with examples of peaceful coexistence between Muslims and non-Muslims. During the Golden Age of Islam, for instance, Muslims, Christians, and Jews lived together harmoniously in many parts of the Islamic world, contributing to advancements in science, medicine, and philosophy" + }, + { + "source": "Esposito, J. L. (2015). Islam and Political Violence. Religions, 6(3), 1067-1081.", + "quote": "The actions of a small minority of extremists do not represent the beliefs of the vast majority of the world's 1.8 billion Muslims. These extremist interpretations are often rooted in political conflicts, socioeconomic factors, and cultural issues rather than religious teachings" + }, + { + "source": "The Amman Message. (2004). Retrieved from https://ammanmessage.com/", + "quote": "Numerous Muslim scholars and leaders have consistently condemned violence and terrorism. The Amman Message, signed by 200 Islamic scholars from over 50 countries, emphasizes the moderate nature of Islam and rejects extremism" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "ISIS", + "Pew Research", + "Muslim", + "Jews", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Fairleigh Dickinson University Press", + "Society", + "World", + "Islamic", + "Dhimmi", + "4] Wood", + "Islam", + "the Future of Tolerance", + "Harvard University Press", + "Pew Research Center" + ], + "person": [ + "B.", + "Maajid Nawaz", + "Sahih al-Bukhari 6922", + "Apostasy Laws: Many", + "G." + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "sharia" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(1985)", + "(2015)", + "(2013)", + "(2015)", + "Kill the polytheists wherever you find them", + "Golden Age", + "Whoever changes his religion, kill him", + "Quran 9:5" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "The Quran, Surah At-Tawbah 9:5", + "quote": "Kill the polytheists wherever you find them" + }, + { + "source": "Ye'or, B. (1985). The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.", + "quote": "The Golden Age of Islam mentioned by my opponent was indeed a period of relative tolerance. However, it's crucial to note that non-Muslims often lived as second-class citizens under the dhimmi system, paying a special tax (jizya) and facing various restrictions." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari 6922", + "quote": "Whoever changes his religion, kill him" + }, + { + "source": "Wood, G. (2015). What ISIS Really Wants. The Atlantic.", + "quote": "Groups like ISIS explicitly use Islamic texts to justify their actions." + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center. (2013). The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society.", + "quote": "A 2013 Pew Research study found significant support for sharia law in many Muslim-majority countries, including support for corporal punishment and death for apostasy." + }, + { + "source": "Nawaz, M. (2015). Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue. Harvard University Press.", + "quote": "Many Muslim reformers argue that Islam needs to address its violent elements." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "the Arab Peoples", + "Islamic Ethics and Liberation", + "Princeton University Press", + "Islamic", + "Harvard University Press", + "Christian", + "Pew", + "Extremists", + "El Fadl", + "Islam", + "Pew Research Center", + "Non-Muslims", + "Society", + "Gallup Press", + "Oxford University Press", + "World", + "Oneworld Publications", + "HarperOne", + "D." + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "J. A.", + "J. L.", + "Apostasy Laws", + "Islam", + "W. W. Norton & Company" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2015)", + "(2015)", + "(1991)", + "(2011)", + "(2007)", + "(2000)", + "(2007)", + "(2013)", + "(2009)", + "(2019)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Nasr, S. H. (2015). The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. HarperOne.", + "quote": "For instance, the verse cited (9:5) refers specifically to a historical conflict and is preceded by verses emphasizing peace treaties and protection for those seeking asylum" + }, + { + "source": "Brown, J. A. (2015). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications.", + "quote": "Islamic scholars emphasize the importance of holistic interpretation, not cherry-picking verses" + }, + { + "source": "Hourani, A. (1991). A History of the Arab Peoples. Harvard University Press.", + "quote": "The dhimmi system, while not perfect by modern standards, was remarkably progressive for its time. Non-Muslims enjoyed significant rights and protections, often faring better than minorities in contemporary Christian states" + }, + { + "source": "Akyol, M. (2011). Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty. W. W. Norton & Company.", + "quote": "The jizya tax was in lieu of military service and often lower than taxes paid by Muslims" + }, + { + "source": "El Fadl, K. A. (2007). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. HarperOne.", + "quote": "Many Islamic scholars argue that there is no worldly punishment for apostasy in the Quran" + }, + { + "source": "Hefner, R. W. (2000). Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia. Princeton University Press.", + "quote": "Countries like Indonesia, the world's largest Muslim-majority nation, have no such laws" + }, + { + "source": "Esposito, J. L., & Mogahed, D. (2007). Who Speaks for Islam?: What a Billion Muslims Really Think. Gallup Press.", + "quote": "While extremist groups misuse Islamic texts, their actions are universally condemned by mainstream Muslim scholars and organizations. The vast majority of Muslims reject such interpretations" + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center. (2013). The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society.", + "quote": "The Pew study also showed that support for extremist views is a minority position in most Muslim countries and is often correlated with political instability rather than religious devotion" + }, + { + "source": "Ramadan, T. (2009). Radical Reform: Islamic Ethics and Liberation. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "While some call for reformation, many scholars argue that the issue lies not with Islam itself, but with misinterpretations and cultural practices that have diverged from true Islamic teachings" + }, + { + "source": "United Nations Alliance of Civilizations. (2019). The Role of Religious Leaders in Promoting Peace.", + "quote": "The overwhelming majority of the world's 1.8 billion Muslims live peacefully and reject violence" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": {}, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Islamophobia", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "ISIS", + "Pew Research", + "Muslim", + "Jews", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Fairleigh Dickinson University Press", + "Society", + "World", + "Islamic", + "Dhimmi", + "4] Wood", + "Islam", + "Pew Research Center", + "Harvard University Press", + "the Future of Tolerance" + ], + "person": [ + "B.", + "Maajid Nawaz", + "Sahih al-Bukhari 6922", + "Apostasy Laws: Many", + "G." + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "sharia" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Kill the polytheists wherever you find them", + "Golden Age", + "(2015)", + "Quran 9:5", + "(2013)", + "Whoever changes his religion, kill him", + "(1985)", + "Islam's sacred texts contain numerous passages that can be interpreted as promoting violence against non-believers. The Quran includes verses like 'kill them wherever you find them' (2:191) and 'fight those who do not believe in Allah' (9:29). While many Muslims interpret these passages metaphorically or as specific to historical contexts, they have been used to justify violence by extremist groups. Some scholars argue that Islam's concept of jihad, which can mean both spiritual struggle and physical warfare, has contributed to religiously-motivated violence throughout history. The spread of Islam through military conquest in its early centuries set a precedent that some use to justify aggression today. Additionally, some Islamic legal schools prescribe harsh punishments for apostasy and blasphemy, which can promote intolerance and violence towards religious minorities and dissenters in some Muslim-majority countries. It's important to note that the vast majority of Muslims are peaceful and reject violence. However, the existence of scriptural passages and historical precedents that can be used to justify aggression remains a challenge within Islam that deserves critical examination." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:191", + "quote": "kill them wherever you find them" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "fight those who do not believe in Allah" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect", + "quote": "Islam's concept of jihad, which can mean both spiritual struggle and physical warfare, has contributed to religiously-motivated violence throughout history" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect", + "quote": "The spread of Islam through military conquest in its early centuries set a precedent that some use to justify aggression today" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect", + "quote": "some Islamic legal schools prescribe harsh punishments for apostasy and blasphemy, which can promote intolerance and violence towards religious minorities and dissenters in some Muslim-majority countries" + }, + { + "source": "The Quran, Surah At-Tawbah 9:5", + "quote": "Kill the polytheists wherever you find them" + }, + { + "source": "Ye'or, B. (1985). The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.", + "quote": "The Golden Age of Islam mentioned by my opponent was indeed a period of relative tolerance. However, it's crucial to note that non-Muslims often lived as second-class citizens under the dhimmi system, paying a special tax (jizya) and facing various restrictions." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari 6922", + "quote": "Whoever changes his religion, kill him" + }, + { + "source": "Wood, G. (2015). What ISIS Really Wants. The Atlantic.", + "quote": "Groups like ISIS explicitly use Islamic texts to justify their actions." + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center. (2013). The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society.", + "quote": "A 2013 Pew Research study found significant support for sharia law in many Muslim-majority countries, including support for corporal punishment and death for apostasy." + }, + { + "source": "Nawaz, M. (2015). Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue. Harvard University Press.", + "quote": "Many Muslim reformers argue that Islam needs to address its violent elements." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "the Arab Peoples", + "Islamic Ethics and Liberation", + "Princeton University Press", + "Islamic", + "Harvard University Press", + "Christian", + "Pew", + "Extremists", + "Jews", + "Islamophobia", + "El Fadl", + "Islam", + "Pew Research Center", + "Non-Muslims", + "Society", + "Gallup Press", + "Little, Brown", + "Oxford University Press", + "World", + "Oneworld Publications", + "HarperOne", + "Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance", + "D." + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "J. A.", + "J. L.", + "Apostasy Laws", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Islam", + "W. W. Norton & Company", + "Surah Al-Ma'idah" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Ornament of the World: How Muslims" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(1991)", + "There is no compulsion in religion", + "(2007)", + "(2009)", + "(2000)", + "(2002)", + "(2015)", + "(2004)", + "(2013)", + "(2011)", + "(2019)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "The Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah 2:256", + "quote": "There is no compulsion in religion" + }, + { + "source": "The Quran, Surah Al-Ma'idah 5:32", + "quote": "Taking an innocent life is equivalent to killing all of humanity, while saving a life is akin to saving all of humanity" + }, + { + "source": "Menocal, M. R. (2002). The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain. Little, Brown.", + "quote": "Islamic history is replete with examples of peaceful coexistence between Muslims and non-Muslims. During the Golden Age of Islam, for instance, Muslims, Christians, and Jews lived together harmoniously in many parts of the Islamic world, contributing to advancements in science, medicine, and philosophy" + }, + { + "source": "Esposito, J. L. (2015). Islam and Political Violence. Religions, 6(3), 1067-1081.", + "quote": "The actions of a small minority of extremists do not represent the beliefs of the vast majority of the world's 1.8 billion Muslims. These extremist interpretations are often rooted in political conflicts, socioeconomic factors, and cultural issues rather than religious teachings" + }, + { + "source": "The Amman Message. (2004). Retrieved from https://ammanmessage.com/", + "quote": "Numerous Muslim scholars and leaders have consistently condemned violence and terrorism. The Amman Message, signed by 200 Islamic scholars from over 50 countries, emphasizes the moderate nature of Islam and rejects extremism" + }, + { + "source": "Nasr, S. H. (2015). The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary. HarperOne.", + "quote": "For instance, the verse cited (9:5) refers specifically to a historical conflict and is preceded by verses emphasizing peace treaties and protection for those seeking asylum" + }, + { + "source": "Brown, J. A. (2015). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications.", + "quote": "Islamic scholars emphasize the importance of holistic interpretation, not cherry-picking verses" + }, + { + "source": "Hourani, A. (1991). A History of the Arab Peoples. Harvard University Press.", + "quote": "The dhimmi system, while not perfect by modern standards, was remarkably progressive for its time. Non-Muslims enjoyed significant rights and protections, often faring better than minorities in contemporary Christian states" + }, + { + "source": "Akyol, M. (2011). Islam without Extremes: A Muslim Case for Liberty. W. W. Norton & Company.", + "quote": "The jizya tax was in lieu of military service and often lower than taxes paid by Muslims" + }, + { + "source": "El Fadl, K. A. (2007). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. HarperOne.", + "quote": "Many Islamic scholars argue that there is no worldly punishment for apostasy in the Quran" + }, + { + "source": "Hefner, R. W. (2000). Civil Islam: Muslims and Democratization in Indonesia. Princeton University Press.", + "quote": "Countries like Indonesia, the world's largest Muslim-majority nation, have no such laws" + }, + { + "source": "Esposito, J. L., & Mogahed, D. (2007). Who Speaks for Islam?: What a Billion Muslims Really Think. Gallup Press.", + "quote": "While extremist groups misuse Islamic texts, their actions are universally condemned by mainstream Muslim scholars and organizations. The vast majority of Muslims reject such interpretations" + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center. (2013). The World's Muslims: Religion, Politics and Society.", + "quote": "The Pew study also showed that support for extremist views is a minority position in most Muslim countries and is often correlated with political instability rather than religious devotion" + }, + { + "source": "Ramadan, T. (2009). Radical Reform: Islamic Ethics and Liberation. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "While some call for reformation, many scholars argue that the issue lies not with Islam itself, but with misinterpretations and cultural practices that have diverged from true Islamic teachings" + }, + { + "source": "United Nations Alliance of Civilizations. (2019). The Role of Religious Leaders in Promoting Peace.", + "quote": "The overwhelming majority of the world's 1.8 billion Muslims live peacefully and reject violence" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_encourages_violence_towards_women_20240911_064555.json", + "model": "gpt-4", + "topic": "Islam encourages violence towards women", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Palestinian", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Shalhoub-Kevorkian", + "Surah An-Nisa", + "Hadith", + "Mahmudul Hasan", + "Prophet Muhammad - citing", + "Al-Baqarah", + "Aisha" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Marital Discord - Recapturing the Full Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2016)", + "(2010)", + "Marital Discord - Recapturing the Full Islamic Spirit\u201d (2016): 265\u2013292. - Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, ", + "Critical Thinkers for Islamic Reform", + "Hadith - sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad - citing him marrying Aisha at a young age. While these instances are disturbing" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Under certain interpretations, some Islamic societies permit men to physically chastise their wives." + }, + { + "source": "Mahmudul Hasan, 'Marital Discord - Recapturing the Full Islamic Spirit' (2016): 265\u2013292.", + "quote": "Under certain interpretations, some Islamic societies permit men to physically chastise their wives.." + }, + { + "source": "Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, 'Not an 'Honor killing': Re-imagining crimes against women/'self' in Palestinian society', 2001: 285\u2013310.", + "quote": "Horrifying customs like 'honor killings' are prevalent in some predominantly Islamic societies, often justified on religious grounds, although many scholars believe they originate more from cultural traditions than religious texts." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:282", + "quote": "In some Islamic jurisdictions, a woman's testimony in court is worth only half that of a man's, as entailed in surah Al-Baqarah of the Quran." + }, + { + "source": "Laleh Bakhtiar, 'Critical Thinkers for Islamic Reform' (2010): 31-33.", + "quote": "This oft-misinterpreted rule, which originally pertained primarily to financial matters, is applied to criminal acts in a few countries, consequently marginalizing women's voices in cases involving violence against them." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "Alarmingly, some interpretations of Islam seemingly validate forced marriages. This is based on certain Hadith - sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad - citing him marrying Aisha at a young age." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "UN", + "Surah An-Nisa", + "Islamic", + "United Nations", + "Islam", + "the Sahih Bukhari Hadiths", + "Book of Nikah" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Citations - Surah An-Nisaa", + "E. et al.", + "Quran -", + "Quantitative Findings" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "et al.", + "O you who believe! It is not lawful for you to inherit women against their will, and do not make it difficult for them to get married or treat them harshly in order to take part of what you have given them, unless they are guilty of a shameful conduct. Live with them in kindness and if you dislike them, it may be that you dislike something in which Allah has placed much good.", + "The best of you is he who is best to his wife, and I am the best of you to my wives." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "O you who believe! It is not lawful for you to inherit women against their will, and do not make it difficult for them to get married or treat them harshly in order to take part of what you have given them, unless they are guilty of a shameful conduct. Live with them in kindness and if you dislike them, it may be that you dislike something in which Allah has placed much good." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith 3896, Sahih al-Bukhari", + "quote": "The best of you is he who is best to his wife, and I am the best of you to my wives." + }, + { + "source": "Fulu, E. et al., Why do some men use violence against women and how can we prevent it? Quantitative findings from the United Nations multi-country study on men and gender equality, 2013", + "quote": "Evidence shows that violence against women is not confined to one religion or geographic region. It is a worldwide issue deeply rooted in gender inequality, traditional norms, and lack of education." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "UN", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam", + "Book of Nikah" + ], + "person": [ + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Surah An-Nisa", + "Ammar", + "al-Bukhari", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Hisham" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Spousal Violence" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Ammar, 2012)", + "(2012)", + "tap", + "discipline", + "beat," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Interpretation and misuse of the verse regarding the discipline or chastisement of women as justification for domestic violence" + }, + { + "source": "Ammar, 2012", + "quote": "The example of verse 34 from Surah An-Nisa being misused to justify domestic violence" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "The Quran instructs not to inherit women against their will. The issue lies in how this verse is perceived and applied to forced marriages, especially concerning underage girls." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari, 3894", + "quote": "The focus is skewed towards the reported age of Aisha during her marriage to Prophet Muhammad, claimed by the Hadith, and youth marriages are validated by sectors of society" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "person": [ + "Surah An-Nisa", + "Afsaruddin" + ], + "organizations": [ + "UN", + "Oxford University Press", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Arabic", + "Martyrdom in Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Afsaruddin, 2017)", + "(2017)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Regarding the verse from Surah An-Nisa (4:34), as cited by my opponent, it should be noted that the Arabic word 'daraba' used in this verse, often misinterpreted as 'beat', carries several meanings, including 'to leave' or 'part from'. Notably, a contextual reading of this verse would find that it advises estrangement in the case of severe marital discord, not physical punishment." + }, + { + "source": "Afsaruddin, A. (2017). Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "Regarding the verse from Surah An-Nisa (4:34), as cited by my opponent, it should be noted that the Arabic word 'daraba' used in this verse, often misinterpreted as 'beat', carries several meanings, including 'to leave' or 'part from'. Notably, a contextual reading of this verse would find that it advises estrangement in the case of severe marital discord, not physical punishment." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to a passage about Aisha's age at marriage", + "quote": "Similarly, the reference to the marriage of Aisha at a young age must be acknowledged within its historical context. In that era, such practices were common across various religions and societies due to different societal norms and life expectancies. Using this practice from over a millennium ago to validate child marriages today completely disregards the evolution of human rights and societal norms over centuries." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to a UN report on the status of women in Islamic societies", + "quote": "As for the mentioned UN report, I concur that women in some Islamic societies can be disadvantaged due to religious misinterpretations and cultural factors. But it is important to remember that Islam is a diverse religion practiced in varied socio-cultural contexts, and the situation may vary from one society to another." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "UN", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam", + "Palestinian", + "Book of Nikah" + ], + "person": [ + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Shalhoub-Kevorkian", + "Surah An-Nisa", + "Hadith", + "Ammar", + "al-Bukhari", + "Mahmudul Hasan", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Prophet Muhammad - citing", + "Al-Baqarah", + "Aisha", + "Hisham" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Spousal Violence", + "Marital Discord - Recapturing the Full Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "tap", + "(2010)", + "discipline", + "(Ammar, 2012)", + "(2016)", + "Critical Thinkers for Islamic Reform", + "Marital Discord - Recapturing the Full Islamic Spirit\u201d (2016): 265\u2013292. - Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, ", + "Hadith - sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad - citing him marrying Aisha at a young age. While these instances are disturbing", + "beat,", + "(2012)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Under certain interpretations, some Islamic societies permit men to physically chastise their wives. This is often validated by verse 34 in Surah An-Nisa of the Quran, which many scholars interpret as giving men the right to 'discipline' or 'tap' a woman." + }, + { + "source": "Mahmudul Hasan, 'Marital Discord - Recapturing the Full Islamic Spirit' (2016): 265\u2013292.", + "quote": "Under certain interpretations, some Islamic societies permit men to physically chastise their wives. This is often validated by verse 34 in Surah An-Nisa of the Quran, which many scholars interpret as giving men the right to 'discipline' or 'tap' a woman." + }, + { + "source": "Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, 'Not an 'Honor killing': Re-imagining crimes against women/'self' in Palestinian society', 2001: 285\u2013310.", + "quote": "Horrifying customs like 'honor killings' are prevalent in some predominantly Islamic societies, often justified on religious grounds, although many scholars believe they originate more from cultural traditions than religious texts." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:282", + "quote": "In some Islamic jurisdictions, a woman's testimony in court is worth only half that of a man's, as entailed in surah Al-Baqarah of the Quran." + }, + { + "source": "Laleh Bakhtiar, 'Critical Thinkers for Islamic Reform' (2010): 31-33.", + "quote": "This oft-misinterpreted rule, which originally pertained primarily to financial matters, is applied to criminal acts in a few countries, consequently marginalizing women's voices in cases involving violence against them." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "Alarmingly, some interpretations of Islam seemingly validate forced marriages. This is based on certain Hadith - sayings and actions of Prophet Muhammad - citing him marrying Aisha at a young age." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Interpretation and misuse of the verse regarding the discipline or chastisement of women as justification for domestic violence" + }, + { + "source": "Ammar, 2012", + "quote": "The example of verse 34 from Surah An-Nisa being misused to justify domestic violence" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "The Quran instructs not to inherit women against their will. The issue lies in how this verse is perceived and applied to forced marriages, especially concerning underage girls." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari, 3894", + "quote": "The focus is skewed towards the reported age of Aisha during her marriage to Prophet Muhammad, claimed by the Hadith, and youth marriages are validated by sectors of society" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "UN", + "Surah An-Nisa", + "Oxford University Press", + "Islamic", + "United Nations", + "Islam", + "Arabic", + "the Sahih Bukhari Hadiths", + "Book of Nikah", + "Martyrdom in Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Citations - Surah An-Nisaa", + "Surah An-Nisa", + "E. et al.", + "Quran -", + "Afsaruddin", + "Quantitative Findings" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Afsaruddin, 2017)", + "The best of you is he who is best to his wife, and I am the best of you to my wives.", + "(2017)", + "et al.", + "O you who believe! It is not lawful for you to inherit women against their will, and do not make it difficult for them to get married or treat them harshly in order to take part of what you have given them, unless they are guilty of a shameful conduct. Live with them in kindness and if you dislike them, it may be that you dislike something in which Allah has placed much good." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "O you who believe! It is not lawful for you to inherit women against their will, and do not make it difficult for them to get married or treat them harshly in order to take part of what you have given them, unless they are guilty of a shameful conduct. Live with them in kindness and if you dislike them, it may be that you dislike something in which Allah has placed much good." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith 3896, Sahih al-Bukhari", + "quote": "The best of you is he who is best to his wife, and I am the best of you to my wives." + }, + { + "source": "Fulu, E. et al., Why do some men use violence against women and how can we prevent it? Quantitative findings from the United Nations multi-country study on men and gender equality, 2013", + "quote": "Evidence shows that violence against women is not confined to one religion or geographic region. It is a worldwide issue deeply rooted in gender inequality, traditional norms, and lack of education." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Regarding the verse from Surah An-Nisa (4:34), as cited by my opponent, it should be noted that the Arabic word 'daraba' used in this verse, often misinterpreted as 'beat', carries several meanings, including 'to leave' or 'part from'. Notably, a contextual reading of this verse would find that it advises estrangement in the case of severe marital discord, not physical punishment." + }, + { + "source": "Afsaruddin, A. (2017). Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "Regarding the verse from Surah An-Nisa (4:34), as cited by my opponent, it should be noted that the Arabic word 'daraba' used in this verse, often misinterpreted as 'beat', carries several meanings, including 'to leave' or 'part from'. Notably, a contextual reading of this verse would find that it advises estrangement in the case of severe marital discord, not physical punishment." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to a passage about Aisha's age at marriage", + "quote": "Similarly, the reference to the marriage of Aisha at a young age must be acknowledged within its historical context. In that era, such practices were common across various religions and societies due to different societal norms and life expectancies. Using this practice from over a millennium ago to validate child marriages today completely disregards the evolution of human rights and societal norms over centuries." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to a UN report on the status of women in Islamic societies", + "quote": "As for the mentioned UN report, I concur that women in some Islamic societies can be disadvantaged due to religious misinterpretations and cultural factors. But it is important to remember that Islam is a diverse religion practiced in varied socio-cultural contexts, and the situation may vary from one society to another." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_women's_rights_20240911_064703.json", + "model": "gpt-3.5-turbo", + "topic": "Islam promotes women's rights", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Quran 2:228 - ", + "Muhammad", + "Quran 4:1 -" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The best among you are those who are the best to their wives.", + "O mankind, fear your Lord, who created you from one soul and created from it its mate", + "And due to the wives is similar to what is expected of them, according to what is reasonable.", + "Do you commit of deceit and make the life of your women miserable?", + "Quran 4:1", + "Quran 2:228" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:1", + "quote": "O mankind, fear your Lord, who created you from one soul and created from it its mate" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:228", + "quote": "And due to the wives is similar to what is expected of them, according to what is reasonable." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim - Book 8, Hadith 3468", + "quote": "Do you commit of deceit and make the life of your women miserable?" + }, + { + "source": "Islam teachings", + "quote": "Islam promotes women's rights by emphasizing equality, providing legal protections, and advocating for the fair and just treatment of women." + }, + { + "source": "Prophet Muhammad's saying", + "quote": "The best among you are those who are the best to their wives." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Princeton University Press", + "Islamic" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "New Left Review" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2011)", + "(1999)", + "Women and the Remaking of Islamic Authority.", + "Feminism and Islamic Fundamentalism: The Limits of Postmodern Analysis." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Deeb, L. (2011). Women and the Remaking of Islamic Authority. Princeton University Press.", + "quote": "The indirect reference to this source suggests a discussion about the challenges women face in asserting their rights in Islamic societies. The specific content referred to was not directly quoted in the text." + }, + { + "source": "Moghissi, H. (1999). Feminism and Islamic Fundamentalism: The Limits of Postmodern Analysis. New Left Review.", + "quote": "The indirect reference to this source suggests a discussion on the limitations of feminist analysis in the context of Islamic societies. The specific content referred to was not directly quoted in the text." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Tunisia", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "egalitarian", + "Muslim", + "American Anthropologist", + "Islamic", + "Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others", + "Islam", + "Yale University Press" + ], + "person": [ + "Lila", + "Abu-Lughod", + "Leila" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Ahmed, Leila. \u201cWomen and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate.\u201d Yale University Press, 1992.", + "quote": "patriarchal interpretations of Islamic teachings continue to perpetuate discriminatory practices against women in many societies... This perpetuates systemic gender inequality and undermines women's ability to fully exercise their rights as equal members of society." + }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, Leila. \u201cWomen and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate.\u201d Yale University Press, 1992.", + "quote": "the existence of harmful practices such as child marriage, female genital mutilation, and honor killings in some Islamic societies cannot be dismissed as mere misinterpretations or cultural norms... These practices are often justified through selective readings of Islamic texts and traditions" + }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, Leila. \u201cWomen and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate.\u201d Yale University Press, 1992.", + "quote": "it is encouraging to see progress being made in some Muslim-majority countries towards improving women's rights... many women continue to face discrimination and barriers to their full participation in society" + }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, Leila. \u201cWomen and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate.\u201d Yale University Press, 1992.", + "quote": "Islam may contain teachings that promote women's rights, the lived experiences of women in many Muslim-majority countries reveal a stark reality of systemic discrimination and oppression" + }, + { + "source": "Abu-Lughod, Lila. \u201cDo Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others.\u201d American Anthropologist, vol. 104, no. 3, 2002, pp. 783\u2013790.", + "quote": "It is imperative to address the root causes of gender inequality within Islamic societies and work towards dismantling the patriarchal structures that perpetuate the marginalization of women" + }, + { + "source": "Abu-Lughod, Lila. \u201cDo Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others.\u201d American Anthropologist, vol. 104, no. 3, 2002, pp. 783\u2013790.", + "quote": "By acknowledging these challenges and advocating for a more inclusive and equitable interpretation of Islamic teachings, we can work towards achieving genuine gender equality and empowering women to fully exercise their rights and freedoms" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Muslim" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam", + "Tunisia" + ], + "person": [ + "Quran 2:228 - ", + "Muhammad", + "Quran 4:1 -" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And due to the wives is similar to what is expected of them, according to what is reasonable.", + "Quran 2:228", + "Do you commit of deceit and make the life of your women miserable?", + "O mankind, fear your Lord, who created you from one soul and created from it its mate", + "Quran 4:1", + "The best among you are those who are the best to their wives." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:1", + "quote": "O mankind, fear your Lord, who created you from one soul and created from it its mate" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:228", + "quote": "And due to the wives is similar to what is expected of them, according to what is reasonable." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim - Book 8, Hadith 3468", + "quote": "Do you commit of deceit and make the life of your women miserable?" + }, + { + "source": "Islam teachings", + "quote": "Islam promotes women's rights by emphasizing equality, providing legal protections, and advocating for the fair and just treatment of women." + }, + { + "source": "Prophet Muhammad's saying", + "quote": "The best among you are those who are the best to their wives." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "egalitarian", + "Muslim", + "American Anthropologist", + "Islamic", + "Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others", + "Islam", + "Princeton University Press", + "Yale University Press" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "New Left Review", + "Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate" + ], + "person": [ + "Lila", + "Abu-Lughod", + "Leila" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Feminism and Islamic Fundamentalism: The Limits of Postmodern Analysis.", + "(2011)", + "(1999)", + "Women and the Remaking of Islamic Authority." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { "source": "Deeb, L. (2011). Women and the Remaking of Islamic Authority. Princeton University Press.", "quote": "The indirect reference to this source suggests a discussion about the challenges women face in asserting their rights in Islamic societies. The specific content referred to was not directly quoted in the text." },{ "source": "Moghissi, H. (1999). Feminism and Islamic Fundamentalism: The Limits of Postmodern Analysis. New Left Review.', "quote": "The indirect reference to this source suggests a discussion on the limitations of feminist analysis in the context of Islamic societies. The specific content referred to was not directly quoted in the text.' }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, Leila. \u201cWomen and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate.\u201d Yale University Press, 1992.", + "quote": "patriarchal interpretations of Islamic teachings continue to perpetuate discriminatory practices against women in many societies... This perpetuates systemic gender inequality and undermines women's ability to fully exercise their rights as equal members of society." + }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, Leila. \u201cWomen and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate.\u201d Yale University Press, 1992.", + "quote": "the existence of harmful practices such as child marriage, female genital mutilation, and honor killings in some Islamic societies cannot be dismissed as mere misinterpretations or cultural norms... These practices are often justified through selective readings of Islamic texts and traditions" + }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, Leila. \u201cWomen and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate.\u201d Yale University Press, 1992.", + "quote": "it is encouraging to see progress being made in some Muslim-majority countries towards improving women's rights... many women continue to face discrimination and barriers to their full participation in society" + }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, Leila. \u201cWomen and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate.\u201d Yale University Press, 1992.", + "quote": "Islam may contain teachings that promote women's rights, the lived experiences of women in many Muslim-majority countries reveal a stark reality of systemic discrimination and oppression" + }, + { + "source": "Abu-Lughod, Lila. \u201cDo Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others.\u201d American Anthropologist, vol. 104, no. 3, 2002, pp. 783\u2013790.", + "quote": "It is imperative to address the root causes of gender inequality within Islamic societies and work towards dismantling the patriarchal structures that perpetuate the marginalization of women" + }, + { + "source": "Abu-Lughod, Lila. \u201cDo Muslim Women Really Need Saving? Anthropological Reflections on Cultural Relativism and Its Others.\u201d American Anthropologist, vol. 104, no. 3, 2002, pp. 783\u2013790.", + "quote": "By acknowledging these challenges and advocating for a more inclusive and equitable interpretation of Islamic teachings, we can work towards achieving genuine gender equality and empowering women to fully exercise their rights and freedoms" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "muslims_can_be_active_citizens_in_secular_countries_20240914_094506.json", + "model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620", + "topic": "Muslims can be active citizens in secular countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Muslim", + "American Muslims", + "Muslims", + "Western Politics", + "Indiana University Press", + "Congress", + "Islamic", + "American", + "Journal of Islamic Law and Culture", + "2] Institute for Social Policy", + "Princeton University Press", + "The Politics of Secularism in International Relations", + "the Institute for Social Policy" + ], + "person": [ + "Ilhan Omar" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2009)", + "(2017)", + "(2009)", + "(2007)", + "Muslims can be active citizens in secular countries,", + "cooperate in righteousness and piety" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:2", + "quote": "cooperate in righteousness and piety" + }, + { + "source": "Kamali, M. H. (2009). Citizenship: an Islamic perspective. Journal of Islamic Law and Culture, 11(2), 121-153.", + "quote": "Islamic teachings encourage civic engagement and responsible citizenship" + }, + { + "source": "Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. (2017). American Muslim Poll 2017: Muslims at the Crossroads.", + "quote": "American Muslims are among the most actively engaged citizens in the US. They are more likely than other faith groups to express confidence in the American democratic system and to condemn military attacks on civilians" + }, + { + "source": "Sinno, A. H. (2009). Muslims in Western Politics. Indiana University Press.", + "quote": "Muslims holding high public offices in secular countries. From Sadiq Khan, the Mayor of London, to Ilhan Omar in the US Congress" + }, + { + "source": "Hurd, E. S. (2007). The Politics of Secularism in International Relations. Princeton University Press.", + "quote": "Many Muslim-majority countries, such as Turkey and Indonesia, have secular constitutions" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "ECPR Press", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies", + "the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies", + "The Pew Research Center", + "D.", + "the Muslim Council of Britain", + "Pew Research Center" + ], + "person": [ + "T." + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2019)", + "(2020)", + "(2013)", + "(2019)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Pew Research Center. (2019). A Closer Look at How Religious Restrictions Have Risen Around the World.", + "quote": "Secular countries that uphold religious freedom benefit from Muslim citizens' participation. Countries with strong religious freedom protections tend to have less social conflict, even in religiously diverse societies." + }, + { + "source": "Moutselos, M., & Jacobs, D. (2020). Religiosity and political participation across Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(17), 3620-3643.", + "quote": "Muslims in secular countries often show high levels of civic engagement. Muslims in Western Europe are as likely or more likely than non-Muslims to participate in voluntary associations and political activities." + }, + { + "source": "Muslim Council of Britain. (2013). The Muslim Pound: Celebrating the Muslim contribution to the UK economy.", + "quote": "Muslim citizens contribute significantly to the economies of secular countries. Muslims in the UK contribute over \u00a331 billion to the economy annually." + }, + { + "source": "Modood, T. (2019). Essays on Secularism and Multiculturalism. ECPR Press.", + "quote": "Muslim citizens enhance the cultural fabric of secular societies. This is evident in areas such as literature, cuisine, and art, where Muslim contributions have become integral parts of many secular countries' cultural landscapes." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Muslims", + "the Institute for Social Policy", + "Muslim" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Muslims can be active citizens in secular countries." + ], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "American Muslims", + "Muslims", + "Western Politics", + "Journal of Islamic Law and Culture", + "Princeton University Press", + "The Pew Research Center", + "Quran", + "Congress", + "Islamic", + "2] Institute for Social Policy", + "American", + "the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies", + "The Politics of Secularism in International Relations", + "the Muslim Council of Britain", + "Pew Research Center", + "ECPR Press", + "Indiana University Press", + "D.", + "Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies", + "the Institute for Social Policy" + ], + "person": [ + "T.", + "Ilhan Omar" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "cooperate in righteousness and piety", + "(2020)", + "(2007)", + "Muslims can be active citizens in secular countries,", + "(2009)", + "Muslims can be active citizens in secular countries.", + "(2013)", + "(2017)", + "(2019)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:2", + "quote": "cooperate in righteousness and piety" + }, + { + "source": "Kamali, M. H. (2009). Citizenship: an Islamic perspective. Journal of Islamic Law and Culture, 11(2), 121-153.", + "quote": "Islamic teachings encourage civic engagement and responsible citizenship" + }, + { + "source": "Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. (2017). American Muslim Poll 2017: Muslims at the Crossroads.", + "quote": "American Muslims are among the most actively engaged citizens in the US. They are more likely than other faith groups to express confidence in the American democratic system and to condemn military attacks on civilians" + }, + { + "source": "Sinno, A. H. (2009). Muslims in Western Politics. Indiana University Press.", + "quote": "Muslims holding high public offices in secular countries. From Sadiq Khan, the Mayor of London, to Ilhan Omar in the US Congress" + }, + { + "source": "Hurd, E. S. (2007). The Politics of Secularism in International Relations. Princeton University Press.", + "quote": "Many Muslim-majority countries, such as Turkey and Indonesia, have secular constitutions" + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center. (2019). A Closer Look at How Religious Restrictions Have Risen Around the World.", + "quote": "Secular countries that uphold religious freedom benefit from Muslim citizens' participation. Countries with strong religious freedom protections tend to have less social conflict, even in religiously diverse societies." + }, + { + "source": "Moutselos, M., & Jacobs, D. (2020). Religiosity and political participation across Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 46(17), 3620-3643.", + "quote": "Muslims in secular countries often show high levels of civic engagement. Muslims in Western Europe are as likely or more likely than non-Muslims to participate in voluntary associations and political activities." + }, + { + "source": "Muslim Council of Britain. (2013). The Muslim Pound: Celebrating the Muslim contribution to the UK economy.", + "quote": "Muslim citizens contribute significantly to the economies of secular countries. Muslims in the UK contribute over \u00a331 billion to the economy annually." + }, + { + "source": "Modood, T. (2019). Essays on Secularism and Multiculturalism. ECPR Press.", + "quote": "Muslim citizens enhance the cultural fabric of secular societies. This is evident in areas such as literature, cuisine, and art, where Muslim contributions have become integral parts of many secular countries' cultural landscapes." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Muslim" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_encourages_violence_towards_women_20240911_064354.json", + "model": "claude-3-sonnet-20240229", + "topic": "Islam encourages violence towards women", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Muslim" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Arab", + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Ibn Majah", + "Prophet", + "Islam", + "Revolutionary" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another.", + "who are best to their wives.", + "O you who have believed, it is not permissible for you to inherit women by compulsion.", + "The best of you is he who is best to his family, and I am the best among you to my family." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Majah", + "quote": "who are best to their wives." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "O you who have believed, it is not permissible for you to inherit women by compulsion." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Majah", + "quote": "The best of you is he who is best to his family, and I am the best among you to my family." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "UN", + "Muslim", + "egalitarian", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Amnesty International" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "interpretations of Quranic verses allowing husbands to discipline wives" + }, + { + "source": "Amnesty International and the UN", + "quote": "Statistics from groups like Amnesty International and the UN document widespread gendered violence, restricted rights, honor killings and oppression justified through particular readings of Islamic texts and laws." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "egalitarian", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The believers, men and women, are protectors of one another" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:71", + "quote": "The believers, men and women, are protectors of one another" + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "UN", + "Muslim", + "egalitarian", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Amnesty International", + "Arab" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Ibn Majah", + "Prophet", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Islam", + "Revolutionary" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The best of you is he who is best to his family, and I am the best among you to my family.", + "The believers, men and women, are protectors of one another", + "O you who have believed, it is not permissible for you to inherit women by compulsion.", + "who are best to their wives.", + "O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Majah", + "quote": "who are best to their wives." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "O you who have believed, it is not permissible for you to inherit women by compulsion." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Majah", + "quote": "The best of you is he who is best to his family, and I am the best among you to my family." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "interpretations of Quranic verses allowing husbands to discipline wives" + }, + { + "source": "Amnesty International and the UN", + "quote": "Statistics from groups like Amnesty International and the UN document widespread gendered violence, restricted rights, honor killings and oppression justified through particular readings of Islamic texts and laws." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:71", + "quote": "The believers, men and women, are protectors of one another" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "muslims_cannot_live_in_secular_countries_20240913_185409.json", + "model": "llama3", + "topic": "Muslims cannot live in secular countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries." + ], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamist", + "The Muslim Brotherhood", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "democratic", + "Islamic", + "Al-Monitor", + "Islam", + "Pew Research Center" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "...in many countries where Muslims are in the minority, they express high levels of trust in their government and feel relatively free to practice their religion.", + "Religious freedom in the Middle East and North Africa", + "We can have an Islamic state that is democratic and based on the principles of shura [consultation] and equality.", + "Egypt's Grand Mufti calls for a 'democratic' Islamic state" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Religious freedom in the Middle East and North Africa by Pew Research Center", + "quote": "...in many countries where Muslims are in the minority, they express high levels of trust in their government and feel relatively free to practice their religion." + }, + { + "source": "Egypt's Grand Mufti calls for a 'democratic' Islamic state by Al-Monitor", + "quote": "We can have an Islamic state that is democratic and based on the principles of shura [consultation] and equality." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Jewish", + "Muslim", + "Brookings Institution", + "Muslims", + "democratic", + "Islamic", + "Al-Monitor", + "The Muslim Brotherhood's", + "Al Jazeera", + "Economist" + ], + "person": [ + "Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Turkey's slide into authoritarianism", + "Indonesia's religious tensions", + "Islamic state that is democratic and based on the principles of shura [consultation] and equality", + "Egypt's Grand Mufti calls for a 'democratic' Islamic state", + "The Muslim Brotherhood and Democracy" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Turkey's slide into authoritarianism by The Economist", + "quote": "In Turkey, the current president has been accused of eroding the country's secular traditions, raising concerns about the potential for Islamization" + }, + { + "source": "Indonesia's religious tensions by Al Jazeera", + "quote": "Indonesia's religious tolerance is not without its challenges, as some Muslim-majority communities have faced violence and discrimination from other groups" + }, + { + "source": "Egypt's Grand Mufti calls for a 'democratic' Islamic state by Al-Monitor", + "quote": "The Grand Mufti of Egypt's statement about an 'Islamic state that is democratic and based on the principles of shura [consultation] and equality' may be seen as a minority view among Islamic scholars" + }, + { + "source": "The Muslim Brotherhood and Democracy by Brookings Institution", + "quote": "The Muslim Brotherhood's emphasis on democracy does not necessarily translate to a rejection of Islamic law or the implementation of Shariah in political life" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "US Commission", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "the US Commission on International Religious Freedom", + "Islamic", + "American", + "Islam", + "The Pew Research Center", + "Pew Research Center" + ], + "person": [ + "Tariq Ramadan", + "Ingrid Mattson" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Story of the Qur'an" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "...in many countries where Christians are in the minority, they express high levels of trust in their government and feel relatively free to practice their religion.", + "Religious freedom in the Middle East and North Africa", + "2019 Report on International Religious Freedom", + "2019 Report on International Religious Freedom", + "democracy is not an enemy of faith, but rather its ally", + "What I Believe", + "Islam is a religion that values pluralism and diversity", + "The Story of the Qur'an" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Religious freedom in the Middle East and North Africa by Pew Research Center", + "quote": "...in many countries where Christians are in the minority, they express high levels of trust in their government and feel relatively free to practice their religion." + }, + { + "source": "2019 Report on International Religious Freedom by US Commission on International Religious Freedom", + "quote": "A 2019 report by the US Commission on International Religious Freedom found that Christian minorities in the Middle East and North Africa faced significant persecution and violence" + }, + { + "source": "2019 Report on International Religious Freedom by US Commission on International Religious Freedom", + "quote": "The same report also highlighted the challenges faced by Muslim minority communities in countries like India, where they are subject to discrimination and violence due to their religious beliefs" + }, + { + "source": "What I Believe by Tariq Ramadan", + "quote": "The Islamic scholar Tariq Ramadan has argued that Islam is compatible with democracy, stating that democracy is not an enemy of faith, but rather its ally" + }, + { + "source": "The Story of the Qur'an by Ingrid Mattson", + "quote": "The American Muslim scholar and activist, Ingrid Mattson, has also emphasized the importance of religious freedom and tolerance in Islamic thought, arguing that Islam is a religion that values pluralism and diversity" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Judaism", + "Christianity", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "democratic", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "yes", + "no" + ], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "democratic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Shawki Allam" + ], + "person": [ + "Tariq Ramadan" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Jewish", + "Judaism", + "Christianity", + "Brookings Institution", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "democratic", + "Islamic", + "Al-Monitor", + "The Muslim Brotherhood's", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "Al Jazeera", + "Economist" + ], + "person": [ + "Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Indonesia's religious tensions", + "Egypt's Grand Mufti calls for a 'democratic' Islamic state", + "Turkey's slide into authoritarianism", + "The Muslim Brotherhood and Democracy", + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries.", + "Islamic state that is democratic and based on the principles of shura [consultation] and equality", + "no", + "yes" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Turkey's slide into authoritarianism by The Economist", + "quote": "In Turkey, the current president has been accused of eroding the country's secular traditions, raising concerns about the potential for Islamization" + }, + { + "source": "Indonesia's religious tensions by Al Jazeera", + "quote": "Indonesia's religious tolerance is not without its challenges, as some Muslim-majority communities have faced violence and discrimination from other groups" + }, + { + "source": "Egypt's Grand Mufti calls for a 'democratic' Islamic state by Al-Monitor", + "quote": "The Grand Mufti of Egypt's statement about an 'Islamic state that is democratic and based on the principles of shura [consultation] and equality' may be seen as a minority view among Islamic scholars" + }, + { + "source": "The Muslim Brotherhood and Democracy by Brookings Institution", + "quote": "The Muslim Brotherhood's emphasis on democracy does not necessarily translate to a rejection of Islamic law or the implementation of Shariah in political life" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamist", + "Christian", + "The Muslim Brotherhood", + "US Commission", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "the US Commission on International Religious Freedom", + "democratic", + "Islamic", + "American", + "Al-Monitor", + "Islam", + "The Pew Research Center", + "Shawki Allam", + "Pew Research Center" + ], + "person": [ + "Tariq Ramadan", + "Ingrid Mattson" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Story of the Qur'an" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Egypt's Grand Mufti calls for a 'democratic' Islamic state", + "democracy is not an enemy of faith, but rather its ally", + "...in many countries where Muslims are in the minority, they express high levels of trust in their government and feel relatively free to practice their religion.", + "What I Believe", + "The Story of the Qur'an", + "Islam is a religion that values pluralism and diversity", + "Religious freedom in the Middle East and North Africa", + "2019 Report on International Religious Freedom", + "...in many countries where Christians are in the minority, they express high levels of trust in their government and feel relatively free to practice their religion.", + "We can have an Islamic state that is democratic and based on the principles of shura [consultation] and equality." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Religious freedom in the Middle East and North Africa by Pew Research Center", + "quote": "...in many countries where Muslims are in the minority, they express high levels of trust in their government and feel relatively free to practice their religion." + }, + { + "source": "Egypt's Grand Mufti calls for a 'democratic' Islamic state by Al-Monitor", + "quote": "We can have an Islamic state that is democratic and based on the principles of shura [consultation] and equality." + }, + { + "source": "Religious freedom in the Middle East and North Africa by Pew Research Center", + "quote": "...in many countries where Christians are in the minority, they express high levels of trust in their government and feel relatively free to practice their religion." + }, + { + "source": "2019 Report on International Religious Freedom by US Commission on International Religious Freedom", + "quote": "A 2019 report by the US Commission on International Religious Freedom found that Christian minorities in the Middle East and North Africa faced significant persecution and violence" + }, + { + "source": "2019 Report on International Religious Freedom by US Commission on International Religious Freedom", + "quote": "The same report also highlighted the challenges faced by Muslim minority communities in countries like India, where they are subject to discrimination and violence due to their religious beliefs" + }, + { + "source": "What I Believe by Tariq Ramadan", + "quote": "The Islamic scholar Tariq Ramadan has argued that Islam is compatible with democracy, stating that democracy is not an enemy of faith, but rather its ally" + }, + { + "source": "The Story of the Qur'an by Ingrid Mattson", + "quote": "The American Muslim scholar and activist, Ingrid Mattson, has also emphasized the importance of religious freedom and tolerance in Islamic thought, arguing that Islam is a religion that values pluralism and diversity" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_peace_20240913_204218.json", + "model": "llama3", + "topic": "Islam promotes peace", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Quran", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "the Treaty of Hudaybiyah", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Ghazali", + "Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Isra'", + "Surah Al-Hujurat", + "Adam", + "Quraysh", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Nisa'" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam promotes peace.", + "salaam", + "O you who have believed, let us not be like those who were given the Scripture before and went astray. We will not exchange our message with theirs, nor take them as friends until they come to believe in what has been revealed to you and what was revealed to them.", + "We have honored the children of Adam", + "And if two parties among you disagree, do not harm each other, but proceed with justice" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran, Surah Al-Hujurat 9", + "quote": "O you who have believed, let us not be like those who were given the Scripture before and went astray. We will not exchange our message with theirs, nor take them as friends until they come to believe in what has been revealed to you and what was revealed to them." + }, + { + "source": "Quran, Surah Al-Isra' 17:1", + "quote": "We have honored the children of Adam" + }, + { + "source": "Treaty of Hudaybiyah (628 CE)", + "quote": "The Treaty of Hudaybiyah, negotiated by the Prophet Muhammad with the pagan tribe of Quraysh, established a period of peace between Muslims and non-Muslims in Medina." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Ghazali (1058-1111 CE)", + "quote": "Al-Ghazali wrote extensively on the importance of moral virtues such as justice, compassion, and forgiveness." + }, + { + "source": "Quran, Surah Al-Nisa' 4:129", + "quote": "And if two parties among you disagree, do not harm each other, but proceed with justice." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "ISIS", + "Muslim", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Umayyad", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "The Origin of Holy War", + "Abbasid", + "Islamic", + "Oxford University Press", + "non-Muslim", + "Columbia University Press", + "Islam", + "Princeton University Press", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "F. E. Peters", + "Imam Bukhari", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "John L. Esposito", + "Khaled Abou El Fadl" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Studies" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Princeton University Press, 1973)", + "(Oxford University Press, 2014)", + "(Columbia University Press, 2001)", + "And fight in the way of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress. Indeed, Allah does not like transgressors.", + "I have been ordered (by Allah) to wage war against people until they say that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah.", + "Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam", + "The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Studies", + "Reclaiming Islamic Tradition: Modern Interpretations of the Classics" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah 190-191", + "quote": "And fight in the way of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress. Indeed, Allah does not like transgressors." + }, + { + "source": "Imam Bukhari and Muslim, hadith recorded in Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim", + "quote": "I have been ordered (by Allah) to wage war against people until they say that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah." + }, + { + "source": "F. E. Peters, Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam (Princeton University Press, 1973)", + "quote": "Throughout Islamic history, there have been instances where violence and conflict were employed in the name of spreading Islam or defending the faith." + }, + { + "source": "John L. Esposito, The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Studies (Oxford University Press, 2014)", + "quote": "The conquests of Muslim armies under the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, for example, often involved brutal suppression of non-Muslim populations." + }, + { + "source": "Khaled Abou El Fadl, Reclaiming Islamic Tradition: Modern Interpretations of the Classics (Columbia University Press, 2001)", + "quote": "In more recent times, terrorist groups like ISIS and Al-Qaeda have also justified their violent actions by citing Quranic verses and hadith that they interpret as supporting jihad." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "ISIS", + "Muslim", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah Al-Hudhaybiyah", + "Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Imam Bukhari" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And if they incline toward peace, then indeed it is best for them" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah 190-191", + "quote": "Surah Al-Baqarah 190-191, which mentions fighting those who fight you, should be seen as a defensive measure to protect the faith and its followers." + }, + { + "source": "Quran, Surah Al-Hudhaybiyah 48:25", + "quote": "And if they incline toward peace, then indeed it is best for them" + }, + { + "source": "Imam Bukhari and Muslim, hadith recorded in Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim", + "quote": "Regarding the hadith recorded by Imam Bukhari and Muslim..." + }, + { + "source": "Historical example: Treaty of Hudaybiyah", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad himself was known for his diplomatic efforts and peaceful resolutions, as seen in the Treaty of Hudaybiyah." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "ISIS", + "Muslim", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Weidenfeld & Nicolson" + ], + "person": [ + "Imam Ghazali", + "Ibn Rushd", + "Surah At-Taubah 29", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Kitab al-Ihyaa", + "Bernard Lewis" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "What Went Wrong", + "The Revival of the Religious Sciences", + "The Decisive Treatise" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who are apostates from the faith.", + "The Revival of the Religious Sciences", + "The Decisive Treatise", + "What Went Wrong?" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah 190-191", + "quote": "some medieval Muslim scholars interpreted [this verse] as justifying defensive wars against non-Muslims who threatened Muslim lands or beliefs. However, others argued that this verse only permitted self-defense in response to aggression" + }, + { + "source": "Quran, Surah At-Taubah 29", + "quote": "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who are apostates from the faith" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic scripture and tradition", + "quote": "My opponent acknowledges that [these sources] contain passages that can be interpreted as promoting violence and aggression" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic scripture and tradition", + "quote": "Islamic scripture contains passages promoting peaceful coexistence and tolerance, [but] it also contains passages that can be interpreted as promoting violence and aggression" + }, + { + "source": "Imam Ghazali, 'The Revival of the Religious Sciences' (Kitab al-Ihyaa)", + "quote": "This source has been included in the reference list, therefore indicating that it has been referred to indirectly, however, there is no specific content that has been quoted or paraphrased in the provided text" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 'The Decisive Treatise'", + "quote": "This source has been included in the reference list, therefore indicating that it has been referred to indirectly, however, there is no specific content that has been quoted or paraphrased in the provided text" + }, + { + "source": "Bernard Lewis, 'What Went Wrong?' (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2002)", + "quote": "This source has been included in the reference list, therefore indicating that it has been referred to indirectly, however, there is no specific content that has been quoted or paraphrased in the provided text" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "the Treaty of Hudaybiyah", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Al-Ghazali's" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { "source": "Multiple verses from the Quran and Hadith", "quote": "Throughout Islamic scripture and tradition, there is a strong emphasis on maintaining harmonious relationships with others, upholding justice and fairness, and striving for peaceful coexistence." },{ "source": "Historical accounts or Hadith", "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad himself was known for his diplomatic efforts and peaceful resolutions, such as the Treaty of Hudaybiyah, which demonstrates Islam's commitment to maintaining harmonious relationships with others." },{ "source": "Al-Ghazali's writings", "quote": "Islamic scholars have contributed significantly to promoting peace throughout history, such as Al-Ghazali's writings on moral virtues like justice, compassion, and forgiveness. These values are essential components of a peaceful society." } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "ISIS", + "Muslim", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Umayyad", + "Quranic", + "Abbasid", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Imam Bukhari" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:190-191", + "quote": "Surah Al-Baqarah 190-191, which justifies defensive wars against those who fight you" + }, + { + "source": "Hadith by Imam Bukhari and Muslim", + "quote": "The hadith recorded by Imam Bukhari and Muslim, which emphasizes waging war against people until they declare that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah" + }, + { + "source": "Historical events & actions of groups", + "quote": "Historical examples of violence and conflict in Islamic history, including the conquests of Muslim armies under the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, as well as more recent instances of terrorist groups like ISIS and Al-Qaeda justifying their violent actions by citing Quranic verses and hadith that they interpret as supporting jihad" + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Quran", + "ISIS", + "Muslim", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "the Treaty of Hudaybiyah", + "Islam", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Ghazali", + "Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Isra'", + "Surah Al-Hudhaybiyah", + "Al-Ghazali's", + "Surah Al-Hujurat", + "Adam", + "Quraysh", + "Imam Bukhari", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Surah Al-Nisa'" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And if they incline toward peace, then indeed it is best for them", + "We have honored the children of Adam", + "salaam", + "Islam promotes peace.", + "O you who have believed, let us not be like those who were given the Scripture before and went astray. We will not exchange our message with theirs, nor take them as friends until they come to believe in what has been revealed to you and what was revealed to them.", + "And if two parties among you disagree, do not harm each other, but proceed with justice" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran, Surah Al-Hujurat 9", + "quote": "O you who have believed, let us not be like those who were given the Scripture before and went astray. We will not exchange our message with theirs, nor take them as friends until they come to believe in what has been revealed to you and what was revealed to them." + }, + { + "source": "Quran, Surah Al-Isra' 17:1", + "quote": "We have honored the children of Adam" + }, + { + "source": "Treaty of Hudaybiyah (628 CE)", + "quote": "The Treaty of Hudaybiyah, negotiated by the Prophet Muhammad with the pagan tribe of Quraysh, established a period of peace between Muslims and non-Muslims in Medina." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Ghazali (1058-1111 CE)", + "quote": "Al-Ghazali wrote extensively on the importance of moral virtues such as justice, compassion, and forgiveness." + }, + { + "source": "Quran, Surah Al-Nisa' 4:129", + "quote": "And if two parties among you disagree, do not harm each other, but proceed with justice." + }, + { + "source": "Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah 190-191", + "quote": "Surah Al-Baqarah 190-191, which mentions fighting those who fight you, should be seen as a defensive measure to protect the faith and its followers." + }, + { + "source": "Quran, Surah Al-Hudhaybiyah 48:25", + "quote": "And if they incline toward peace, then indeed it is best for them" + }, + { + "source": "Imam Bukhari and Muslim, hadith recorded in Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim", + "quote": "Regarding the hadith recorded by Imam Bukhari and Muslim..." + }, + { + "source": "Historical example: Treaty of Hudaybiyah", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad himself was known for his diplomatic efforts and peaceful resolutions, as seen in the Treaty of Hudaybiyah." + }, + { + "source": "Multiple verses from the Quran and Hadith", + "quote": "Throughout Islamic scripture and tradition, there is a strong emphasis on maintaining harmonious relationships with others, upholding justice and fairness, and striving for peaceful coexistence." + }, + { + "source": "Historical accounts or Hadith", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad himself was known for his diplomatic efforts and peaceful resolutions, such as the Treaty of Hudaybiyah, which demonstrates Islam's commitment to maintaining harmonious relationships with others." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Ghazali's writings", + "quote": "Islamic scholars have contributed significantly to promoting peace throughout history, such as Al-Ghazali's writings on moral virtues like justice, compassion, and forgiveness. These values are essential components of a peaceful society." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "ISIS", + "Muslim", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Umayyad", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "The Origin of Holy War", + "Abbasid", + "Islamic", + "Oxford University Press", + "non-Muslim", + "Columbia University Press", + "Islam", + "Princeton University Press", + "Weidenfeld & Nicolson", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "Imam Ghazali", + "Ibn Rushd", + "F. E. Peters", + "Surah At-Taubah 29", + "Imam Bukhari", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "John L. Esposito", + "Kitab al-Ihyaa", + "Bernard Lewis", + "Khaled Abou El Fadl" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "What Went Wrong", + "The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Studies", + "The Revival of the Religious Sciences", + "The Decisive Treatise" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The Revival of the Religious Sciences", + "(Columbia University Press, 2001)", + "What Went Wrong?", + "(Princeton University Press, 1973)", + "The Decisive Treatise", + "(Oxford University Press, 2014)", + "Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam", + "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who are apostates from the faith.", + "I have been ordered (by Allah) to wage war against people until they say that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah.", + "Reclaiming Islamic Tradition: Modern Interpretations of the Classics", + "The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Studies", + "And fight in the way of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress. Indeed, Allah does not like transgressors." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah 190-191", + "quote": "And fight in the way of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress. Indeed, Allah does not like transgressors." + }, + { + "source": "Imam Bukhari and Muslim, hadith recorded in Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim", + "quote": "I have been ordered (by Allah) to wage war against people until they say that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah." + }, + { + "source": "F. E. Peters, Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam (Princeton University Press, 1973)", + "quote": "Throughout Islamic history, there have been instances where violence and conflict were employed in the name of spreading Islam or defending the faith." + }, + { + "source": "John L. Esposito, The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Studies (Oxford University Press, 2014)", + "quote": "The conquests of Muslim armies under the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, for example, often involved brutal suppression of non-Muslim populations." + }, + { + "source": "Khaled Abou El Fadl, Reclaiming Islamic Tradition: Modern Interpretations of the Classics (Columbia University Press, 2001)", + "quote": "In more recent times, terrorist groups like ISIS and Al-Qaeda have also justified their violent actions by citing Quranic verses and hadith that they interpret as supporting jihad." + }, + { + "source": "Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah 190-191", + "quote": "some medieval Muslim scholars interpreted [this verse] as justifying defensive wars against non-Muslims who threatened Muslim lands or beliefs. However, others argued that this verse only permitted self-defense in response to aggression" + }, + { + "source": "Quran, Surah At-Taubah 29", + "quote": "Fight those who do not believe in Allah or in the Last Day and who are apostates from the faith" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic scripture and tradition", + "quote": "My opponent acknowledges that [these sources] contain passages that can be interpreted as promoting violence and aggression" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic scripture and tradition", + "quote": "Islamic scripture contains passages promoting peaceful coexistence and tolerance, [but] it also contains passages that can be interpreted as promoting violence and aggression" + }, + { + "source": "Imam Ghazali, 'The Revival of the Religious Sciences' (Kitab al-Ihyaa)", + "quote": "This source has been included in the reference list, therefore indicating that it has been referred to indirectly, however, there is no specific content that has been quoted or paraphrased in the provided text" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 'The Decisive Treatise'", + "quote": "This source has been included in the reference list, therefore indicating that it has been referred to indirectly, however, there is no specific content that has been quoted or paraphrased in the provided text" + }, + { + "source": "Bernard Lewis, 'What Went Wrong?' (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2002)", + "quote": "This source has been included in the reference list, therefore indicating that it has been referred to indirectly, however, there is no specific content that has been quoted or paraphrased in the provided text" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:190-191", + "quote": "Surah Al-Baqarah 190-191, which justifies defensive wars against those who fight you" + }, + { + "source": "Hadith by Imam Bukhari and Muslim", + "quote": "The hadith recorded by Imam Bukhari and Muslim, which emphasizes waging war against people until they declare that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah" + }, + { + "source": "Historical events & actions of groups", + "quote": "Historical examples of violence and conflict in Islamic history, including the conquests of Muslim armies under the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates, as well as more recent instances of terrorist groups like ISIS and Al-Qaeda justifying their violent actions by citing Quranic verses and hadith that they interpret as supporting jihad" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_music_20240913_231425.json", + "model": "gemma2", + "topic": "Islam permits music", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Qasida", + "Muslims", + "al-ghina", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "Islam", + "PBUH", + "Andalusian", + "Sufi" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Ghazali" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Ihya 'Ulum al-Din" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "music", + "Ihya 'Ulum al-Din," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Verses mention avoiding 'music' (al-ghina), these verses often refer to specific types of music \u2013 namely, that which is associated with idol worship, debauchery, or promotes immoral behavior." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Ghazali - Ihya 'Ulum al-Din", + "quote": "Music itself is not forbidden, but rather it is the content and context of the music that matters\u2026There is no prohibition against beautiful melodies and musical instruments if they are used for permissible purposes." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic history and Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) himself was known to enjoy pleasant sounds and even allowed certain types of music at weddings and celebrations... Throughout Islamic history, music has played a vital role in religious ceremonies, Sufi practices, and cultural expression" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "The Quranic Emphasis on Divine Remembrance:*", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "Islam", + "Book of Music" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Hadith", + "Prophet", + "Imam Bukhari" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 7:205" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari, Book of Music", + "quote": "Whoever hears a musical instrument, let him go away." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 7:205", + "quote": "And remember your Lord within yourselves, by means of humility and fear, and without any sound." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "The Quranic Emphasis on Divine Remembrance:*", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "PBUH" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Ghazali" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Ihya 'Ulum al-Din", + "The Prophet Muhammad (" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Ihya 'Ulum al-Din", + "Whoever hears a musical instrument, let him go away,", + "Quran 30:22" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Al-Ghazali's Ihya 'Ulum al-Din", + "quote": "Al-Ghazali clarifies that music itself is not forbidden but rather its content and context." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) himself enjoyed pleasant sounds and permitted music at weddings and celebrations." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "Whoever hears a musical instrument, let him go away." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 30:22", + "quote": "And among His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth and the diversity of your languages and your colors. Indeed in that are signs for those who know." + }, + { + "source": "Sufi Practices", + "quote": "Sufi traditions have long utilized music in their practices to achieve higher states of consciousness and connect with Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Scholarship", + "quote": "Contemporary Islamic scholarship increasingly recognizes the multifaceted nature of music and its potential benefits for personal growth, social cohesion, and cultural expression. Many scholars today argue for a more nuanced understanding that permits permissible forms of music while upholding ethical boundaries." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "The Quranic Emphasis on Divine Remembrance:*", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Sufi", + "Sufism" + ], + "person": [ + "Sunnah", + "Imam Ibn Kathir", + "Prophet" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Whoever hears a musical instrument, let him go away", + "remembrance", + "Quran 30:22" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "Whoever hears a musical instrument, let him go away" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 30:22", + "quote": "And among His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth and the diversity of your languages and your colors. Indeed in that are signs for those who know" + }, + { + "source": "Imam Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "Indirect reference about the interpretation of the Prophet's broader concern about the potential for music to distract from worship and lead to undesirable emotions" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Esteemed" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "music" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Verses mentioning 'music' often refer to specific types associated with harmful practices, not all musical expression." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith or Prophetic precedent", + "quote": "While the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) disapproved of music inciting immorality, he also enjoyed pleasant sounds and allowed it at celebrations, demonstrating a nuanced approach." + }, + { + "source": "Various Islamic scholars", + "quote": "While some scholars hold restrictive views, many recognize the multifaceted nature of music and its potential for spiritual growth and cultural enrichment within Islamic tradition." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Esteemed" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Prophet's Disapproval:*" + ], + "person": [ + "Sunnah" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "Whoever hears a musical instrument, let him go away" + }, + { + "source": "The Quran", + "quote": "The Quran prioritizes remembering Allah through acts of worship and contemplation, not through auditory stimulation." + }, + { + "source": "Historical Islamic Scholarship", + "quote": "A vast majority of scholars throughout Islamic history have interpreted the Quran and Sunnah as prohibiting music for entertainment purposes." + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "The Quranic Emphasis on Divine Remembrance:*", + "Muslim", + "Qasida", + "Muslims", + "al-ghina", + "Esteemed", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "PBUH", + "Andalusian", + "Sufi" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Ghazali", + "Muhammad" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Ihya 'Ulum al-Din", + "The Prophet Muhammad (" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Ihya 'Ulum al-Din", + "Quran 30:22", + "music", + "Whoever hears a musical instrument, let him go away,", + "Ihya 'Ulum al-Din," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Verses mention avoiding 'music' (al-ghina), these verses often refer to specific types of music \u2013 namely, that which is associated with idol worship, debauchery, or promotes immoral behavior." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Ghazali - Ihya 'Ulum al-Din", + "quote": "Music itself is not forbidden, but rather it is the content and context of the music that matters\u2026There is no prohibition against beautiful melodies and musical instruments if they are used for permissible purposes." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic history and Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) himself was known to enjoy pleasant sounds and even allowed certain types of music at weddings and celebrations... Throughout Islamic history, music has played a vital role in religious ceremonies, Sufi practices, and cultural expression" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Ghazali's Ihya 'Ulum al-Din", + "quote": "Al-Ghazali clarifies that music itself is not forbidden but rather its content and context." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) himself enjoyed pleasant sounds and permitted music at weddings and celebrations." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "Whoever hears a musical instrument, let him go away." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 30:22", + "quote": "And among His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth and the diversity of your languages and your colors. Indeed in that are signs for those who know." + }, + { + "source": "Sufi Practices", + "quote": "Sufi traditions have long utilized music in their practices to achieve higher states of consciousness and connect with Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Scholarship", + "quote": "Contemporary Islamic scholarship increasingly recognizes the multifaceted nature of music and its potential benefits for personal growth, social cohesion, and cultural expression. Many scholars today argue for a more nuanced understanding that permits permissible forms of music while upholding ethical boundaries." + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Verses mentioning 'music' often refer to specific types associated with harmful practices, not all musical expression." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith or Prophetic precedent", + "quote": "While the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) disapproved of music inciting immorality, he also enjoyed pleasant sounds and allowed it at celebrations, demonstrating a nuanced approach." + }, + { + "source": "Various Islamic scholars", + "quote": "While some scholars hold restrictive views, many recognize the multifaceted nature of music and its potential for spiritual growth and cultural enrichment within Islamic tradition." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "The Quranic Emphasis on Divine Remembrance:*", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "Islam", + "Book of Music", + "Sufi", + "Sufism" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Hadith", + "Imam Ibn Kathir", + "Imam Bukhari", + "Prophet", + "Sunnah" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith", + "The Prophet's Disapproval:*" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 7:205", + "Whoever hears a musical instrument, let him go away", + "remembrance", + "Quran 30:22" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari, Book of Music", + "quote": "Whoever hears a musical instrument, let him go away." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 7:205", + "quote": "And remember your Lord within yourselves, by means of humility and fear, and without any sound." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "Whoever hears a musical instrument, let him go away" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 30:22", + "quote": "And among His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth and the diversity of your languages and your colors. Indeed in that are signs for those who know" + }, + { + "source": "Imam Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "Indirect reference about the interpretation of the Prophet's broader concern about the potential for music to distract from worship and lead to undesirable emotions" + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "Whoever hears a musical instrument, let him go away" + }, + { + "source": "The Quran", + "quote": "The Quran prioritizes remembering Allah through acts of worship and contemplation, not through auditory stimulation." + }, + { + "source": "Historical Islamic Scholarship", + "quote": "A vast majority of scholars throughout Islamic history have interpreted the Quran and Sunnah as prohibiting music for entertainment purposes." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_music_20240913_181809.json", + "model": "llama2", + "topic": "Islam permits music", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Islam", + "Muslims" + ], + "person": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "The Prophet Muhammad's", + "Bukhari" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The angels descend to the assembly of the faithful when they hear the sound of a musical instrument", + "And on the Day of Judgment, the Lord of all will gather the messengers and say, 'How did you act?", + "the most hated person in the eyes of God is one who is given something (i.e., wealth) but does not use it for its intended purpose", + "And We have certainly given you (the ability) in the Quran, to be a warning to those who are yet to come", + "Quran 26:89", + "Quran 40:13", + "Quran 26:88" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 26:89-90", + "quote": "The Quran contains verses that are both poetic and musical in nature" + }, + { + "source": "Prophet Muhammad (indirect reference)", + "quote": "Muhammad was known to have appreciated music and poetry, often inviting poets and musicians to perform for him during his lifetime" + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "The angels descend to the assembly of the faithful when they hear the sound of a musical instrument" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 40:13", + "quote": "And on the Day of Judgment, the Lord of all will gather the messengers and say, How did you act?" + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "the most hated person in the eyes of God is one who is given something (i.e., wealth) but does not use it for its intended purpose" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 26:88", + "quote": "And We have certainly given you (the ability) in the Quran, to be a warning to those who are yet to come" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Hereafter", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Imam Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani", + "Fath Al-Bari", + "Sahih Bukhari" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And of mankind is he who buyeth unwittingly, without knowledge, or he who maketh haste. And for the soul there is a reward of the Hereafter; and the sin of the Hereafter is more grievous than the sin of this life.", + "The most grievously tormented people on the Day of Resurrection will be those who were given wealth and luxury during their worldly life, but they did not pay any attention to their Lord.", + "The majority of scholars are unanimous that music is prohibited." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "And of mankind is he who buyeth unwittingly, without knowledge, or he who maketh haste. And for the soul there is a reward of the Hereafter; and the sin of the Hereafter is more grievous than the sin of this life." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari, Volume 7, Book 67, Number 403", + "quote": "The most grievously tormented people on the Day of Resurrection will be those who were given wealth and luxury during their worldly life, but they did not pay any attention to their Lord." + }, + { + "source": "Fath Al-Bari, 9/257, Imam Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani", + "quote": "The majority of scholars are unanimous that music is prohibited." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Al-Khateeb" + ], + "person": [ + "Imam Abu Hanifa", + "Bukhari", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Rum", + "Sahih Bukhari", + "Al-Khateeb" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Khateeb (1997)", + "And He has subjected to you, as from Himself, all things.", + "Quran 31:26", + "Quran 49:13" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 31:26", + "quote": "And He has subjected to you, as from Himself, all things." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari, Volume 8, Book 73, Number 15", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) warned about the adverse effects of wealth and luxury if they are not used for their intended purpose" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Khateeb (1997)", + "quote": "Imam Abu Hanifa, one of the most influential Muslim scholars in history, allowed for the use of music in religious settings" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "The Quran and hadiths contain many verses that emphasize the importance of using our talents and abilities to serve others and glorify God" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Al-Khateeb" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Imam Abu Hanifa", + "Bukhari", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Surah Al-Rum", + "Sahih Bukhari", + "Al-Khateeb" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Khateeb (1997)", + "Quran 49:13" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "The Quran was revealed in a specific historical and cultural context, and its teachings on music must be understood within that framework. The verse is addressing the issue of intoxication, a significant problem in pre-Islamic Arabia. The Quran's prohibition of intoxicants does not necessarily extend to music." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari, Volume 8, Book 73, Number 15", + "quote": "The hadith mentioned is talking about the dangers of wealth and luxury, which can lead to neglect of religious duties and attachment to worldly pursuits. The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was warning his companions about the potential negative consequences of wealth and luxury, not music specifically." + }, + { + "source": "Imam Abu Hanifa as cited by Al-Khateeb (1997)", + "quote": "Imam Abu Hanifa, one of the rather influential scholars in Islamic history, allowed for the use of music in religious contexts." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "The Quran and hadiths contain several verses that emphasize the importance of using our talents and abilities to serve others and glorify God. This suggests that music, like any other form of artistic expression, can be a means of serving God and bringing glory to Him." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Al-Khateeb" + ], + "person": [ + "Imam Abu Hanifa", + "Bukhari", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Rum", + "Sahih Bukhari", + "The Prophet Muhammad's", + "Al-Khateeb" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Khateeb (1997)", + "The angels descend to the assembly of the faithful when they hear the sound of a musical instrument", + "And on the Day of Judgment, the Lord of all will gather the messengers and say, 'How did you act?", + "Quran 49:13", + "Quran 26:88", + "Quran 31:26", + "Quran 26:89", + "And We have certainly given you (the ability) in the Quran, to be a warning to those who are yet to come", + "Quran 40:13", + "And He has subjected to you, as from Himself, all things.", + "the most hated person in the eyes of God is one who is given something (i.e., wealth) but does not use it for its intended purpose" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { "source": "Quran 26:89-90", "quote": "The Quran contains verses that are both poetic and musical in nature" }, { "source": "Prophet Muhammad (indirect reference)", "quote": "Muhammad was known to have appreciated music and poetry, often inviting poets and musicians to perform for him during his lifetime" }, { "source": "Bukhari", "quote": "The angels descend to the assembly of the faithful when they hear the sound of a musical instrument" }, { "source": "Quran 40:13", "quote": "And on the Day of Judgment, the Lord of all will gather the messengers and say, How did you act?" }, { "source": "Bukhari", "quote": "the most hated person in the eyes of God is one who is given something (i.e., wealth) but does not use it for its intended purpose" }, { "source": "Quran 26:88", "quote": "And We have certainly given you (the ability) in the Quran, to be a warning to those who are yet to come" }, + { + "source": "Quran 31:26", + "quote": "And He has subjected to you, as from Himself, all things." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari, Volume 8, Book 73, Number 15", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) warned about the adverse effects of wealth and luxury if they are not used for their intended purpose" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Khateeb (1997)", + "quote": "Imam Abu Hanifa, one of the most influential Muslim scholars in history, allowed for the use of music in religious settings" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "The Quran and hadiths contain many verses that emphasize the importance of using our talents and abilities to serve others and glorify God" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Hereafter", + "Al-Khateeb" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Muhammad", + "Imam Abu Hanifa", + "Bukhari", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Imam Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani", + "Fath Al-Bari", + "Surah Al-Rum", + "Sahih Bukhari", + "Al-Khateeb" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The most grievously tormented people on the Day of Resurrection will be those who were given wealth and luxury during their worldly life, but they did not pay any attention to their Lord.", + "And of mankind is he who buyeth unwittingly, without knowledge, or he who maketh haste. And for the soul there is a reward of the Hereafter; and the sin of the Hereafter is more grievous than the sin of this life.", + "Khateeb (1997)", + "Quran 49:13", + "The majority of scholars are unanimous that music is prohibited." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "And of mankind is he who buyeth unwittingly, without knowledge, or he who maketh haste. And for the soul there is a reward of the Hereafter; and the sin of the Hereafter is more grievous than the sin of this life." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari, Volume 7, Book 67, Number 403", + "quote": "The most grievously tormented people on the Day of Resurrection will be those who were given wealth and luxury during their worldly life, but they did not pay any attention to their Lord." + }, + { + "source": "Fath Al-Bari, 9/257, Imam Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani", + "quote": "The majority of scholars are unanimous that music is prohibited." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "The Quran was revealed in a specific historical and cultural context, and its teachings on music must be understood within that framework. The verse is addressing the issue of intoxication, a significant problem in pre-Islamic Arabia. The Quran's prohibition of intoxicants does not necessarily extend to music." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari, Volume 8, Book 73, Number 15", + "quote": "The hadith mentioned is talking about the dangers of wealth and luxury, which can lead to neglect of religious duties and attachment to worldly pursuits. The Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was warning his companions about the potential negative consequences of wealth and luxury, not music specifically." + }, + { + "source": "Imam Abu Hanifa as cited by Al-Khateeb (1997)", + "quote": "Imam Abu Hanifa, one of the rather influential scholars in Islamic history, allowed for the use of music in religious contexts." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "The Quran and hadiths contain several verses that emphasize the importance of using our talents and abilities to serve others and glorify God. This suggests that music, like any other form of artistic expression, can be a means of serving God and bringing glory to Him." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_muslims_to_take_mortgages_with_interest_20240913_220102.json", + "model": "mistral-nemo", + "topic": "Islam permits Muslims to take mortgages with interest", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "riba" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad Ali Elgari", + "Ibn Rushd", + "Jamal Badawi", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Bidayah al-Mujtahid" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Bidayah al-Mujtahid" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Those who practice usury will not stand except as one whom Satan has touched...", + "Bidayah al-Mujtahid,", + "However, if the loan is for purchasing something like a house or merchandise, it is permissible to charge extra since there is a risk involved..." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "Those who practice usury will not stand except as one whom Satan has touched..." + }, + { + "source": "Bidayah al-Mujtahid, Book 10, Chapter 23", + "quote": "However, if the loan is for purchasing something like a house or merchandise, it is permissible to charge extra since there is a risk involved..." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Muhammad Ali Elgari", + "quote": "Issued fatwas permitting home mortgages with interest under the condition that it serves as a means to acquire ownership of a property without which one might not be able to afford it." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Jamal Badawi", + "quote": "Issued fatwas permitting home mortgages with interest under the condition that it serves as a means to acquire ownership of a property without which one might not be able to afford it." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Sunan an-Nasa'i", + "The Messenger of Allah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Those who devour riba will not stand except as one whom Satan has touched.", + "Allah allowed trading and forbade riba.", + "Riba is worse than theft." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "Those who devour riba will not stand except as one whom Satan has touched." + }, + { + "source": "Sunan an-Nasa'i 3975", + "quote": "Allah allowed trading and forbade riba." + }, + { + "source": "Muslim Book 012, Number 4286", + "quote": "Riba is worse than theft." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Opponent", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "riba" + ], + "person": [ + "Ibn Majah", + "Ibn Rushd", + "Muhammad Ali Elgari", + "Bukhari", + "Prophet", + "Jamal Badawi", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Bidayah al-Mujtahid" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Prophet" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And if you give loans for trade, you shall neither charge interest nor give them anything out of your wealth unless it is traded willingly between you.", + "And that which you give in zakah and charitable contributions, seeking Allah's goodwill \u2013 it is those [who will be recompensed]. No harm will come to them.", + "The Prophet ... used to give loans to Jews on the basis of manual agreement [i.e., writing down the debt].", + "Bidayah al-Mujtahid," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "The Opponent quoted Surah Al-Baqarah 2:275, which indeed prohibits riba." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:280", + "quote": "And if you give loans for trade, you shall neither charge interest nor give them anything out of your wealth unless it is traded willingly between you." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:273", + "quote": "And that which you give in zakah and charitable contributions, seeking Allah's goodwill \u2013 it is those [who will be recompensed]. No harm will come to them." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Majah 1967", + "quote": "While the Opponent cited prophetic traditions warning against riba, they failed to mention that these warnings were primarily directed at usurious practices and unethical lenders who exploited vulnerable borrowers" + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari Book 34, Number 502", + "quote": "The Prophet ... used to give loans to Jews on the basis of manual agreement [i.e., writing down the debt]." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 'Bidayah al-Mujtahid,' Book 10, Chapter 23", + "quote": "Relevant Citations: - Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 'Bidayah al-Mujtahid,' Book 10, Chapter 23" + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Muhammad Ali Elgari and Dr. Jamal Badawi's fatwas on home mortgages with interest", + "quote": "Relevant Citations: - Dr. Muhammad Ali Elgari and Dr. Jamal Badawi's fatwas on home mortgages with interest" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Opponent", + "Hanafi", + "Al-Hidayah", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Usmani" + ], + "person": [ + "Imam Abu Hanifa", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Ar-Risalah", + "Muhammad Taqi Usmani", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Prophet", + "Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Sunnah", + "Hanbali", + "Ummah", + "Maliki" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And if you give loans for trade, you shall neither charge interest nor give them anything out of your wealth unless it is traded willingly between you.", + "for trade", + "Allah forbids taking an increase for the amount one lends out.", + "Riba is not permitted even if it is done with mutual consent.", + "There is consensus that riba is forbidden.", + "It is not permissible to take riba in any form whatsoever.", + "Even if a mortgage is considered as a type of sale, the fact remains that the amount agreed upon includes an increase over the price of the house ... Therefore, such transactions are clearly prohibited in Islam.", + "Quran 2:280", + "Quran 2:280" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:280", + "quote": "And if you give loans for trade, you shall neither charge interest nor give them anything out of your wealth unless it is traded willingly between you." + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Surah Al-Baqarah, Verse 2:280", + "quote": "Allah forbids taking an increase for the amount one lends out." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Hidayah, Book 5, Chapter 17", + "quote": "Riba is not permitted even if it is done with mutual consent." + }, + { + "source": "Muwatta' Maliki, Book 9, Number 9.17.43", + "quote": "There is consensus that riba is forbidden." + }, + { + "source": "Ar-Risalah by Al-Shafi'i, Book 6, Chapter 1", + "quote": "It is not permissible to take riba in any form whatsoever." + }, + { + "source": "Usmani, An Introduction to Islamic Finance, Chapter 8: Riba and Interest-free Banking", + "quote": "Even if a mortgage is considered as a type of sale, the fact remains that the amount agreed upon includes an increase over the price of the house ... Therefore, such transactions are clearly prohibited in Islam." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad Ali Elgari", + "Jamal Badawi", + "Ibn Rushd" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Ibn Rushd", + "quote": "Presented evidence from Islamic scholars like Ibn Rushd, who have acknowledged the permissibility of mortgages under certain conditions." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Muhammad Ali Elgari", + "quote": "Presented evidence from contemporary jurists such as Dr. Muhammad Ali Elgari, who have acknowledged the permissibility of mortgages under certain conditions." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Jamal Badawi", + "quote": "Presented evidence from contemporary jurists such as Dr. Jamal Badawi, who have acknowledged the permissibility of mortgages under certain conditions." + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Clarified that the prohibition of riba in the Quran applies specifically to unearned income gained without risk or effort." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Opponent", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Sunnah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 2:280" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:280", + "quote": "The selective interpretation of Quran 2:280 is misleading; it actually addresses delayed debt repayment rather than interest on loans." + }, + { + "source": "Sunnah", + "quote": "The clear prohibition of riba (interest) in Islam." + }, + { + "source": "Consensus of the ummah", + "quote": "The clear prohibition of riba (interest) in Islam." + }, + { + "source": "Rulings by prominent Islamic scholars", + "quote": "The clear prohibition of riba (interest) in Islam." + }, + { + "source": "All four schools of thought in Islamic jurisprudence", + "quote": "Agree that riba is forbidden, with no exceptions made for mortgages involving interest." + }, + { + "source": "A hadith", + "quote": "The hadith cited by our Opponent does not provide evidence supporting the permissibility of interest-based mortgages." + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Allah", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Opponent", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "riba" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad Ali Elgari", + "Ibn Rushd", + "Ibn Majah", + "Bukhari", + "Prophet", + "Jamal Badawi", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Bidayah al-Mujtahid" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Bidayah al-Mujtahid", + "The Prophet" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And that which you give in zakah and charitable contributions, seeking Allah's goodwill \u2013 it is those [who will be recompensed]. No harm will come to them.", + "And if you give loans for trade, you shall neither charge interest nor give them anything out of your wealth unless it is traded willingly between you.", + "The Prophet ... used to give loans to Jews on the basis of manual agreement [i.e., writing down the debt].", + "Bidayah al-Mujtahid,", + "However, if the loan is for purchasing something like a house or merchandise, it is permissible to charge extra since there is a risk involved...", + "Those who practice usury will not stand except as one whom Satan has touched..." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "Those who practice usury will not stand except as one whom Satan has touched..." + }, + { + "source": "Bidayah al-Mujtahid, Book 10, Chapter 23", + "quote": "However, if the loan is for purchasing something like a house or merchandise, it is permissible to charge extra since there is a risk involved..." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Muhammad Ali Elgari", + "quote": "Issued fatwas permitting home mortgages with interest under the condition that it serves as a means to acquire ownership of a property without which one might not be able to afford it." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Jamal Badawi", + "quote": "Issued fatwas permitting home mortgages with interest under the condition that it serves as a means to acquire ownership of a property without which one might not be able to afford it." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "The Opponent quoted Surah Al-Baqarah 2:275, which indeed prohibits riba." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:280", + "quote": "And if you give loans for trade, you shall neither charge interest nor give them anything out of your wealth unless it is traded willingly between you." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:273", + "quote": "And that which you give in zakah and charitable contributions, seeking Allah's goodwill \u2013 it is those [who will be recompensed]. No harm will come to them." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Majah 1967", + "quote": "While the Opponent cited prophetic traditions warning against riba, they failed to mention that these warnings were primarily directed at usurious practices and unethical lenders who exploited vulnerable borrowers" + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari Book 34, Number 502", + "quote": "The Prophet ... used to give loans to Jews on the basis of manual agreement [i.e., writing down the debt]." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 'Bidayah al-Mujtahid,' Book 10, Chapter 23", + "quote": "Relevant Citations: - Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 'Bidayah al-Mujtahid,' Book 10, Chapter 23" + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Muhammad Ali Elgari and Dr. Jamal Badawi's fatwas on home mortgages with interest", + "quote": "Relevant Citations: - Dr. Muhammad Ali Elgari and Dr. Jamal Badawi's fatwas on home mortgages with interest" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Rushd", + "quote": "Presented evidence from Islamic scholars like Ibn Rushd, who have acknowledged the permissibility of mortgages under certain conditions." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Muhammad Ali Elgari", + "quote": "Presented evidence from contemporary jurists such as Dr. Muhammad Ali Elgari, who have acknowledged the permissibility of mortgages under certain conditions." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Jamal Badawi", + "quote": "Presented evidence from contemporary jurists such as Dr. Jamal Badawi, who have acknowledged the permissibility of mortgages under certain conditions." + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Clarified that the prohibition of riba in the Quran applies specifically to unearned income gained without risk or effort." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Opponent", + "Hanafi", + "Al-Hidayah", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Usmani" + ], + "person": [ + "Imam Abu Hanifa", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Ar-Risalah", + "Muhammad Taqi Usmani", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Prophet", + "Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Sunnah", + "Hanbali", + "Ummah", + "Sunan an-Nasa'i", + "Maliki", + "The Messenger of Allah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "It is not permissible to take riba in any form whatsoever.", + "Riba is worse than theft.", + "Riba is not permitted even if it is done with mutual consent.", + "There is consensus that riba is forbidden.", + "Allah allowed trading and forbade riba.", + "Allah forbids taking an increase for the amount one lends out.", + "Those who devour riba will not stand except as one whom Satan has touched.", + "And if you give loans for trade, you shall neither charge interest nor give them anything out of your wealth unless it is traded willingly between you.", + "Even if a mortgage is considered as a type of sale, the fact remains that the amount agreed upon includes an increase over the price of the house ... Therefore, such transactions are clearly prohibited in Islam.", + "Quran 2:280", + "for trade" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "Those who devour riba will not stand except as one whom Satan has touched." + }, + { + "source": "Sunan an-Nasa'i 3975", + "quote": "Allah allowed trading and forbade riba." + }, + { + "source": "Muslim Book 012, Number 4286", + "quote": "Riba is worse than theft." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:280", + "quote": "And if you give loans for trade, you shall neither charge interest nor give them anything out of your wealth unless it is traded willingly between you." + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Surah Al-Baqarah, Verse 2:280", + "quote": "Allah forbids taking an increase for the amount one lends out." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Hidayah, Book 5, Chapter 17", + "quote": "Riba is not permitted even if it is done with mutual consent." + }, + { + "source": "Muwatta' Maliki, Book 9, Number 9.17.43", + "quote": "There is consensus that riba is forbidden." + }, + { + "source": "Ar-Risalah by Al-Shafi'i, Book 6, Chapter 1", + "quote": "It is not permissible to take riba in any form whatsoever." + }, + { + "source": "Usmani, An Introduction to Islamic Finance, Chapter 8: Riba and Interest-free Banking", + "quote": "Even if a mortgage is considered as a type of sale, the fact remains that the amount agreed upon includes an increase over the price of the house ... Therefore, such transactions are clearly prohibited in Islam." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:280", + "quote": "The selective interpretation of Quran 2:280 is misleading; it actually addresses delayed debt repayment rather than interest on loans." + }, + { + "source": "Sunnah", + "quote": "The clear prohibition of riba (interest) in Islam." + }, + { + "source": "Consensus of the ummah", + "quote": "The clear prohibition of riba (interest) in Islam." + }, + { + "source": "Rulings by prominent Islamic scholars", + "quote": "The clear prohibition of riba (interest) in Islam." + }, + { + "source": "All four schools of thought in Islamic jurisprudence", + "quote": "Agree that riba is forbidden, with no exceptions made for mortgages involving interest." + }, + { + "source": "A hadith", + "quote": "The hadith cited by our Opponent does not provide evidence supporting the permissibility of interest-based mortgages." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_peace_20240913_203328.json", + "model": "llama2", + "topic": "Islam promotes peace", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Adam", + "Quran 17:70", + "Tawhid", + "Bukhari", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "the Prophet Muhammad's" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And if God had willed, He could have sent them angels as messengers.", + "Tawhid,", + "And if you disagree about anything, then circumvent it with mutual consent.", + "And indeed We have honored the children of Adam.", + "A true believer is one who shows endearment to his/her fellow-muslims, respect to his/her elders, kindness to youngsters, and mercy to animals.", + "O mankind! We have created you from male and female, and made you into nations and tribes, that ye may know one another. Verily, the most honourable of you in the sight of Allah is the most pious of you. Verily, Allah is All-Knowing, All-Aware.", + "And if you disagree about anything, then circumvent it with mutual consent.", + "And indeed We have honored the children of Adam.", + "Quran 4:47", + "Quran 49:13", + "Quran 4:128", + "Quran 17:70", + "Quran 49:13", + "Quran 4:128", + "Quran 17:70" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:47", + "quote": "And if God had willed, He could have sent them angels as messengers." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "Tawhid rejects the idea of idolatry and instead emphasizes the unity and harmony of God. This belief encourages Muslims to recognize that all people are equal in the eyes of God and to treat others with respect and compassion, regardless of their race, religion, or background." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:128", + "quote": "And if you disagree about anything, then circumvent it with mutual consent." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 17:70", + "quote": "And indeed We have honored the children of Adam." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "A true believer is one who shows endearment to his/her fellow-muslims, respect to his/her elders, kindness to youngsters, and mercy to animals." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "O mankind! We have created you from male and female, and made you into nations and tribes, that ye may know one another. Verily, the most honourable of you in the sight of Allah is the most pious of you. Verily, Allah is All-Knowing, All-Aware." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:128", + "quote": "And if you disagree about anything, then circumvent it with mutual consent." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 17:70", + "quote": "And indeed We have honored the children of Adam." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "A hadith collection containing numerous examples of the Prophet Muhammad's teachings on kindness and compassion towards others." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "The World Council of Churches", + "Islam", + "United Nations" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Bukhari", + "Prophet Muhammad's" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to have or to adopt a religion of his choice.", + "There is no compulsion in religion.", + "Do not force anyone to convert to your religion.", + "Interfaith dialogue and cooperation are essential tools for building a more peaceful and harmonious world. By respecting and appreciating each other's beliefs and values, we can create a culture of mutual understanding and tolerance.", + "Interfaith dialogue is essential for building bridges between different religious communities and fostering greater understanding and respect among them." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): Article 18", + "quote": "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to have or to adopt a religion of his choice." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:256", + "quote": "There is no compulsion in religion." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith: Sahih Bukhari, volume 4, book 54, number 371", + "quote": "Do not force anyone to convert to your religion." + }, + { + "source": "The United Nations Secretary-General's message on the occasion of World Interfaith Harmony Week", + "quote": "Interfaith dialogue and cooperation are essential tools for building a more peaceful and harmonious world. By respecting and appreciating each other's beliefs and values, we can create a culture of mutual understanding and tolerance." + }, + { + "source": "The World Council of Churches' statement on interfaith relations", + "quote": "Interfaith dialogue is essential for building bridges between different religious communities and fostering greater understanding and respect among them." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Muslims", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Adam", + "Quran 17:70", + "Bukhari", + "The Prophet Muhammad's", + "the Prophet Muhammad's" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And indeed We have honored the children of Adam.", + "O mankind! We have created you from male and female, and made you into nations and tribes, that ye may know one another.", + "And if you disagree about anything, then circumvent it with mutual consent.", + "Quran 17:70", + "Quran 49:13", + "Quran 4:128" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 17:70", + "quote": "And indeed We have honored the children of Adam." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "O mankind! We have created you from male and female, and made you into nations and tribes, that ye may know one another." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:128", + "quote": "And if you disagree about anything, then circumvent it with mutual consent." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "A hadith collection containing numerous examples of the Prophet Muhammad's teachings on kindness and compassion towards others." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Furqan", + "Adam", + "Bukhari", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Sahih Bukhari" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And indeed We have honored the children of Adam", + "There is no compulsion in religion.", + "The Prophet Muhammad taught his followers to respect and appreciate other religions, but he did not condone or encourage violence towards any group of people.", + "The Prophet Muhammad emphasized the importance of kindness and compassion towards others in numerous hadiths, and he rejected any form of discrimination or violence towards any group of people.", + "And if thy Lord willed, He could have made mankind one single nation; but they will not cease to differ.", + "The Prophet Muhammad emphasized the importance of kindness and compassion towards others, and he rejected any form of discrimination or violence towards any group of people.", + "Quran 17:70", + "Quran 49:13" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 17:70", + "quote": "And indeed We have honored the children of Adam" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari, volume 4, book 54, number 371", + "quote": "While it is true that the Prophet Muhammad taught his followers to respect and appreciate other religions, this does not mean that he condoned or encouraged violence towards any group of people." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "Regarding your citation from Quran 49:13, I would like to point out that this verse does not necessarily promote unity and understanding between different nations and tribes." + }, + { + "source": "Surah 2:256", + "quote": "There is no compulsion in religion" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim, volume 2, book 26, number 5489", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad emphasized the importance of kindness and compassion towards others in numerous hadiths, and he rejected any form of discrimination or violence towards any group of people." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 25:65", + "quote": "And if thy Lord willed, He could have made mankind one single nation; but they will not cease to differ." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Adam", + "Tawhid", + "Quran 17:70", + "Bukhari", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "The Prophet Muhammad's", + "the Prophet Muhammad's" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "A true believer is one who shows endearment to his/her fellow-muslims, respect to his/her elders, kindness to youngsters, and mercy to animals.", + "Quran 49:13", + "And if God had willed, He could have sent them angels as messengers.", + "And indeed We have honored the children of Adam.", + "O mankind! We have created you from male and female, and made you into nations and tribes, that ye may know one another.", + "Quran 4:128", + "Quran 17:70", + "Tawhid,", + "Quran 4:47", + "O mankind! We have created you from male and female, and made you into nations and tribes, that ye may know one another. Verily, the most honourable of you in the sight of Allah is the most pious of you. Verily, Allah is All-Knowing, All-Aware.", + "And if you disagree about anything, then circumvent it with mutual consent." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:47", + "quote": "And if God had willed, He could have sent them angels as messengers." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "Tawhid rejects the idea of idolatry and instead emphasizes the unity and harmony of God. This belief encourages Muslims to recognize that all people are equal in the eyes of God and to treat others with respect and compassion, regardless of their race, religion, or background." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:128", + "quote": "And if you disagree about anything, then circumvent it with mutual consent." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 17:70", + "quote": "And indeed We have honored the children of Adam." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "A true believer is one who shows endearment to his/her fellow-muslims, respect to his/her elders, kindness to youngsters, and mercy to animals." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "O mankind! We have created you from male and female, and made you into nations and tribes, that ye may know one another. Verily, the most honourable of you in the sight of Allah is the most pious of you. Verily, Allah is All-Knowing, All-Aware." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:128", + "quote": "And if you disagree about anything, then circumvent it with mutual consent." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 17:70", + "quote": "And indeed We have honored the children of Adam." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "A hadith collection containing numerous examples of the Prophet Muhammad's teachings on kindness and compassion towards others." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 17:70", + "quote": "And indeed We have honored the children of Adam." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "O mankind! We have created you from male and female, and made you into nations and tribes, that ye may know one another." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:128", + "quote": "And if you disagree about anything, then circumvent it with mutual consent." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "A hadith collection containing numerous examples of the Prophet Muhammad's teachings on kindness and compassion towards others." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Muslim", + "The World Council of Churches", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "United Nations", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Furqan", + "Adam", + "Prophet Muhammad's", + "Bukhari", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Sahih Bukhari" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Do not force anyone to convert to your religion.", + "Quran 49:13", + "Interfaith dialogue is essential for building bridges between different religious communities and fostering greater understanding and respect among them.", + "Quran 17:70", + "And if thy Lord willed, He could have made mankind one single nation; but they will not cease to differ.", + "Interfaith dialogue and cooperation are essential tools for building a more peaceful and harmonious world. By respecting and appreciating each other's beliefs and values, we can create a culture of mutual understanding and tolerance.", + "The Prophet Muhammad emphasized the importance of kindness and compassion towards others in numerous hadiths, and he rejected any form of discrimination or violence towards any group of people.", + "And indeed We have honored the children of Adam", + "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to have or to adopt a religion of his choice.", + "There is no compulsion in religion.", + "The Prophet Muhammad emphasized the importance of kindness and compassion towards others, and he rejected any form of discrimination or violence towards any group of people.", + "The Prophet Muhammad taught his followers to respect and appreciate other religions, but he did not condone or encourage violence towards any group of people." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR): Article 18", + "quote": "Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to have or to adopt a religion of his choice." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:256", + "quote": "There is no compulsion in religion." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith: Sahih Bukhari, volume 4, book 54, number 371", + "quote": "Do not force anyone to convert to your religion." + }, + { + "source": "The United Nations Secretary-General's message on the occasion of World Interfaith Harmony Week", + "quote": "Interfaith dialogue and cooperation are essential tools for building a more peaceful and harmonious world. By respecting and appreciating each other's beliefs and values, we can create a culture of mutual understanding and tolerance." + }, + { + "source": "The World Council of Churches' statement on interfaith relations", + "quote": "Interfaith dialogue is essential for building bridges between different religious communities and fostering greater understanding and respect among them." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 17:70", + "quote": "And indeed We have honored the children of Adam" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari, volume 4, book 54, number 371", + "quote": "While it is true that the Prophet Muhammad taught his followers to respect and appreciate other religions, this does not mean that he condoned or encouraged violence towards any group of people." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "Regarding your citation from Quran 49:13, I would like to point out that this verse does not necessarily promote unity and understanding between different nations and tribes." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:256", + "quote": "There is no compulsion in religion" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim, volume 2, book 26, number 5489", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad emphasized the importance of kindness and compassion towards others in numerous hadiths, and he rejected any form of discrimination or violence towards any group of people." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 25:65", + "quote": "And if thy Lord willed, He could have made mankind one single nation; but they will not cease to differ" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_music_20240913_182736.json", + "model": "llama3", + "topic": "Islam permits music", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Hanafi", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Sufi" + ], + "person": [ + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Fath al-Bari", + "Bukhari", + "Imam Muhammad", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Quran 72:21", + "Anas ibn Malik", + "Vol", + "Kitab al-Azhar", + "Shayatin", + "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "Rumi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And of the songs of the Shayatin (devils) have they made a song, a king of Jinns and his army from those who have warped (good deeds).", + "It is a part of your faith.", + "Music is not forbidden in Islam as long as it does not lead to sin or immoral behavior.", + "Quran 72:21" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 72:21", + "quote": "And of the songs of the Shayatin (devils) have they made a song, a king of Jinns and his army from those who have warped (good deeds)." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "It is a part of your faith." + }, + { + "source": "Kitab al-Azhar by Imam Muhammad ash-Shaykh", + "quote": "Music is not forbidden in Islam as long as it does not lead to sin or immoral behavior." + }, + { + "source": "Fath al-Bari by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "quote": "the famous companion Anas ibn Malik would often recite poetry and sing in the presence of the Prophet." + }, + { + "source": "The works of Rumi", + "quote": "(Indirect reference) His works are filled with references to music as a means of spiritual expression." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "The Old Testament", + "SCM Press", + "the Early Christian Church", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam", + "CE" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Ibn Umar", + "Imam Malik ibn Anas", + "E. Lane", + "al-Bukhari", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi", + "J. A. T.", + "Muhammad Ashraf", + "Robinson", + "Fath al-Bari", + "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "al-Shaykh al-Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Robinson, 2014)", + "(Abu Dawud, 1982)", + "(1982)", + "(1981)", + "(1994)", + "(2014)", + "And those who are miserly with their prayers, are stingy with their charity, and remember Allah while they're standing or sitting, but fail to act on what they've learned. So fear Him because you're all going to be called back to account for your actions.", + "Music is not permitted because it leads to chaos and corruption", + "Quran 107:1" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Robinson, J. A. T. (2014). The Old Testament and the Early Christian Church. London: SCM Press", + "quote": "The concept of music as we know it today, with instruments, melody, and harmony, emerged in ancient Greece around 500 BCE" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 107:1-3", + "quote": "And those who are miserly with their prayers, are stingy with their charity, and remember Allah while they're standing or sitting, but fail to act on what they've learned. So fear Him because you're all going to be called back to account for your actions." + }, + { + "source": "al-Bukhari. (1981). Sahih al-Bukhari. Translated by M. Islahi. Lahore: Muhammad Ashraf", + "quote": "the earliest Islamic sources, such as the hadiths (traditions of the Prophet), do not mention music at all" + }, + { + "source": "Abu Dawud. (1982). The Sunan of Abu Dawud. Translated by E. Lane. London: Routledge", + "quote": "certain Hadiths, such as one attributed to Ibn Umar, allow for musical instruments in specific contexts. However, these Hadiths are often misinterpreted or taken out of context" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani. (1994). Fath al-Bari. Cairo: Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi", + "quote": "the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and his companions discouraged music and focused on reciting the Quran, poetry, and other forms of expressive arts that did not involve instruments" + }, + { + "source": "al-Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, (1994)", + "quote": "Music is not permitted because it leads to chaos and corruption" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Islam", + "Hanafi", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Imam Malik", + "Bukhari", + "Prophet", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Anas ibn Malik", + "Imam Muhammad", + "Kitab al-Azhar" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The best of you is the one who learns the Quran and teaches it to others." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "The best of you is the one who learns the Quran and teaches it to others." + }, + { + "source": "Kitab al-Azhar, p. 234, by Imam Muhammad ash-Shaykh", + "quote": "Music is not forbidden in Islam as long as it does not lead to sin or immoral behavior." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to historical events and Islamic society", + "quote": "The fact that some companions, like Anas ibn Malik, recited poetry and sang in the presence of the Prophet (peace be upon him) demonstrates that music was present and accepted within certain boundaries." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to Imam Malik ibn Anas' statement", + "quote": "Music leads to chaos and corruption." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Imam Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "Prophet", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Imam Muhammad", + "Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi", + "Fath al-Bari", + "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani" + ], + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(1994)", + "Music is not permitted because it leads to chaos and corruption" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Fath al-Bari", + "quote": "Music is not permitted because it leads to chaos and corruption" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths" + ], + "person": [ + "Imam Muhammad", + "Prophet" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Hanafi", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Sufi" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Imam Malik", + "Bukhari", + "Prophet", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Imam Muhammad", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Quran 72:21", + "Anas ibn Malik", + "Vol", + "Shayatin", + "Kitab al-Azhar", + "Fath al-Bari", + "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "Rumi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "It is a part of your faith.", + "Music is not forbidden in Islam as long as it does not lead to sin or immoral behavior.", + "Quran 72:21", + "And of the songs of the Shayatin (devils) have they made a song, a king of Jinns and his army from those who have warped (good deeds).", + "The best of you is the one who learns the Quran and teaches it to others." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 72:21", + "quote": "And of the songs of the Shayatin (devils) have they made a song, a king of Jinns and his army from those who have warped (good deeds)." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "It is a part of your faith." + }, + { + "source": "Kitab al-Azhar by Imam Muhammad ash-Shaykh", + "quote": "Music is not forbidden in Islam as long as it does not lead to sin or immoral behavior." + }, + { + "source": "Fath al-Bari by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "quote": "the famous companion Anas ibn Malik would often recite poetry and sing in the presence of the Prophet." + }, + { + "source": "The works of Rumi", + "quote": "(Indirect reference) His works are filled with references to music as a means of spiritual expression." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "The best of you is the one who learns the Quran and teaches it to others." + }, + { + "source": "Kitab al-Azhar, p. 234, by Imam Muhammad ash-Shaykh", + "quote": "Music is not forbidden in Islam as long as it does not lead to sin or immoral behavior." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to historical events and Islamic society", + "quote": "The fact that some companions, like Anas ibn Malik, recited poetry and sang in the presence of the Prophet (peace be upon him) demonstrates that music was present and accepted within certain boundaries." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to Imam Malik ibn Anas' statement", + "quote": "Music leads to chaos and corruption." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "The Old Testament", + "SCM Press", + "the Early Christian Church", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam", + "CE" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Muhammad", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Ibn Umar", + "Imam Malik ibn Anas", + "E. Lane", + "Imam Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "Prophet", + "al-Bukhari", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Imam Muhammad", + "Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi", + "J. A. T.", + "Muhammad Ashraf", + "Robinson", + "Fath al-Bari", + "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "al-Shaykh al-Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Robinson, 2014)", + "And those who are miserly with their prayers, are stingy with their charity, and remember Allah while they're standing or sitting, but fail to act on what they've learned. So fear Him because you're all going to be called back to account for your actions.", + "(1994)", + "(2014)", + "Quran 107:1", + "(Abu Dawud, 1982)", + "(1981)", + "Music is not permitted because it leads to chaos and corruption", + "(1982)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Robinson, J. A. T. (2014). The Old Testament and the Early Christian Church. London: SCM Press", + "quote": "The concept of music as we know it today, with instruments, melody, and harmony, emerged in ancient Greece around 500 BCE" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 107:1-3", + "quote": "And those who are miserly with their prayers, are stingy with their charity, and remember Allah while they're standing or sitting, but fail to act on what they've learned. So fear Him because you're all going to be called back to account for your actions." + }, + { + "source": "al-Bukhari. (1981). Sahih al-Bukhari. Translated by M. Islahi. Lahore: Muhammad Ashraf", + "quote": "the earliest Islamic sources, such as the hadiths (traditions of the Prophet), do not mention music at all" + }, + { + "source": "Abu Dawud. (1982). The Sunan of Abu Dawud. Translated by E. Lane. London: Routledge", + "quote": "certain Hadiths, such as one attributed to Ibn Umar, allow for musical instruments in specific contexts. However, these Hadiths are often misinterpreted or taken out of context" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani. (1994). Fath al-Bari. Cairo: Mustafa al-Babi al-Halabi", + "quote": "the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and his companions discouraged music and focused on reciting the Quran, poetry, and other forms of expressive arts that did not involve instruments" + }, + { + "source": "al-Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, (1994)", + "quote": "Music is not permitted because it leads to chaos and corruption" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, Fath al-Bari", + "quote": "Music is not permitted because it leads to chaos and corruption" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "muslims_cannot_live_in_secular_countries_20240914_012245.json", + "model": "gemma2", + "topic": "Muslims cannot live in secular countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Muslim" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries." + ], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Esteemed" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 18)", + "quote": "This fundamental right [freedom of conscience, allowing citizens to practice their faith without coercion or discrimination] is enshrined in this document." + }, + { + "source": "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Article 18)", + "quote": "This fundamental right [freedom of conscience, allowing citizens to practice their faith without coercion or discrimination] is enshrined in this document." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Western", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Sharia" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Sharia" + ], + "person": [ + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam does not permit a state to be separated from religion.", + "no-go zones", + "exhort", + "Quran 48:13", + "Quran 2:256" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Yusuf al-Qaradawi", + "quote": "Islam does not permit a state to be separated from religion." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 48:13", + "quote": "The Quran explicitly states that Islam is the ultimate truth" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:256", + "quote": "commands Muslims to 'exhort' non-Muslims to convert" + }, + { + "source": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights", + "quote": "Promotes freedom of religion, recognizes the need for limitations on religious practices that infringe upon the rights of others or threaten public order" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "democratic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Sharia" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Great Theft:", + "Sharia" + ], + "person": [ + "Seyyed Hossein Nasr", + "Secular Governance", + "Islam", + "Khaled Abou El Fadl" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2009)", + "Islam does not prescribe any specific political system\u2026 Islam is fundamentally compatible with democracy.", + "return to the original Islamic spirit", + "no-go zones", + "Quran 2:256" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists by Khaled Abou El Fadl (2009)", + "quote": "Islam does not prescribe any specific political system\u2026 Islam is fundamentally compatible with democracy." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Civilization: A New Approach by Seyyed Hossein Nasr (1987)", + "quote": "Original Islamic spirit that emphasizes justice, reason, and participation \u2013 values central to secular democracies." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:256", + "quote": "Islamic teachings emphasize respect for other faiths and forbid coercion in matters of belief" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Muslim" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Sharia" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Esteemed" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries" + ], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Western", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Sharia" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Sharia" + ], + "person": [ + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries.", + "no-go zones", + "Islam does not permit a state to be separated from religion.", + "Quran 2:256", + "exhort", + "Quran 48:13" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Yusuf al-Qaradawi", + "quote": "Islam does not permit a state to be separated from religion." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 48:13", + "quote": "The Quran explicitly states that Islam is the ultimate truth" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:256", + "quote": "commands Muslims to 'exhort' non-Muslims to convert" + }, + { + "source": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights", + "quote": "Promotes freedom of religion, recognizes the need for limitations on religious practices that infringe upon the rights of others or threaten public order" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "democratic", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "Islam", + "Sharia" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Great Theft:", + "Sharia" + ], + "person": [ + "Seyyed Hossein Nasr", + "Secular Governance", + "Islam", + "Khaled Abou El Fadl" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "no-go zones", + "return to the original Islamic spirit", + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries", + "Quran 2:256", + "(2009)", + "Islam does not prescribe any specific political system\u2026 Islam is fundamentally compatible with democracy." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + {"source": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 18)", "quote": "This fundamental right [freedom of conscience, allowing citizens to practice their faith without coercion or discrimination] is enshrined in this document."}, {"source": "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Article 18)", "quote": "This fundamental right [freedom of conscience, allowing citizens to practice their faith without coercion or discrimination] is enshrined in this document."}, + { + "source": "The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists by Khaled Abou El Fadl (2009)", + "quote": "Islam does not prescribe any specific political system\u2026 Islam is fundamentally compatible with democracy." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Civilization: A New Approach by Seyyed Hossein Nasr (1987)", + "quote": "Original Islamic spirit that emphasizes justice, reason, and participation \u2013 values central to secular democracies." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:256", + "quote": "Islamic teachings emphasize respect for other faiths and forbid coercion in matters of belief" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "muslims_can_be_active_citizens_in_secular_countries_20240914_101841.json", + "model": "llama3", + "topic": "Muslims can be active citizens in secular countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "The Practice of Politics", + "Search of Coping Strategies", + "Malala.org", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Hefner", + "G\u00fclen.org", + "Turkish", + "democratic", + "Islamic", + "Oxford University Press", + "Islam", + "Journal of International Affairs", + "Journal of International Relations and Development" + ], + "person": [ + "Fethullah G\u00fclen", + "J. L.", + "Esposito", + "J. N. (", + "Malala Yousafzai" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Nobel" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Rosenau, 2005)", + "(Hefner, 2009)", + "(Case, 2011)", + "(Esposito, 1998)", + "(2011)", + "(1998)", + "(2009)", + "(2005)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Rosenau, 2005", + "quote": "Religion and democracy are not mutually exclusive, but rather complementary" + }, + { + "source": "Hefner, 2009", + "quote": "Citizenship is not solely defined by one's religious beliefs or affiliations. It is rooted in a shared commitment to democratic values such as equality, justice, and individual rights. Muslims, like any other citizens, have the capacity to engage with these values and principles, regardless of their religious identity" + }, + { + "source": "Case, 2011", + "quote": "Many Muslim-majority countries are already secular democracies or have made significant strides towards democratization. For instance, Turkey has a long history of secular democracy, while Indonesia and Malaysia have successfully transitioned from authoritarian regimes to democratic ones." + }, + { + "source": "Esposito, 1998", + "quote": "There is no inherent contradiction between Islam and democratic principles. Islamic values such as justice, equality, and compassion are compatible with democratic ideals" + }, + { + "source": "Malala.org", + "quote": "The Nobel laureate Malala Yousafzai, a Muslim woman from Pakistan, has been a vocal advocate for girls' education and human rights" + }, + { + "source": "G\u00fclen.org", + "quote": "The Turkish politician and philanthropist Fethullah G\u00fclen has promoted interfaith dialogue and education initiatives that have brought together people of different faiths and backgrounds" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Muslim", + "the Modern World and Other Studies", + "Muslims", + "Oxford University Press", + "democratic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Cambridge University Press" + ], + "person": [ + "Origins", + "Keddie", + "J. L.", + "Esposito", + "W. B. (", + "Shariah", + "N. R." + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Hallaq, 2001)", + "(Esposito, 2004)", + "(Keddie, 2003)", + "(2004)", + "(2001)", + "(2003)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Hallaq, W. B. (2001). The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law. Cambridge University Press.", + "quote": "Islamic doctrine requires its adherents to submit to Allah's will and obey the laws of the land only if they align with Shariah law" + }, + { + "source": "Esposito, J. L. (2004). Islam: The Straight Path. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "Islam, on the other hand, prioritizes the community's well-being over individual interests, often resulting in tensions between personal freedom and collective responsibility" + }, + { + "source": "Keddie, N. R. (2003). Islam in the Modern World and Other Studies. Routledge.", + "quote": "the historical experience of Muslim-majority societies, where Islam has been used to justify authoritarianism, suppress individual rights, and marginalize minority groups" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Fazlur Rahman", + "Search of Coping Strategies", + "Malala.org", + "Muslim", + "University of Chicago Press", + "Muslims", + "G\u00fclen.org", + "democratic", + "Islamic", + "Modern Times", + "Islam", + "Journal of International Relations and Development" + ], + "person": [ + "Rahman", + "J. N. (", + "Rosenau" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Rosenau, 2005)", + "(Rahman, 1982)", + "(Case, 2011)", + "(2011)", + "(1982)", + "(2005)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Rosenau, 2005", + "quote": "While it is true that many Muslims believe that Islamic law should be applied to all aspects of life, this does not necessarily mean that they cannot distinguish between their personal beliefs and their civic duties as citizens in a secular democracy." + }, + { + "source": "Rahman, 1982", + "quote": "Islamic thinker Fazlur Rahman argues that Islam's emphasis on justice, equality, and compassion can be reconciled with democratic values." + }, + { + "source": "Case, 2011", + "quote": "While it is true that some Muslim-majority societies have been authoritarian or even repressive, this does not mean that all Muslims are inherently incompatible with secular democracy. In fact, many Muslim-majority countries have successfully transitioned from authoritarian regimes to democratic ones, as I mentioned earlier." + }, + { + "source": "Malala.org; G\u00fclen.org", + "quote": "In fact, many Muslim individuals and communities are already actively engaged in civic life in secular countries, contributing to the promotion of human rights, education, and interfaith dialogue." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Fazlur Rahman's", + "the Modern World and Other Studies", + "Muslims", + "University of Chicago Press", + "Oxford University Press", + "democratic", + "Islamic", + "Modern Times", + "Islam", + "Cambridge University Press" + ], + "person": [ + "Origins", + "Rahman", + "Keddie", + "J. L.", + "Esposito", + "W. B. (", + "N. R." + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Rahman, 1982)", + "(Keddie, 2003)", + "(Esposito, 2004)", + "(Hallaq, 2001)", + "(2004)", + "(2001)", + "(2003)", + "(1982)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Rahman, F. (1982). Islam and Modernity: Transformation of an Institution in Modern Times. University of Chicago Press.", + "quote": "Indirect reference - Fazlur Rahman's argument that Islam emphasizes justice, equality, and compassion can be reconciled with democratic values assumes that these values can be compartmentalized from Islamic law" + }, + { + "source": "Keddie, N. R. (2003).Islam in the Modern World and Other Studies. Routledge.", + "quote": "Indirect reference - The fact that many Muslim-majority societies have been characterized by authoritarianism, repression, and marginalization of minority groups" + }, + { + "source": "Esposito, J. L. (2004). Islam: The Straight Path. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "Indirect reference - The historical experience of Muslim-majority societies suggests that Islamic law and tradition can often trump individual rights and freedoms, leading to the suppression of minority groups and the marginalization of women" + }, + { + "source": "Hallaq, W. B. (2001). The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law. Cambridge University Press.", + "quote": "Indirect reference - Many Muslims who participate in secular politics often do so with the explicit intention of promoting Islamic values and laws" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Turkish", + "democratic", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Nobel" + ], + "person": [ + "Fethullah G\u00fclen", + "Malala Yousafzai" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "democratic", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "The Practice of Politics", + "Allah", + "Fazlur Rahman", + "Search of Coping Strategies", + "Malala.org", + "Muslim", + "University of Chicago Press", + "Muslims", + "Hefner", + "G\u00fclen.org", + "Turkish", + "democratic", + "Islamic", + "Oxford University Press", + "Modern Times", + "Islam", + "Journal of International Affairs", + "Journal of International Relations and Development" + ], + "person": [ + "Fethullah G\u00fclen", + "Rahman", + "J. L.", + "Esposito", + "Rosenau", + "J. N. (", + "Malala Yousafzai" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Nobel" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Esposito, 1998)", + "(Case, 2011)", + "(2005)", + "(Hefner, 2009)", + "(Rahman, 1982)", + "(1998)", + "(2009)", + "(1982)", + "(Rosenau, 2005)", + "(2011)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Rosenau, 2005", + "quote": "Religion and democracy are not mutually exclusive, but rather complementary" + }, + { + "source": "Hefner, 2009", + "quote": "Citizenship is not solely defined by one's religious beliefs or affiliations. It is rooted in a shared commitment to democratic values such as equality, justice, and individual rights. Muslims, like any other citizens, have the capacity to engage with these values and principles, regardless of their religious identity" + }, + { + "source": "Case, 2011", + "quote": "Many Muslim-majority countries are already secular democracies or have made significant strides towards democratization. For instance, Turkey has a long history of secular democracy, while Indonesia and Malaysia have successfully transitioned from authoritarian regimes to democratic ones." + }, + { + "source": "Esposito, 1998", + "quote": "There is no inherent contradiction between Islam and democratic principles. Islamic values such as justice, equality, and compassion are compatible with democratic ideals" + }, + { + "source": "Malala.org", + "quote": "The Nobel laureate Malala Yousafzai, a Muslim woman from Pakistan, has been a vocal advocate for girls' education and human rights" + }, + { + "source": "G\u00fclen.org", + "quote": "The Turkish politician and philanthropist Fethullah G\u00fclen has promoted interfaith dialogue and education initiatives that have brought together people of different faiths and backgrounds" + }, + { + "source": "Rosenau, 2005", + "quote": "While it is true that many Muslims believe that Islamic law should be applied to all aspects of life, this does not necessarily mean that they cannot distinguish between their personal beliefs and their civic duties as citizens in a secular democracy." + }, + { + "source": "Rahman, 1982", + "quote": "Islamic thinker Fazlur Rahman argues that Islam's emphasis on justice, equality, and compassion can be reconciled with democratic values." + }, + { + "source": "Case, 2011", + "quote": "While it is true that some Muslim-majority societies have been authoritarian or even repressive, this does not mean that all Muslims are inherently incompatible with secular democracy. In fact, many Muslim-majority countries have successfully transitioned from authoritarian regimes to democratic ones, as I mentioned earlier." + }, + { + "source": "Malala.org; G\u00fclen.org", + "quote": "In fact, many Muslim individuals and communities are already actively engaged in civic life in secular countries, contributing to the promotion of human rights, education, and interfaith dialogue." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Muslim", + "Fazlur Rahman's", + "the Modern World and Other Studies", + "Muslims", + "University of Chicago Press", + "Oxford University Press", + "democratic", + "Islamic", + "Modern Times", + "Islam", + "Cambridge University Press" + ], + "person": [ + "Origins", + "Keddie", + "Rahman", + "J. L.", + "Esposito", + "W. B. (", + "Shariah", + "N. R." + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2001)", + "(2003)", + "(Keddie, 2003)", + "(Rahman, 1982)", + "(Hallaq, 2001)", + "(2004)", + "(1982)", + "(Esposito, 2004)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Hallaq, W. B. (2001). The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law. Cambridge University Press.", + "quote": "Islamic doctrine requires its adherents to submit to Allah's will and obey the laws of the land only if they align with Shariah law" + }, + { + "source": "Esposito, J. L. (2004). Islam: The Straight Path. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "Islam, on the other hand, prioritizes the community's well-being over individual interests, often resulting in tensions between personal freedom and collective responsibility" + }, + { + "source": "Keddie, N. R. (2003). Islam in the Modern World and Other Studies. Routledge.", + "quote": "the historical experience of Muslim-majority societies, where Islam has been used to justify authoritarianism, suppress individual rights, and marginalize minority groups" + }, + { + "source": "Rahman, F. (1982). Islam and Modernity: Transformation of an Institution in Modern Times. University of Chicago Press.", + "quote": "Indirect reference - Fazlur Rahman's argument that Islam emphasizes justice, equality, and compassion can be reconciled with democratic values assumes that these values can be compartmentalized from Islamic law" + }, + { + "source": "Keddie, N. R. (2003).Islam in the Modern World and Other Studies. Routledge.", + "quote": "Indirect reference - The fact that many Muslim-majority societies have been characterized by authoritarianism, repression, and marginalization of minority groups" + }, + { + "source": "Esposito, J. L. (2004). Islam: The Straight Path. Oxford University Press.", + "quote": "Indirect reference - The historical experience of Muslim-majority societies suggests that Islamic law and tradition can often trump individual rights and freedoms, leading to the suppression of minority groups and the marginalization of women" + }, + { + "source": "Hallaq, W. B. (2001). The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law. Cambridge University Press.", + "quote": "Indirect reference - Many Muslims who participate in secular politics often do so with the explicit intention of promoting Islamic values and laws" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_peace_20240911_065833.json", + "model": "claude-3-sonnet-20240229", + "topic": "Islam promotes peace", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Arab", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Book of Manners", + "Arabic", + "Arab" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Adam", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Sahih Al-Bukhari", + "Quran 60:8", + "Surah Al-Nisa" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "If they incline to peace, then incline to it and trust in Allah.", + "All mankind is from Adam and Eve, an Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab, nor a non-Arab has any superiority over an Arab; also, a white has no superiority over a black, nor a black has any superiority over a white \u2013 except by piety and good action.", + "Allah does not forbid you from those who do not fight you because of religion and do not expel you from your homes \u2013 from being righteous toward them and acting justly toward them. Indeed, Allah loves those who act justly.", + "Whosoever shows mercy, even to an animal, shall be rewarded.", + "Quran 4:90", + "Quran 60:8" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:90", + "quote": "If they incline to peace, then incline to it and trust in Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Al-Bukhari, Book of Revelation, Hadith no. 23", + "quote": "All mankind is from Adam and Eve, an Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab, nor a non-Arab has any superiority over an Arab; also, a white has no superiority over a black, nor a black has any superiority over a white \u2013 except by piety and good action." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 60:8", + "quote": "Allah does not forbid you from those who do not fight you because of religion and do not expel you from your homes \u2013 from being righteous toward them and acting justly toward them. Indeed, Allah loves those who act justly." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Al-Bukhari, Book of Manners, Hadith no. 6012", + "quote": "Whosoever shows mercy, even to an animal, shall be rewarded." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "ISIS", + "Muslim", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Legacy of Jihad" + ], + "person": [ + "Andrew Bostom" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "While Islam means 'peace' and certainly has peaceful elements within its teachings, there is also substantial evidence that aspects of Islamic doctrine and historical practices have promoted violence, intolerance, and conflict. The concept of jihad, while having an inward spiritual meaning, has also been used to justify offensive military conquests and forced conversions throughout history, from the early Muslim conquests out of Arabia to modern extremist groups. The Quran contains verses sanctioning violence against unbelievers (9:5, 9:29, 47:4). There are harsh punishments endorsed in Islamic law such as execution for apostates and amputation for thieves. The subordinate status of women and non-Muslims is codified in Islamic teachings (4:34, 9:29). Hardline interpretations provide the ideological basis for groups like ISIS and Al-Qaeda to commit atrocities in the name of Islam. While not all Muslims follow such interpretations, denial of these elements within Islamic scripture and tradition ignores an important driving force behind much historical and modern conflict and human rights abuses carried out in the name of Islam. A nuanced and honest evaluation must acknowledge these problematic aspects that contradict the idea of Islam as wholly and uniquely a religion of peace.", + "The Legacy of Jihad" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "The Quran contains verses sanctioning violence against unbelievers" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "The Quran contains verses sanctioning violence against unbelievers" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 47:4", + "quote": "The Quran contains verses sanctioning violence against unbelievers" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "The subordinate status of women and non-Muslims is codified in Islamic teachings" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "The subordinate status of women and non-Muslims is codified in Islamic teachings" + }, + { + "source": "The Legacy of Jihad by Andrew Bostom", + "quote": "The concept of jihad... has also been used to justify offensive military conquests and forced conversions throughout history, from the early Muslim conquests out of Arabia to modern extremist groups." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Quran", + "Muslim", + "Al-Bayhaqi", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Al-Muwatta", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Prophet" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "We have returned from the lesser jihad to the greater jihad,", + "Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress. Indeed, Allah does not like transgressors.", + "The recompense for an injury is an injury equal thereto (in degree); but if a person forgives and makes reconciliation, his reward is due from Allah.", + "O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you.", + "Whoever oppresses a dhimmi (non-Muslim living under Muslim rule) or violates his rights, I will be his prosecutor on the Day of Judgment." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Sahih Al-Bayhaqi", + "quote": "We have returned from the lesser jihad to the greater jihad" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:190", + "quote": "Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress. Indeed, Allah does not like transgressors." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 42:40", + "quote": "The recompense for an injury is an injury equal thereto (in degree); but if a person forgives and makes reconciliation, his reward is due from Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Muwatta, Book of Judgments", + "quote": "Whoever oppresses a dhimmi (non-Muslim living under Muslim rule) or violates his rights, I will be his prosecutor on the Day of Judgment." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Sassanian Persian", + "Christians", + "Arab", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Amnesty International", + "Byzantine", + "armed jihad" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Mawardi", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Apostasy", + "Hanbali Sunni", + "Maliki" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "slay and are slain", + "sword verses", + "waging war against the idolaters and encouraging the Faithful to fight against them.", + "disobedience.", + "instances" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:111", + "quote": "The evidence indicates they are deeply rooted in Islamic scripture and tradition itself." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:5, 9:29", + "quote": "The context of the 'sword verses' (9:5, 9:29, etc.) that you cite involved sanctioning violence against polytheists and subjugation of Jews/Christians as dhimmis after the conquest of Arab pagan tribes." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "Ibn Kathir, a renowned Quranic commentator, states these verses are for 'waging war against the idolaters and encouraging the Faithful to fight against them.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran, hadiths, scholarly consensus", + "quote": "On punishments, the hudud punishments you minimize like execution for apostasy and amputation are derived directly from the Quran, hadiths, and scholarly consensus." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Mawardi, Al-Ahkam", + "quote": "Apostasy was a capital offense according to the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali Sunni schools." + }, + { + "source": "Amnesty International", + "quote": "Amnesty International has documented ongoing apostasy executions in over 15 Muslim-majority nations." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "verses like 4:34 sanction male authority over women and permit wife-beating in cases of 'disobedience.'" + }, + { + "source": "Major Islamic schools", + "quote": "Major Islamic schools codified highly unequal rules for women, from testimony being worth half a man's, to severe restrictions on divorce, inheritance, dress, etc. Global injustices like honor killings and child marriage stem from such medieval norms." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Prophet" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam", + "peace," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "The importance of pursuing peaceful resolutions to conflicts" + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "The concept of jihad as an inward spiritual struggle against one's own negative impulses" + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Verses related to warfare revealed in the historical context of aggression against the early Muslim community" + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Violence is only permissible for self-defense and not as a means of oppression or transgression" + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Islamic law's punishments are subject to stringent conditions and are primarily meant as deterrents to maintain social order" + }, + { + "source": "Quran and Prophet Muhammad's teachings", + "quote": "Uphold equality, justice, and respect for all human beings, regardless of gender or faith" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Quran", + "Muslim", + "non-Arab", + "Al-Bayhaqi", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Al-Muwatta", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "Book of Manners", + "Arabic", + "Arab" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Adam", + "Prophet", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Sahih Al-Bukhari", + "Quran 60:8", + "Surah Al-Nisa" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 60:8", + "All mankind is from Adam and Eve, an Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab, nor a non-Arab has any superiority over an Arab; also, a white has no superiority over a black, nor a black has any superiority over a white \u2013 except by piety and good action.", + "The recompense for an injury is an injury equal thereto (in degree); but if a person forgives and makes reconciliation, his reward is due from Allah.", + "Quran 4:90", + "If they incline to peace, then incline to it and trust in Allah.", + "Allah does not forbid you from those who do not fight you because of religion and do not expel you from your homes \u2013 from being righteous toward them and acting justly toward them. Indeed, Allah loves those who act justly.", + "We have returned from the lesser jihad to the greater jihad,", + "O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you.", + "Islam", + "peace,", + "Whosoever shows mercy, even to an animal, shall be rewarded.", + "Whoever oppresses a dhimmi (non-Muslim living under Muslim rule) or violates his rights, I will be his prosecutor on the Day of Judgment.", + "Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress. Indeed, Allah does not like transgressors." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:90", + "quote": "If they incline to peace, then incline to it and trust in Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Al-Bukhari, Book of Revelation, Hadith no. 23", + "quote": "All mankind is from Adam and Eve, an Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab, nor a non-Arab has any superiority over an Arab; also, a white has no superiority over a black, nor a black has any superiority over a white \u2013 except by piety and good action." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 60:8", + "quote": "Allah does not forbid you from those who do not fight you because of religion and do not expel you from your homes \u2013 from being righteous toward them and acting justly toward them. Indeed, Allah loves those who act justly." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Al-Bukhari, Book of Manners, Hadith no. 6012", + "quote": "Whosoever shows mercy, even to an animal, shall be rewarded." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Al-Bayhaqi", + "quote": "We have returned from the lesser jihad to the greater jihad" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:190", + "quote": "Fight in the way of Allah those who fight you but do not transgress. Indeed, Allah does not like transgressors." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 42:40", + "quote": "The recompense for an injury is an injury equal thereto (in degree); but if a person forgives and makes reconciliation, his reward is due from Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Muwatta, Book of Judgments", + "quote": "Whoever oppresses a dhimmi (non-Muslim living under Muslim rule) or violates his rights, I will be his prosecutor on the Day of Judgment." + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "The importance of pursuing peaceful resolutions to conflicts" + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "The concept of jihad as an inward spiritual struggle against one's own negative impulses" + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Verses related to warfare revealed in the historical context of aggression against the early Muslim community" + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Violence is only permissible for self-defense and not as a means of oppression or transgression" + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Islamic law's punishments are subject to stringent conditions and are primarily meant as deterrents to maintain social order" + }, + { + "source": "Quran and Prophet Muhammad's teachings", + "quote": "Uphold equality, justice, and respect for all human beings, regardless of gender or faith" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Christian", + "ISIS", + "Jews", + "Muslim", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Arab", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Amnesty International", + "Sassanian Persian", + "Byzantine", + "armed jihad" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Legacy of Jihad" + ], + "person": [ + "Andrew Bostom", + "Al-Mawardi", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Apostasy", + "Hanbali Sunni", + "Maliki" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "waging war against the idolaters and encouraging the Faithful to fight against them.", + "disobedience.", + "sword verses", + "slay and are slain", + "The Legacy of Jihad", + "instances", + "While Islam means 'peace' and certainly has peaceful elements within its teachings, there is also substantial evidence that aspects of Islamic doctrine and historical practices have promoted violence, intolerance, and conflict. The concept of jihad, while having an inward spiritual meaning, has also been used to justify offensive military conquests and forced conversions throughout history, from the early Muslim conquests out of Arabia to modern extremist groups. The Quran contains verses sanctioning violence against unbelievers (9:5, 9:29, 47:4). There are harsh punishments endorsed in Islamic law such as execution for apostates and amputation for thieves. The subordinate status of women and non-Muslims is codified in Islamic teachings (4:34, 9:29). Hardline interpretations provide the ideological basis for groups like ISIS and Al-Qaeda to commit atrocities in the name of Islam. While not all Muslims follow such interpretations, denial of these elements within Islamic scripture and tradition ignores an important driving force behind much historical and modern conflict and human rights abuses carried out in the name of Islam. A nuanced and honest evaluation must acknowledge these problematic aspects that contradict the idea of Islam as wholly and uniquely a religion of peace." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:5", + "quote": "The Quran contains verses sanctioning violence against unbelievers" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "The Quran contains verses sanctioning violence against unbelievers" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 47:4", + "quote": "The Quran contains verses sanctioning violence against unbelievers" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "The subordinate status of women and non-Muslims is codified in Islamic teachings" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "The subordinate status of women and non-Muslims is codified in Islamic teachings" + }, + { + "source": "The Legacy of Jihad by Andrew Bostom", + "quote": "The concept of jihad... has also been used to justify offensive military conquests and forced conversions throughout history, from the early Muslim conquests out of Arabia to modern extremist groups." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:111", + "quote": "The evidence indicates they are deeply rooted in Islamic scripture and tradition itself." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:5, 9:29", + "quote": "The context of the 'sword verses' (9:5, 9:29, etc.) that you cite involved sanctioning violence against polytheists and subjugation of Jews/Christians as dhimmis after the conquest of Arab pagan tribes." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "Ibn Kathir, a renowned Quranic commentator, states these verses are for 'waging war against the idolaters and encouraging the Faithful to fight against them.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran, hadiths, scholarly consensus", + "quote": "On punishments, the hudud punishments you minimize like execution for apostasy and amputation are derived directly from the Quran, hadiths, and scholarly consensus." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Mawardi, Al-Ahkam", + "quote": "Apostasy was a capital offense according to the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali Sunni schools." + }, + { + "source": "Amnesty International", + "quote": "Amnesty International has documented ongoing apostasy executions in over 15 Muslim-majority nations." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "verses like 4:34 sanction male authority over women and permit wife-beating in cases of 'disobedience.'" + }, + { + "source": "Major Islamic schools", + "quote": "Major Islamic schools codified highly unequal rules for women, from testimony being worth half a man's, to severe restrictions on divorce, inheritance, dress, etc. Global injustices like honor killings and child marriage stem from such medieval norms." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_women's_rights_20240914_044821.json", + "model": "gemma2", + "topic": "Islam promotes women's rights", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Tirmidhi" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "4:124", + "Abuse" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And for the mothers - a right similar to that of the fathers..." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:124", + "quote": "Whoever does righteous deeds, whether male or female, while he is a believer \u2013 these will enter Paradise" + }, + { + "source": "Tirmidhi", + "quote": "Seeking knowledge is obligatory for every Muslim man and woman" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:11", + "quote": "And for the mothers - a right similar to that of the fathers..." + }, + { + "source": "Tirmidhi", + "quote": "Be kind to women for they are weak and vulnerable." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "The Illusion of Equality", + "Islam", + "Mobility & Agency", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Fatima Mernissi", + "Leila Ahmed", + "Quran 2:229" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Women and Gender in", + "The Veil: A Feminist Analysis" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The Veil: A Feminist Analysis", + "Women and Gender in Islam", + "Quran 4:3", + "Quran 2:229", + "Quran 4:11", + "Quran 33:59", + "Quran 4:34" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:3", + "quote": "The Quran permits men to marry up to four wives while forbidding women from marrying more than one husband." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:229", + "quote": "It also grants men unilateral divorce rights, leaving women vulnerable and financially dependent." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:11", + "quote": "Women inherit half the share of their male counterparts in Islamic law." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 33:59", + "quote": "While some argue veiling is a personal choice, many interpretations mandate it as compulsory for women, effectively limiting their freedom of expression and autonomy." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "The concept of male guardianship restricts women's ability to make independent decisions about education, marriage, and even travel." + }, + { + "source": "Fatima Mernissi's 'The Veil: A Feminist Analysis'", + "quote": "These are not isolated incidents; they are systemic realities embedded within the fabric of Islamic law and societal norms, as documented by scholars like Fatima Mernissi." + }, + { + "source": "Leila Ahmed's 'Women and Gender in Islam'", + "quote": "These are not isolated incidents; they are systemic realities embedded within the fabric of Islamic law and societal norms, as documented by scholars like Leila Ahmed." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Mobility & Agency", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "taqsir", + "the believing women should lower their gaze and guard their private parts,", + "shura" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:124", + "quote": "Whoever does righteous deeds, whether male or female, while he is a believer \u2013 these will enter Paradise" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:229", + "quote": "indirect reference to the verse's teachings on fair treatment and financial provision for women during separation" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 33:59", + "quote": "the believing women should lower their gaze and guard their private parts" + }, + { + "source": "Tirmidhi", + "quote": "Seeking knowledge is obligatory for every Muslim man and woman" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Islam", + "Empowered Modesty", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Genuine", + "Quran 2:229" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Legal Inequality", + "taqsir", + "empowerment", + "shura", + "Quran 4:124", + "Quran 2:229" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:124", + "quote": "Claiming that Quran 4:124 cancels out legal disparities is a dangerous oversimplification. While striving for piety is important, it does not negate the tangible disadvantages women face in inheritance and divorce. The argument conveniently ignores how cultural interpretations of taqsir often reinforce these inequalities rather than bridging them." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:229", + "quote": "Emphasizing financial provision during divorce (Quran 2:229) overlooks the power imbalance inherent in men holding unilateral divorce rights. This places women at a constant risk of economic vulnerability, forcing dependence and limiting their agency even within legal frameworks." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 33:59", + "quote": "The Quran (33:59) itself does not explicitly mandate veiling for all women, emphasizing inner piety alongside outward conduct. This ambiguity leaves room for diverse interpretations, but ultimately, the emphasis on women's dress as a primary concern raises concerns about prioritization of male gaze over female autonomy." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Esteemed" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:124", + "quote": "The Quran explicitly states that both men and women will be judged by their actions, not their gender" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Esteemed" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Mobility & Agency", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "Islam", + "Tirmidhi" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "4:124", + "Abuse" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "the believing women should lower their gaze and guard their private parts,", + "And for the mothers - a right similar to that of the fathers...", + "taqsir", + "shura" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:124", + "quote": "Whoever does righteous deeds, whether male or female, while he is a believer \u2013 these will enter Paradise" + }, + { + "source": "Tirmidhi", + "quote": "Seeking knowledge is obligatory for every Muslim man and woman" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:11", + "quote": "And for the mothers - a right similar to that of the fathers..." + }, + { + "source": "Tirmidhi", + "quote": "Be kind to women for they are weak and vulnerable." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:124", + "quote": "Whoever does righteous deeds, whether male or female, while he is a believer \u2013 these will enter Paradise" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:229", + "quote": "indirect reference to the verse's teachings on fair treatment and financial provision for women during separation" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 33:59", + "quote": "the believing women should lower their gaze and guard their private parts" + }, + { + "source": "Tirmidhi", + "quote": "Seeking knowledge is obligatory for every Muslim man and woman" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:124", + "quote": "The Quran explicitly states that both men and women will be judged by their actions, not their gender" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "The Illusion of Equality", + "Mobility & Agency", + "Muslim", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "Islam", + "Empowered Modesty" + ], + "person": [ + "Genuine", + "Fatima Mernissi", + "Leila Ahmed", + "Quran 2:229" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Women and Gender in", + "The Veil: A Feminist Analysis" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 4:34", + "Women and Gender in Islam", + "Quran 2:229", + "Quran 4:11", + "Quran 4:3", + "Quran 33:59", + "empowerment", + "Legal Inequality", + "Quran 4:124", + "shura", + "taqsir", + "The Veil: A Feminist Analysis" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:3", + "quote": "The Quran permits men to marry up to four wives while forbidding women from marrying more than one husband." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:229", + "quote": "It also grants men unilateral divorce rights, leaving women vulnerable and financially dependent." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:11", + "quote": "Women inherit half the share of their male counterparts in Islamic law." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 33:59", + "quote": "While some argue veiling is a personal choice, many interpretations mandate it as compulsory for women, effectively limiting their freedom of expression and autonomy." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "The concept of male guardianship restricts women's ability to make independent decisions about education, marriage, and even travel." + }, + { + "source": "Fatima Mernissi's 'The Veil: A Feminist Analysis'", + "quote": "These are not isolated incidents; they are systemic realities embedded within the fabric of Islamic law and societal norms, as documented by scholars like Fatima Mernissi." + }, + { + "source": "Leila Ahmed's 'Women and Gender in Islam'", + "quote": "These are not isolated incidents; they are systemic realities embedded within the fabric of Islamic law and societal norms, as documented by scholars like Leila Ahmed." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:124", + "quote": "Claiming that Quran 4:124 cancels out legal disparities is a dangerous oversimplification. While striving for piety is important, it does not negate the tangible disadvantages women face in inheritance and divorce. The argument conveniently ignores how cultural interpretations of taqsir often reinforce these inequalities rather than bridging them." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:229", + "quote": "Emphasizing financial provision during divorce (Quran 2:229) overlooks the power imbalance inherent in men holding unilateral divorce rights. This places women at a constant risk of economic vulnerability, forcing dependence and limiting their agency even within legal frameworks." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 33:59", + "quote": "The Quran (33:59) itself does not explicitly mandate veiling for all women, emphasizing inner piety alongside outward conduct. This ambiguity leaves room for diverse interpretations, but ultimately, the emphasis on women's dress as a primary concern raises concerns about prioritization of male gaze over female autonomy." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_muslims_to_eat_any_beef_sold_in_christian_countries_20240911_072851.json", + "model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620", + "topic": "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Quran", + "Jewish", + "non-Muslims", + "the People of the Book", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "People of the Book", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "the Fiqh Council of North America", + "Islam", + "the European Council for Fatwa and Research" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Al-Bukhari", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi", + "Prophet" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries.", + "This day [all] good foods have been made lawful, and the food of those who were given the Scripture is lawful for you and your food is lawful for them.", + "The meat slaughtered by the People of the Book is lawful for Muslims, whether they mention the name of Allah or not, as long as they do not mention the name of anyone other than Allah.", + "If the meat is sold by a Christian or Jewish market or a general store, it is lawful for Muslims to consume it.", + "Quran 5:5" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:5", + "quote": "This day [all] good foods have been made lawful, and the food of those who were given the Scripture is lawful for you and your food is lawful for them." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith narrated by Al-Bukhari", + "quote": "Indirect reference to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) eating meat offered by a Jewish woman in Khaybar, demonstrating that meat prepared by non-Muslims can be permissible." + }, + { + "source": "European Council for Fatwa and Research, led by prominent scholar Yusuf al-Qaradawi", + "quote": "The meat slaughtered by the People of the Book is lawful for Muslims, whether they mention the name of Allah or not, as long as they do not mention the name of anyone other than Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Fiqh Council of North America", + "quote": "If the meat is sold by a Christian or Jewish market or a general store, it is lawful for Muslims to consume it." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Quran", + "Allah", + "CRC press", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "J. M.,", + "Bukhari", + "C. E. (" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2003)", + "(2003)", + "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries.", + "He has only forbidden to you dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than Allah", + "Eat only of that meat over which Allah's name has been pronounced", + "That which is lawful is clear and that which is unlawful is clear, and between the two of them are doubtful matters about which many people do not know", + "Quran 2:173" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:173", + "quote": "He has only forbidden to you dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than Allah" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari 5463", + "quote": "Eat only of that meat over which Allah's name has been pronounced" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari 2051", + "quote": "That which is lawful is clear and that which is unlawful is clear, and between the two of them are doubtful matters about which many people do not know" + }, + { + "source": "Regenstein, J. M., Chaudry, M. M., & Regenstein, C. E. (2003). The kosher and halal food laws. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety, 2(3), 111-127.", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the principles and laws outlined in this source" + }, + { + "source": "Riaz, M. N., & Chaudry, M. M. (2003). Halal food production. CRC press.", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the principles and procedures of Halal food production outlined in this book" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Quran", + "Meat Sold", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Fiqh Council of North America", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "the Fiqh Council of North America", + "Islam", + "Allah is Forgiving and Merciful", + "American Trust Publications", + "Journal of Rural Studies" + ], + "person": [ + "Y.", + "Sunan Abu Dawud 3784", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Sunan Abu Dawud", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(1999)", + "(2016)", + "(2012)", + "But whoever is forced by severe hunger with no inclination to sin - then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful", + "Mention the name of Allah over it and eat", + "Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship", + "As long as the meat is from animals that are permitted to be eaten in Islam (such as cattle, sheep, chicken), it is permissible to eat meat sold in Western countries, whether or not the name of God is mentioned while slaughtering the animal", + "Quran 5:3", + "Quran 5:5", + "Quran 2:185" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:3", + "quote": "But whoever is forced by severe hunger with no inclination to sin - then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:5", + "quote": "This verse implicitly allows the consumption of food from the People of the Book (Christians and Jews) without specifying slaughter methods" + }, + { + "source": "Sunan Abu Dawud 3784", + "quote": "When asked about meat from unknown sources, the Prophet Muhammad responded, 'Mention the name of Allah over it and eat'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:185", + "quote": "Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Qaradawi, Y. (1999). The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam. American Trust Publications.", + "quote": "Yusuf al-Qaradawi argues that the default assumption should be that meat is permissible unless proven otherwise, especially in non-Muslim countries where halal options may be limited" + }, + { + "source": "Fiqh Council of North America. (2016). Fatwa on Meat Sold in Western Countries. Retrieved from http://fiqhcouncil.org/fatwa-on-meat-sold-in-western-countries/", + "quote": "The Fiqh Council of North America issued a fatwa stating: 'As long as the meat is from animals that are permitted to be eaten in Islam (such as cattle, sheep, chicken), it is permissible to eat meat sold in Western countries, whether or not the name of God is mentioned while slaughtering the animal'" + }, + { + "source": "Lever, J., & Miele, M. (2012). The growth of halal meat markets in Europe: An exploration of the supply side theory of religion. Journal of Rural Studies, 28(4), 528-537.", + "quote": "The authors note that many Christian slaughterhouses in Western countries now employ Muslim workers and use methods that align with Islamic principles" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "ECFR", + "European Council for Fatwa and Research", + "the Fiqh Council's", + "Muslim", + "Fiqh Council of North America's", + "Western", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "I. (2000", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Al-Zuhayli", + "the European Council for Fatwa and Research", + "Food Science and Food Safety" + ], + "person": [ + "Ibn Ashur", + "Al-Fiqh al-Islami", + "C. E. (", + "Sunan Abi Dawud", + "Dar al-Fikr", + "M. T.", + "J. M.", + "Sunan Abu Dawud 3784", + "Al-Maktab al-Islami", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Al-Albani", + "Regenstein", + "Al-Dar Al-Tunisiya", + "Fatawa", + "Comprehensive Reviews", + "Al-Tahrir wa'l-Tanwir" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Ibn Kathir, 2000)", + "(Ibn Ashur, 1984)", + "(ECFR, 2007)", + "(1997)", + "(2000)", + "(1988)", + "(1984)", + "(2007)", + "(2003)", + "Regenstein et al.", + "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries.", + "severe hunger with no inclination to sin,", + "Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship and [wants] for you to complete the period and to glorify Allah for that [to] which He has guided you; and perhaps you will be grateful.", + "Quran 5:3", + "Quran 5:5", + "Quran 2:185" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:3", + "quote": "While Islam does provide flexibility in extreme circumstances, as mentioned in Quran 5:3, this flexibility is not meant to be a general rule. The verse specifically mentions 'severe hunger with no inclination to sin,' which suggests exceptional circumstances rather than everyday situations." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Zuhayli, W. (1997). Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu", + "quote": "Moreover, scholars emphasize that this concession is temporary and does not change the fundamental ruling." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:5", + "quote": "The interpretation of Quran 5:5 regarding the food of the People of the Book is a matter of scholarly debate." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Kathir, I. (2000). Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "Many scholars argue that this verse refers to plant-based foods and properly slaughtered meat, not all meat." + }, + { + "source": "Sunan Abu Dawud 3784", + "quote": "The hadith cited (Sunan Abu Dawud 3784) is considered weak by some scholars and cannot override clear Quranic injunctions about proper slaughter." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Albani, M. N. (1988). Da'if Sunan Abi Dawud", + "quote": "The hadith cited is considered weak by some scholars and cannot override clear Quranic injunctions about proper slaughter." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:185", + "quote": "Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship and [wants] for you to complete the period and to glorify Allah for that [to] which He has guided you; and perhaps you will be grateful." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Ashur, M. T. (1984). Al-Tahrir wa'l-Tanwir", + "quote": "This suggests that ease should not compromise the completion of religious duties." + }, + { + "source": "Fiqh Council of North America's fatwa", + "quote": "While respecting the Fiqh Council's opinion, it's important to note that this is not a universally accepted view." + }, + { + "source": "European Council for Fatwa and Research (ECFR). (2007). Resolutions and Fatawa", + "quote": "Other respected scholarly bodies, such as the European Council for Fatwa and Research, maintain stricter standards for halal meat." + }, + { + "source": "Regenstein, J. M., Chaudry, M. M., & Regenstein, C. E. (2003). The kosher and halal food laws", + "quote": "The requirements for halal slaughter go beyond the faith of the worker and include specific methods and invocations." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "non-Muslims", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "People of the Book", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "the Fiqh Council of North America", + "Islam", + "the European Council for Fatwa and Research" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { "source": "Quran", "quote": "Permission for Muslims to consume food, including meat, prepared by People of the Book." },{ "source": "Prophetic tradition", "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) consuming meat offered by non-Muslims, demonstrating flexibility in dietary practices" }, { "source": "European Council for Fatwa and Research and the Fiqh Council of North America", "quote": "Fatwas permitting Muslims to consume meat sold in Christian countries" }, { "source": "Quran and Islamic Principles", "quote": "Emphasis on making religious practice manageable for believers, especially in non-Muslim majority countries" }, { "source": "Islamic jurisprudence principle", "quote": "The assumption of permissibility in cases of uncertainty" } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries.", + "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries" + ], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "the People of the Book", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Fiqh Council of North America", + "Quran", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "the Fiqh Council of North America", + "Journal of Rural Studies", + "Christian", + "Jewish", + "Meat Sold", + "Islam", + "American Trust Publications", + "People of the Book", + "Allah is Forgiving and Merciful", + "the European Council for Fatwa and Research" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Y.", + "Sunan Abu Dawud 3784", + "Prophet", + "Al-Bukhari", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Sunan Abu Dawud", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(1999)", + "But whoever is forced by severe hunger with no inclination to sin - then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful", + "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries.", + "Mention the name of Allah over it and eat", + "If the meat is sold by a Christian or Jewish market or a general store, it is lawful for Muslims to consume it.", + "(2016)", + "The meat slaughtered by the People of the Book is lawful for Muslims, whether they mention the name of Allah or not, as long as they do not mention the name of anyone other than Allah.", + "Quran 5:5", + "As long as the meat is from animals that are permitted to be eaten in Islam (such as cattle, sheep, chicken), it is permissible to eat meat sold in Western countries, whether or not the name of God is mentioned while slaughtering the animal", + "Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship", + "Quran 2:185", + "Quran 5:3", + "This day [all] good foods have been made lawful, and the food of those who were given the Scripture is lawful for you and your food is lawful for them.", + "(2012)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 5:5", + "quote": "This day [all] good foods have been made lawful, and the food of those who were given the Scripture is lawful for you and your food is lawful for them." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith narrated by Al-Bukhari", + "quote": "Indirect reference to Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) eating meat offered by a Jewish woman in Khaybar, demonstrating that meat prepared by non-Muslims can be permissible." + }, + { + "source": "European Council for Fatwa and Research, led by prominent scholar Yusuf al-Qaradawi", + "quote": "The meat slaughtered by the People of the Book is lawful for Muslims, whether they mention the name of Allah or not, as long as they do not mention the name of anyone other than Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Fiqh Council of North America", + "quote": "If the meat is sold by a Christian or Jewish market or a general store, it is lawful for Muslims to consume it." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:3", + "quote": "But whoever is forced by severe hunger with no inclination to sin - then indeed, Allah is Forgiving and Merciful" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:5", + "quote": "This verse implicitly allows the consumption of food from the People of the Book (Christians and Jews) without specifying slaughter methods" + }, + { + "source": "Sunan Abu Dawud 3784", + "quote": "When asked about meat from unknown sources, the Prophet Muhammad responded, 'Mention the name of Allah over it and eat'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:185", + "quote": "Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Qaradawi, Y. (1999). The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam. American Trust Publications.", + "quote": "Yusuf al-Qaradawi argues that the default assumption should be that meat is permissible unless proven otherwise, especially in non-Muslim countries where halal options may be limited" + }, + { + "source": "Fiqh Council of North America. (2016). Fatwa on Meat Sold in Western Countries. Retrieved from http://fiqhcouncil.org/fatwa-on-meat-sold-in-western-countries/", + "quote": "The Fiqh Council of North America issued a fatwa stating: 'As long as the meat is from animals that are permitted to be eaten in Islam (such as cattle, sheep, chicken), it is permissible to eat meat sold in Western countries, whether or not the name of God is mentioned while slaughtering the animal'" + }, + { + "source": "Lever, J., & Miele, M. (2012). The growth of halal meat markets in Europe: An exploration of the supply side theory of religion. Journal of Rural Studies, 28(4), 528-537.", + "quote": "The authors note that many Christian slaughterhouses in Western countries now employ Muslim workers and use methods that align with Islamic principles" + }, + { "source": "Quran", "quote": "Permission for Muslims to consume food, including meat, prepared by People of the Book." },{ "source": "Prophetic tradition", "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) consuming meat offered by non-Muslims, demonstrating flexibility in dietary practices" }, { "source": "European Council for Fatwa and Research and the Fiqh Council of North America", "quote": "Fatwas permitting Muslims to consume meat sold in Christian countries" }, { "source": "Quran and Islamic Principles", "quote": "Emphasis on making religious practice manageable for believers, especially in non-Muslim majority countries" }, { "source": "Islamic jurisprudence principle", "quote": "The assumption of permissibility in cases of uncertainty" } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "CRC press", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Al-Zuhayli", + "Quran", + "ECFR", + "the Fiqh Council's", + "I. (2000", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Christian", + "Western", + "Islam", + "Food Science and Food Safety", + "Allah", + "European Council for Fatwa and Research", + "Fiqh Council of North America's", + "the European Council for Fatwa and Research" + ], + "person": [ + "C. E. (", + "M. T.", + "Regenstein", + "Al-Dar Al-Tunisiya", + "Comprehensive Reviews", + "J. M.,", + "Ibn Ashur", + "Bukhari", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Al-Tahrir wa'l-Tanwir", + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Al-Fiqh al-Islami", + "Sunan Abi Dawud", + "Dar al-Fikr", + "J. M.", + "Sunan Abu Dawud 3784", + "Al-Maktab al-Islami", + "Al-Albani", + "Fatawa" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries.", + "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries", + "(2003)", + "(2007)", + "He has only forbidden to you dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than Allah", + "Quran 2:185", + "Quran 5:3", + "Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship and [wants] for you to complete the period and to glorify Allah for that [to] which He has guided you; and perhaps you will be grateful.", + "That which is lawful is clear and that which is unlawful is clear, and between the two of them are doubtful matters about which many people do not know", + "(1988)", + "(ECFR, 2007)", + "(1984)", + "(2000)", + "Regenstein et al.", + "Quran 2:173", + "(1997)", + "severe hunger with no inclination to sin,", + "Quran 5:5", + "Eat only of that meat over which Allah's name has been pronounced", + "(Ibn Ashur, 1984)", + "(Ibn Kathir, 2000)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:173", + "quote": "He has only forbidden to you dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than Allah" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari 5463", + "quote": "Eat only of that meat over which Allah's name has been pronounced" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari 2051", + "quote": "That which is lawful is clear and that which is unlawful is clear, and between the two of them are doubtful matters about which many people do not know" + }, + { + "source": "Regenstein, J. M., Chaudry, M. M., & Regenstein, C. E. (2003). The kosher and halal food laws. Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety, 2(3), 111-127.", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the principles and laws outlined in this source" + }, + { + "source": "Riaz, M. N., & Chaudry, M. M. (2003). Halal food production. CRC press.", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the principles and procedures of Halal food production outlined in this book" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:3", + "quote": "While Islam does provide flexibility in extreme circumstances, as mentioned in Quran 5:3, this flexibility is not meant to be a general rule. The verse specifically mentions 'severe hunger with no inclination to sin,' which suggests exceptional circumstances rather than everyday situations." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Zuhayli, W. (1997). Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuhu", + "quote": "Moreover, scholars emphasize that this concession is temporary and does not change the fundamental ruling." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:5", + "quote": "The interpretation of Quran 5:5 regarding the food of the People of the Book is a matter of scholarly debate." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Kathir, I. (2000). Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "Many scholars argue that this verse refers to plant-based foods and properly slaughtered meat, not all meat." + }, + { + "source": "Sunan Abu Dawud 3784", + "quote": "The hadith cited (Sunan Abu Dawud 3784) is considered weak by some scholars and cannot override clear Quranic injunctions about proper slaughter." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Albani, M. N. (1988). Da'if Sunan Abi Dawud", + "quote": "The hadith cited is considered weak by some scholars and cannot override clear Quranic injunctions about proper slaughter." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:185", + "quote": "Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship and [wants] for you to complete the period and to glorify Allah for that [to] which He has guided you; and perhaps you will be grateful." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Ashur, M. T. (1984). Al-Tahrir wa'l-Tanwir", + "quote": "This suggests that ease should not compromise the completion of religious duties." + }, + { + "source": "Fiqh Council of North America's fatwa", + "quote": "While respecting the Fiqh Council's opinion, it's important to note that this is not a universally accepted view." + }, + { + "source": "European Council for Fatwa and Research (ECFR). (2007). Resolutions and Fatawa", + "quote": "Other respected scholarly bodies, such as the European Council for Fatwa and Research, maintain stricter standards for halal meat." + }, + { + "source": "Regenstein, J. M., Chaudry, M. M., & Regenstein, C. E. (2003). The kosher and halal food laws", + "quote": "The requirements for halal slaughter go beyond the faith of the worker and include specific methods and invocations." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_homosexuality_20240911_073932.json", + "model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620", + "topic": "Islam permits homosexuality", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Sahih International", + "Muslim", + "Jurisprudence", + "Muslims", + "Shia", + "Sexual Ethics", + "Kugle", + "Lot (Lut", + "Islamic", + "Oneworld Publications", + "Transgender Muslims", + "Islam", + "Sunni" + ], + "person": [ + "Sunan Abu Dawood", + "Hussein Abdullatif", + "Kecia", + "Lexington Books", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Ali", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Jahangir", + "Sunan Abu Dawood 4462", + "Scott Siraj al-Haqq", + "Junaid" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam permits homosexuality", + "And [We had sent] Lot when he said to his people, 'Do you commit such immorality as no one has preceded you with from among the worlds? Indeed, you approach men with desire, instead of women. Rather, you are a transgressing people.", + "If you find anyone doing as Lot's people did, kill the one who does it, and the one to whom it is done.", + "Quran 7:80", + "Quran 26:165" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7:80-81", + "quote": "And [We had sent] Lot when he said to his people, 'Do you commit such immorality as no one has preceded you with from among the worlds? Indeed, you approach men with desire, instead of women. Rather, you are a transgressing people.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 26:165-166", + "quote": "indirect reference but no direct quote supplied" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 27:54-55", + "quote": "indirect reference but no direct quote supplied" + }, + { + "source": "Sunan Abu Dawood 4462", + "quote": "If you find anyone doing as Lot's people did, kill the one who does it, and the one to whom it is done." + }, + { + "source": "Ali, Kecia. Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith, and Jurisprudence. Oneworld Publications, 2016.", + "quote": "indirect reference but no direct quote supplied" + }, + { + "source": "Jahangir, Junaid, and Hussein Abdullatif. Islamic Law and Muslim Same-Sex Unions. Lexington Books, 2016.", + "quote": "indirect reference but no direct quote supplied" + }, + { + "source": "Kugle, Scott Siraj al-Haqq. Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims. Oneworld Publications, 2010.", + "quote": "indirect reference but no direct quote supplied" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Jurisprudence", + "Quranic", + "Transgender Muslims", + "Oxford University Press", + "Islamic", + "Oneworld Publications", + "Islam", + "The Origins, Evolution", + "Random House", + "Woman's Perspective", + "Harvard University Press", + "Sufi" + ], + "person": [ + "Kathryn", + "Reza Aslan", + "Amina", + "Afsaneh Najmabadi", + "Kecia", + "Kecia Ali", + "Amina Wadud", + "Scott Siraj", + "Scott Siraj al-Haqq", + "Reza", + "al-Haqq Kugle" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Sexual Ethics", + "Hadith", + "Homosexuality in" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Homosexuality in Islam,", + "Sexual Ethics and Islam,", + "Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims.", + "Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith, and Jurisprudence.", + "No God but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam.", + "Qur'an and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Text from a Woman's Perspective.", + "Islamicate Sexualities: Translations across Temporal Geographies of Desire." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran story of Lot (Not specific verse mentioned)", + "quote": "The story of Lot, often cited to condemn homosexuality, can be interpreted differently. Some scholars argue that the sin of Lot's people was not homosexuality per se, but rape, inhospitality, and overall moral corruption" + }, + { + "source": "Homosexuality in Islam by Dr. Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle", + "quote": "The Quranic condemnation is specifically of male rape, not loving same-sex relationships" + }, + { + "source": "Hadiths (Not specific Hadiths mentioned)", + "quote": "Many Hadiths cited against homosexuality, including the one you mentioned, are considered weak or unreliable by some scholars. Moreover, the historical and cultural context of these Hadiths needs to be considered" + }, + { + "source": "Sexual Ethics and Islam by Dr. Kecia Ali", + "quote": "Emphasizes the importance of critically examining Hadith literature in light of contemporary understanding" + }, + { + "source": "Reza Aslan's Islamic principles of compassion and justice", + "quote": "These core principles should guide our understanding of Islamic teachings on sexuality. He suggests that a truly just interpretation of Islam would not discriminate against individuals based on their sexual orientation" + }, + { + "source": "Scientific consensus (no specific source mentioned)", + "quote": "Modern scientific consensus views sexual orientation as a natural variation in human sexuality. Some Muslim scholars argue that this understanding should inform our interpretation of religious texts" + }, + { + "source": "Work on gender and Islam by Dr. Amina Wadud", + "quote": "Emphasizes the need to reconcile faith with scientific knowledge" + }, + { + "source": "Historical examples (no specific source mentioned)", + "quote": "While many Islamic societies have indeed condemned homosexuality, there are historical examples of greater tolerance. For instance, some Sufi traditions have celebrated same-sex love in their poetry and practices" + }, + { + "source": "Islamicate Sexualities by Kathryn Babayan and Afsaneh Najmabadi", + "quote": "This suggests that absolute condemnation of homosexuality is not universal in Islamic history" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Brill", + "Islam", + "Sufi", + "Camilla", + "American Trust Publications" + ], + "person": [ + "Jami", + "Yusuf", + "Kugle", + "Ibn Kathir", + "hasan", + "Dar al-Gharb al-Islami", + "Muhammad ibn Isa", + "Darussalam Publishers", + "Muhammad Salih", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "at-Tirmidhi", + "The Lawful and the Prohibited" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Indeed, you approach men with desire, instead of women,", + "Whoever you find doing the action of the people of Lut, execute the one who does it and the one to whom it is done", + "The same compassion that Islam shows towards homosexuals is shown towards all sinners, while recognizing that their acts are sinful", + "Tafsir Ibn Kathir.", + "Jami` at-Tirmidhi.", + "The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam.", + "Islam's stance on homosexuality.", + "Medieval Muslim Discussions of Male Homosexuality." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7:81", + "quote": "Indeed, you approach men with desire, instead of women" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Kathir. Tafsir Ibn Kathir. Darussalam Publishers, 2000", + "quote": "Contextual interpretation of Quranic verses referring to the story of Lot" + }, + { + "source": "Jami` at-Tirmidhi. Dar al-Gharb al-Islami, 1996", + "quote": "Whoever you find doing the action of the people of Lut, execute the one who does it and the one to whom it is done" + }, + { + "source": "Yusuf Al-Qaradawi. The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam. American Trust Publications, 1999", + "quote": "The concept of justice in Islam includes adhering to divine laws. The same compassion that Islam shows towards homosexuals is shown towards all sinners, while recognizing that their acts are sinful" + }, + { + "source": "Muhammad Salih Al-Munajjid. Islam's stance on homosexuality. IslamQA, 2016", + "quote": "Islamic teachings differentiate between having homosexual inclinations (which is not considered sinful) and acting upon them (which is considered sinful)" + }, + { + "source": "Camilla Adang. Medieval Muslim Discussions of Male Homosexuality. Brill, 2003.", + "quote": "The vast majority of Islamic legal traditions throughout history have consistently prohibited homosexual acts" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "Lot (Lut", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "The Quran, considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God, explicitly condemns homosexual acts in multiple verses, particularly in the story of Lot (Lut)." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "Numerous authentic Hadiths reinforce the Quranic stance, providing clear prohibitions against homosexual behavior." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic scholars", + "quote": "There is a near-unanimous agreement among Islamic scholars, both classical and contemporary, that homosexual acts are forbidden in Islam." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic history", + "quote": "Throughout Islamic history, Muslim societies have consistently treated homosexuality as unacceptable." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic ethics", + "quote": "While Islam teaches compassion for all individuals, including those with same-sex attraction, it maintains a clear distinction between having homosexual inclinations and acting upon them." + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Jurisprudence", + "Quranic", + "Transgender Muslims", + "Oxford University Press", + "Islamic", + "Oneworld Publications", + "Islam", + "The Origins, Evolution", + "Random House", + "Woman's Perspective", + "Harvard University Press", + "Sufi" + ], + "person": [ + "Kathryn", + "Reza Aslan", + "Amina", + "Afsaneh Najmabadi", + "Kecia", + "Kecia Ali", + "Amina Wadud", + "Scott Siraj", + "Scott Siraj al-Haqq", + "Reza", + "al-Haqq Kugle" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Sexual Ethics", + "Hadith", + "Homosexuality in" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Qur'an and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Text from a Woman's Perspective.", + "Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims.", + "Islamicate Sexualities: Translations across Temporal Geographies of Desire.", + "Homosexuality in Islam,", + "Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith, and Jurisprudence.", + "No God but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam.", + "Sexual Ethics and Islam," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran story of Lot (Not specific verse mentioned)", + "quote": "The story of Lot, often cited to condemn homosexuality, can be interpreted differently. Some scholars argue that the sin of Lot's people was not homosexuality per se, but rape, inhospitality, and overall moral corruption" + }, + { + "source": "Homosexuality in Islam by Dr. Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle", + "quote": "The Quranic condemnation is specifically of male rape, not loving same-sex relationships" + }, + { + "source": "Hadiths (Not specific Hadiths mentioned)", + "quote": "Many Hadiths cited against homosexuality, including the one you mentioned, are considered weak or unreliable by some scholars. Moreover, the historical and cultural context of these Hadiths needs to be considered" + }, + { + "source": "Sexual Ethics and Islam by Dr. Kecia Ali", + "quote": "Emphasizes the importance of critically examining Hadith literature in light of contemporary understanding" + }, + { + "source": "Reza Aslan's Islamic principles of compassion and justice", + "quote": "These core principles should guide our understanding of Islamic teachings on sexuality. He suggests that a truly just interpretation of Islam would not discriminate against individuals based on their sexual orientation" + }, + { + "source": "Scientific consensus (no specific source mentioned)", + "quote": "Modern scientific consensus views sexual orientation as a natural variation in human sexuality. Some Muslim scholars argue that this understanding should inform our interpretation of religious texts" + }, + { + "source": "Work on gender and Islam by Dr. Amina Wadud", + "quote": "Emphasizes the need to reconcile faith with scientific knowledge" + }, + { + "source": "Historical examples (no specific source mentioned)", + "quote": "While many Islamic societies have indeed condemned homosexuality, there are historical examples of greater tolerance. For instance, some Sufi traditions have celebrated same-sex love in their poetry and practices" + }, + { + "source": "Islamicate Sexualities by Kathryn Babayan and Afsaneh Najmabadi", + "quote": "This suggests that absolute condemnation of homosexuality is not universal in Islamic history" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Jurisprudence", + "Muslims", + "Shia", + "Sexual Ethics", + "Kugle", + "Quranic", + "Camilla", + "Islamic", + "Sufi", + "Sahih International", + "Lot (Lut", + "Hadiths", + "Brill", + "Islam", + "Sunni", + "American Trust Publications", + "Transgender Muslims", + "Oneworld Publications" + ], + "person": [ + "Kugle", + "Kecia", + "Lexington Books", + "Junaid", + "Ibn Kathir", + "hasan", + "Scott Siraj al-Haqq", + "Muhammad Salih", + "Jami", + "Hussein Abdullatif", + "Ali", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Jahangir", + "Muhammad ibn Isa", + "Sunan Abu Dawood 4462", + "Sunan Abu Dawood", + "Yusuf", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Dar al-Gharb al-Islami", + "Darussalam Publishers", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "at-Tirmidhi", + "Hadith", + "The Lawful and the Prohibited" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam's stance on homosexuality.", + "Quran 26:165", + "And [We had sent] Lot when he said to his people, 'Do you commit such immorality as no one has preceded you with from among the worlds? Indeed, you approach men with desire, instead of women. Rather, you are a transgressing people.", + "Whoever you find doing the action of the people of Lut, execute the one who does it and the one to whom it is done", + "Indeed, you approach men with desire, instead of women,", + "Islam permits homosexuality", + "Tafsir Ibn Kathir.", + "Medieval Muslim Discussions of Male Homosexuality.", + "The same compassion that Islam shows towards homosexuals is shown towards all sinners, while recognizing that their acts are sinful", + "The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam.", + "Jami` at-Tirmidhi.", + "Quran 7:80", + "If you find anyone doing as Lot's people did, kill the one who does it, and the one to whom it is done." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7:80-81", + "quote": "And [We had sent] Lot when he said to his people, 'Do you commit such immorality as no one has preceded you with from among the worlds? Indeed, you approach men with desire, instead of women. Rather, you are a transgressing people.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 26:165-166", + "quote": "indirect reference but no direct quote supplied" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 27:54-55", + "quote": "indirect reference but no direct quote supplied" + }, + { + "source": "Sunan Abu Dawood 4462", + "quote": "If you find anyone doing as Lot's people did, kill the one who does it, and the one to whom it is done." + }, + { + "source": "Ali, Kecia. Sexual Ethics and Islam: Feminist Reflections on Qur'an, Hadith, and Jurisprudence. Oneworld Publications, 2016.", + "quote": "indirect reference but no direct quote supplied" + }, + { + "source": "Jahangir, Junaid, and Hussein Abdullatif. Islamic Law and Muslim Same-Sex Unions. Lexington Books, 2016.", + "quote": "indirect reference but no direct quote supplied" + }, + { + "source": "Kugle, Scott Siraj al-Haqq. Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims. Oneworld Publications, 2010.", + "quote": "indirect reference but no direct quote supplied" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 7:81", + "quote": "Indeed, you approach men with desire, instead of women" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Kathir. Tafsir Ibn Kathir. Darussalam Publishers, 2000", + "quote": "Contextual interpretation of Quranic verses referring to the story of Lot" + }, + { + "source": "Jami` at-Tirmidhi. Dar al-Gharb al-Islami, 1996", + "quote": "Whoever you find doing the action of the people of Lut, execute the one who does it and the one to whom it is done" + }, + { + "source": "Yusuf Al-Qaradawi. The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam. American Trust Publications, 1999", + "quote": "The concept of justice in Islam includes adhering to divine laws. The same compassion that Islam shows towards homosexuals is shown towards all sinners, while recognizing that their acts are sinful" + }, + { + "source": "Muhammad Salih Al-Munajjid. Islam's stance on homosexuality. IslamQA, 2016", + "quote": "Islamic teachings differentiate between having homosexual inclinations (which is not considered sinful) and acting upon them (which is considered sinful)" + }, + { + "source": "Camilla Adang. Medieval Muslim Discussions of Male Homosexuality. Brill, 2003.", + "quote": "The vast majority of Islamic legal traditions throughout history have consistently prohibited homosexual acts" + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "The Quran, considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God, explicitly condemns homosexual acts in multiple verses, particularly in the story of Lot (Lut)." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "Numerous authentic Hadiths reinforce the Quranic stance, providing clear prohibitions against homosexual behavior." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic scholars", + "quote": "There is a near-unanimous agreement among Islamic scholars, both classical and contemporary, that homosexual acts are forbidden in Islam." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic history", + "quote": "Throughout Islamic history, Muslim societies have consistently treated homosexuality as unacceptable." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic ethics", + "quote": "While Islam teaches compassion for all individuals, including those with same-sex attraction, it maintains a clear distinction between having homosexual inclinations and acting upon them." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_peace_20240914_073014.json", + "model": "gemma2", + "topic": "Islam promotes peace", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Salam" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah Al-Baqarah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Salam," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:190", + "quote": "And fight in the way of Allah against those who fight you, but transgress not." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith reported by Prophet Muhammad", + "quote": "None of you truly believes until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "ISIS", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "The Islamic Golden Age", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Fight those who do not believe in Allah\u2026", + "Islam promotes peace.", + "Quran 9:29", + "Quran 4:89" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "Fight those who do not believe in Allah\u2026" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:89", + "quote": "\u2026slay them wherever ye find them\u2026" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "ISIS", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Surah Al-Ma'idah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And fight in the way of Allah against those who fight you, but transgress not.", + "There is no compulsion in religion,", + "Quran 9:29", + "Quran 2:190" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "This verse has been indirectly referred to as an example used to claim that Islamic teachings justify violence." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:89", + "quote": "This verse has been indirectly referred to as an example used to claim that Islamic teachings justify violence." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:190", + "quote": "And fight in the way of Allah against those who fight you, but transgress not." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:256", + "quote": "'There is no compulsion in religion,' highlighting the importance of free will and peaceful coexistence." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:8", + "quote": "And let there be among you people who invite to goodness, order what is right, forbid what is wrong, and believe in Allah." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Prophet Muhammad's", + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Fight those who do not believe in Allah\u2026", + "There is no compulsion in religion", + "intellectual flourishing", + "Quran 9:29", + "Quran 9:29", + "Quran 2:256" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "Fight those who do not believe in Allah\u2026" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:256", + "quote": "There is no compulsion in religion" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari 4:52:17", + "quote": "This indirect reference suggests that the Hadith often depicts violence as a necessary tool for spreading Islam, even against those who choose not to convert" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "ISIS", + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "Esteemed", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Salam" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "ISIS", + "Esteemed" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam promotes peace" + ], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "ISIS", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Salam" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Surah Al-Baqarah", + "Surah Al-Ma'idah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Salam,", + "And fight in the way of Allah against those who fight you, but transgress not.", + "There is no compulsion in religion,", + "Quran 9:29", + "Quran 2:190" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:190", + "quote": "And fight in the way of Allah against those who fight you, but transgress not." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith reported by Prophet Muhammad", + "quote": "None of you truly believes until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself.", + } + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "This verse has been indirectly referred to as an example used to claim that Islamic teachings justify violence." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:89", + "quote": "This verse has been indirectly referred to as an example used to claim that Islamic teachings justify violence." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:190", + "quote": "And fight in the way of Allah against those who fight you, but transgress not." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:256", + "quote": "There is no compulsion in religion" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:8", + "quote": "And let there be among you people who invite to goodness, order what is right, forbid what is wrong, and believe in Allah." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "ISIS", + "Muslim", + "Al-Qaeda", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Esteemed", + "The Islamic Golden Age", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Prophet Muhammad's", + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam promotes peace.", + "Islam promotes peace", + "Fight those who do not believe in Allah\u2026", + "There is no compulsion in religion", + "Quran 2:256", + "Quran 4:89", + "Quran 9:29", + "intellectual flourishing" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "Fight those who do not believe in Allah\u2026" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:89", + "quote": "\u2026slay them wherever ye find them\u2026" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 9:29", + "quote": "Fight those who do not believe in Allah\u2026" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:256", + "quote": "There is no compulsion in religion" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari 4:52:17", + "quote": "This indirect reference suggests that the Hadith often depicts violence as a necessary tool for spreading Islam, even against those who choose not to convert" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_muslims_to_take_mortgages_with_interest_20240911_072215.json", + "model": "gpt-4", + "topic": "Islam permits Muslims to take mortgages with interest", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "ECFR", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "The European Council for Fatwa and Research", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Fataawa Mu'aasirah", + "Ibn Qudama", + "Al-Mughni", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 2:275" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275-280", + "quote": "A core principle within Islam, emanating from the Quran, is the prohibition of Riba, often translated as usury or interest." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Mughni, Ibn Qudama, 6/423", + "quote": "The principle of 'darura', or necessity, as recognized by Islamic jurisprudence. The principle of darura accepts that in cases of extreme necessity or hardship, prohibitions may be relaxed." + }, + { + "source": "Resolution No.6 (7/1), 12th Ordinary Session in 2004, European Council for Fatwa and Research (ECFR)", + "quote": "The permission to purchase homes under the conventional mortgage system in non-Muslim countries, taking into account both the difficulty for Muslims to find accommodations and the imbalance in the price of land and property in these countries compared to the Muslims' material capabilities. The ECFR notes that this permission is a type of necessity, and thus not a general permission." + }, + { + "source": "Fataawa Mu'aasirah, 3/287, Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi", + "quote": "There are conditions under which a mortgage-based purchase of a house can be allowed. He stated, '...if a Muslim is forced to take out a Riba-based loan, his sin will be lighter because he is coerced.'" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Usury", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Murabaha", + "Jabir" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Musharakah" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith", + "The Messenger of Allah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Those who consume interest cannot stand [on the Day of Resurrection] except as one stands who is being beaten by Satan into insanity. That is because they say, 'Trade is [just] like interest.' But Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden interest.", + "The Messenger of Allah cursed the accepter of interest and its payer, and one who records it, and the two witnesses, and he said: They are all equal." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "Those who consume interest cannot stand [on the Day of Resurrection] except as one stands who is being beaten by Satan into insanity. That is because they say, 'Trade is [just] like interest.' But Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden interest." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim 1598", + "quote": "The Messenger of Allah cursed the accepter of interest and its payer, and one who records it, and the two witnesses, and he said: They are all equal." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "Riba", + "the European Council for Fatwa and Research" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Baqarah", + "Wahba al-Zuhayli" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Financial Transactions" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Sheikh Wahba al-Zuhayli, Financial Transactions in Islamic Jurisprudence, vol. 2, pp.281-282", + "quote": "if Muslims in these countries cannot find a way to purchase homes without going into debt via a Riba-entailing loan, \u201cit is hoped that he will be forgiven for this necessity." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:185", + "quote": "Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship." + }, + { + "source": "European Council for Fatwa and Research", + "quote": "Evidencing the contemporary complexities of housing issues in non-Muslim countries, it accepts that the reality of the situation for many Muslims living in non-Muslim countries can necessitate permission to obtain a conventional mortgage. The concept of 'darura' forms the basis of these exceptions." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Saudi Islamic", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Salman al-Oadah", + "Sheikh al-Zuhayli's" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Sheikh Salman al-Oadah, \u201cWhen is Necessity Considered Necessity?\u201d IslamToday", + "quote": "'darura' or necessity, that would make Riba permissible must be of a lifesaving nature. Unable to secure a home is a considerable life difficulties issue, but it does not threaten a person's life, especially in societies with welfare systems and public housing schemes. Hence, there is a difference between a situation that constitutes a hardship and that which led to actual harm or the risk of harm." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "the European Council for Fatwa and Research" + ], + "person": [ + "Wahba al-Zuhayli" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "General Islamic principle and jurisprudence", + "quote": "the prohibition of Riba or interest under general circumstances in Islam" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic jurisprudence", + "quote": "the concept of 'darura' or necessity" + }, + { + "source": "European Council for Fatwa and Research", + "quote": "recognizes relaxation of certain prohibitions based on hardship or essential need in the context of housing crises in non-Muslim countries" + }, + { + "source": "Sheikh Wahba al-Zuhayli", + "quote": "argues for the permissibility of mortgage under conventional systems as a form of necessity" + }, + { + "source": "General Islamic teachings", + "quote": "the Islamic call for alternatives to interest-based economic systems" + }, + { + "source": "General Islamic teachings", + "quote": "Islam permits Muslims to take mortgages with interest under certain circumstances" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran and Hadith", + "quote": "The permissibility of conventional interest-bearing mortgages is heavily debated in the Islamic community. The preponderance of evidence from the religious texts, the Holy Quran and Hadith, supports a strong prohibition on 'Riba' or interest, which directly applies to conventional mortgages. Some exceptions based on the concept of 'darura' or necessity have been suggested by scholars and authorities." + }, + { + "source": "Quran and Hadith (implied)", + "quote": "'Darura' must be defined with care, circumspection, and respect for the sanctity of the prohibitions established by our faith. It is not intended as a broad justification for flouting fundamental Islamic laws, but rather as an exception for dire, life-threatening circumstances." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Economic Principles (implied)", + "quote": "The principle of 'darura' should not deter us from striving for the accessibility of ethical, Sharia-compliant forms of financing such as Musharakah and Murabaha." + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "ECFR", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "The European Council for Fatwa and Research", + "Islam", + "Riba", + "the European Council for Fatwa and Research" + ], + "person": [ + "Fataawa Mu'aasirah", + "Wahba al-Zuhayli", + "Ibn Qudama", + "Al-Mughni", + "Al-Baqarah", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Financial Transactions" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship.", + "Quran 2:275" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275-280", + "quote": "A core principle within Islam, emanating from the Quran, is the prohibition of Riba, often translated as usury or interest." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Mughni, Ibn Qudama, 6/423", + "quote": "The principle of 'darura', or necessity, as recognized by Islamic jurisprudence. The principle of darura accepts that in cases of extreme necessity or hardship, prohibitions may be relaxed." + }, + { + "source": "Resolution No.6 (7/1), 12th Ordinary Session in 2004, European Council for Fatwa and Research (ECFR)", + "quote": "The permission to purchase homes under the conventional mortgage system in non-Muslim countries, taking into account both the difficulty for Muslims to find accommodations and the imbalance in the price of land and property in these countries compared to the Muslims' material capabilities. The ECFR notes that this permission is a type of necessity, and thus not a general permission." + }, + { + "source": "Fataawa Mu'aasirah, 3/287, Sheikh Yusuf al-Qaradawi", + "quote": "There are conditions under which a mortgage-based purchase of a house can be allowed. He stated, '...if a Muslim is forced to take out a Riba-based loan, his sin will be lighter because he is coerced.'" + }, + { + "source": "Sheikh Wahba al-Zuhayli, Financial Transactions in Islamic Jurisprudence, vol. 2, pp.281-282", + "quote": "if Muslims in these countries cannot find a way to purchase homes without going into debt via a Riba-entailing loan, \u201cit is hoped that he will be forgiven for this necessity." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:185", + "quote": "Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship." + }, + { + "source": "European Council for Fatwa and Research", + "quote": "Evidencing the contemporary complexities of housing issues in non-Muslim countries, it accepts that the reality of the situation for many Muslims living in non-Muslim countries can necessitate permission to obtain a conventional mortgage. The concept of 'darura' forms the basis of these exceptions." + }, + { + "source": "General Islamic principle and jurisprudence", + "quote": "the prohibition of Riba or interest under general circumstances in Islam" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic jurisprudence", + "quote": "the concept of 'darura' or necessity" + }, + { + "source": "European Council for Fatwa and Research", + "quote": "recognizes relaxation of certain prohibitions based on hardship or essential need in the context of housing crises in non-Muslim countries" + }, + { + "source": "Sheikh Wahba al-Zuhayli", + "quote": "argues for the permissibility of mortgage under conventional systems as a form of necessity" + }, + { + "source": "General Islamic teachings", + "quote": "the Islamic call for alternatives to interest-based economic systems" + }, + { + "source": "General Islamic teachings", + "quote": "Islam permits Muslims to take mortgages with interest under certain circumstances" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Usury", + "Islamic", + "Saudi Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "Murabaha", + "Jabir" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Musharakah", + "Salman al-Oadah", + "Sheikh al-Zuhayli's" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith", + "The Messenger of Allah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The Messenger of Allah cursed the accepter of interest and its payer, and one who records it, and the two witnesses, and he said: They are all equal.", + "Those who consume interest cannot stand [on the Day of Resurrection] except as one stands who is being beaten by Satan into insanity. That is because they say, 'Trade is [just] like interest.' But Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden interest." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "Those who consume interest cannot stand [on the Day of Resurrection] except as one stands who is being beaten by Satan into insanity. That is because they say, 'Trade is [just] like interest.' But Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden interest." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim 1598", + "quote": "The Messenger of Allah cursed the accepter of interest and its payer, and one who records it, and the two witnesses, and he said: They are all equal." + }, + { + "source": "Sheikh Salman al-Oadah, \u201cWhen is Necessity Considered Necessity?\u201d IslamToday", + "quote": "'darura' or necessity, that would make Riba permissible must be of a lifesaving nature. Unable to secure a home is a considerable life difficulties issue, but it does not threaten a person's life, especially in societies with welfare systems and public housing schemes. Hence, there is a difference between a situation that constitutes a hardship and that which led to actual harm or the risk of harm." + }, + { + "source": "Quran and Hadith", + "quote": "The permissibility of conventional interest-bearing mortgages is heavily debated in the Islamic community. The preponderance of evidence from the religious texts, the Holy Quran and Hadith, supports a strong prohibition on 'Riba' or interest, which directly applies to conventional mortgages. Some exceptions based on the concept of 'darura' or necessity have been suggested by scholars and authorities." + }, + { + "source": "Quran and Hadith (implied)", + "quote": "'Darura' must be defined with care, circumspection, and respect for the sanctity of the prohibitions established by our faith. It is not intended as a broad justification for flouting fundamental Islamic laws, but rather as an exception for dire, life-threatening circumstances." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Economic Principles (implied)", + "quote": "The principle of 'darura' should not deter us from striving for the accessibility of ethical, Sharia-compliant forms of financing such as Musharakah and Murabaha." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_homosexuality_20240914_011200.json", + "model": "mistral-nemo", + "topic": "Islam permits homosexuality", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Prophet Muhammad's", + "Ibn Khaldun" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam permits homosexuality.", + "a matter of indifference" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7:80-84", + "quote": "In Surah 7:80-84, there is a story about the people of Lut (Lot). This verse mentions that these people were destroyed because they engaged in homosexual acts. However, what many may not know is that this passage also speaks of their sin being that they exploited and abused their guests, turning them into objects for sexual gratification, not unlike the biblical account." + }, + { + "source": "The Holy Quran", + "quote": "The Quran does not explicitly condemn same-sex relations between consenting adults in other verses. In fact, there are no explicit prohibitions on same-sex relations outside of this single narrative." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith Literature", + "quote": "Prophet Muhammad's teachings were focused more on ethical behavior and social justice rather than sexual orientation. There are no authentic Hadith (sayings or actions of the Prophet) that explicitly condemn loving, consensual same-sex relationships between adults." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Khaldun", + "quote": "The renowned 14th-century scholar Ibn Khaldun wrote that same-sex relations are 'a matter of indifference' and not worthy of punishment." + }, + { + "source": "Turkey and Indonesia", + "quote": "Contemporary Muslim-majority countries like Turkey and Indonesia have significant LGBTQ+ populations who practice Islam without conflict with their faith." + }, + { + "source": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights", + "quote": "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which many Muslims accept, asserts that everyone has the right to live with dignity and equality regardless of their sexual orientation or gender identity." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Syrian", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "Ramadhan al-Bouti", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Muhammad Sa'id", + "Prophet" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Honorable opponents, esteemed audience, and respected moderators, today we gather to discuss a proposition that is not only controverted but also deeply offensive to many Muslims worldwide. The notion that 'Islam permits homosexuality' is fundamentally flawed and contradicts the overwhelming consensus of Islamic scholarship throughout history. In Islam, homosexual acts are explicitly condemned in the Quran, Hadith, and scholarly interpretations. Let me quote from the Quran, Surah 7:80-81: 'If a man lies with a man as one lies with a woman, both have done an evil deed; they shall receive as punishment none other than what they earned.' This verse is clear in its condemnation of homosexual acts, using the phrase 'an evil deed.' Moreover, this verse has been understood and interpreted unanimously by all major schools of Islamic thought to prohibit homosexuality. Furthermore, Prophet Muhammad's sayings and practices, collected in the Hadith, reinforce this view. According to a Hadith recorded in Sahih Muslim, a man was brought to the Prophet who had committed fornication with his own wife, and another who had committed sodomy. The Prophet ordered that the first be stoned, but he said about the second: 'Stone him till you see his back.' This clearly shows that homosexual acts are considered more severe sins in Islamic law. Lastly, even among progressive Muslim scholars today, there is no consensus supporting homosexuality. Dr. Muhammad Sa'id Ramadhan al-Bouti, a prominent Syrian scholar, stated: 'Islam regards all forms of sexual deviance, including homosexuality and lesbianism, as evil.' In conclusion, the proposition that 'Islam permits homosexuality' is not only unsupported by Islamic texts but also goes against the consensus of Muslim scholars throughout history. Therefore, I urge you to reject this proposition." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7:80-81", + "quote": "'If a man lies with a man as one lies with a woman, both have done an evil deed; they shall receive as punishment none other than what they earned.'" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim", + "quote": "According to a Hadith recorded in Sahih Muslim, a man was brought to the Prophet who had committed fornication with his own wife, and another who had committed sodomy. The Prophet ordered that the first be stoned, but he said about the second: 'Stone him till you see his back.'" + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Muhammad Sa'id Ramadhan al-Bouti", + "quote": "'Islam regards all forms of sexual deviance, including homosexuality and lesbianism, as evil.'" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Gays:", + "Kugle", + "Muslims", + "Eddie Izzard", + "University of South Carolina", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Journal of Islamic Studies", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "Khaled", + "Muhammad", + "Scott Kugle", + "Scott S.", + "Muhammad Fadel", + "Prophet", + "Gomorrah", + "Al-Majalla", + "Joanne E. Cooper", + "Scott S. Kugle &", + "Khaled El Roumayneh" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Holy Quran: http://www.quran.com/ - Sahih", + "Hadith", + "The Holy Quran: http://www.quran.com/7 - Kugle" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Kugle, 2010)", + "(El Roumayneh, 2016)", + "(2010)", + "(2016)", + "(2016)", + "(2010)", + "(2016)", + "(2016)", + "(2010)", + "(2016)", + "an evil deed", + "the Qur'an does not condemn all same-sex relations; it condemns sexual violence and exploitation.", + "Islam and Homosexuality", + "Homosexuality in Islam: A Historical and Legal Survey", + "Homosexuality and Islamic Law: Before the Colonial Intervention", + "Homosexuality and Islamic Law: Before the Colonial Intervention", + "Islam and Homosexuality", + "Homosexuality in Islam: A Historical and Legal Survey" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7:80-81", + "quote": "You quoted Surah 7:80-81 to support your claim that homosexual acts are explicitly condemned in the Quran." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:25", + "quote": "The phrase 'an evil deed' (\u0444\u0430\u1e25i\u0161a) is used elsewhere in the Quran to describe fornication (4:25)" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 17:32", + "quote": "...yet it does not imply a capital punishment for such acts as understood from other verses (e.g., 17:32)." + }, + { + "source": "Kugle, Scott S. (2010)", + "quote": "For instance, Dr. Scott Kugle, a prominent Muslim scholar, suggests that 'the Qur'an does not condemn all same-sex relations; it condemns sexual violence and exploitation.'" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim", + "quote": "You presented a Hadith from Sahih Muslim that seems to indicate homosexual acts are considered more severe sins in Islamic law." + }, + { + "source": "El Roumayneh, Khaled. (2016)", + "quote": "For example, Dr. Khaled El Roumayneh argues that this Hadith is apocryphal and should not be used to justify punishing homosexuals." + }, + { + "source": "Fadel, Muhammad. (2016)", + "quote": "Some examples include Dr. Muhammad Fadel, Dr. Khaled El Roumayneh, and Prof. Scott Kugle." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Saudi", + "Contemporary Scholarship:*", + "Saheeh International", + "Quranic Interpretation:*", + "Muslim", + "Mufti", + "Islamic", + "Sunnah.com", + "Islam", + "Al-Azhar University" + ], + "person": [ + "Ibn Majah", + "Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica", + "Hanafi", + "Prophet", + "Hanbali", + "Scott Kugle's", + "http://www.islamonline.net/English/asktheimam/homosexuality.html", + "Maliki" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Holy Quran: http://www.quran.com/ - Islamic Attitudes Toward Homosexuality", + "Fatwas on Homosexuality", + "Hadith", + "Abu Dawud Book" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Abu Dawud (2469)", + "Tirmidhi (1387)", + "Ibn Majah (2501)", + "an evil deed", + "And Lot, when he said to his people, 'Do you commit such immorality as no one has preceded you? You approach men instead of women; indeed, you are a transgressing people.", + "But those who remain patient and keep their faith in seeking the meeting with Allah , they are the ones whose deeds will Allah make easy. A good deed and an evil one do not balance each other out. Repel [evil] with that which is better; then he between whom and you there was enmity will become a steadfast friend.", + "Islamic Attitudes Toward Homosexuality", + "stone him till you see his back,", + "If a man lies with another man as if he were a woman, they both deserve to be stoned.", + "Whoever is found in a state of sexual intimacy with someone else than their spouse, stone them both.", + "Abu Dawud Book 14, Number 2469", + "at-Tirmidhi Number 1387", + "Homosexuality", + "Fatwas on Homosexuality" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7:80-81", + "quote": "An indirect reference to Surah 7:80-81 about the condemnation of homosexual acts." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Scott Kugle", + "quote": "The paraphrased idea that the Qur'an only condemns non-consensual or exploitative same-sex relations." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 26:165-166", + "quote": "And Lot, when he said to his people, 'Do you commit such immorality as no one has preceded you? You approach men instead of women; indeed, you are a transgressing people.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:15-16", + "quote": "But those who remain patient and keep their faith in seeking the meeting with Allah , they are the ones whose deeds will Allah make easy. A good deed and an evil one do not balance each other out. Repel [evil] with that which is better; then he between whom and you there was enmity will become a steadfast friend." + }, + { + "source": "The Holy Quran", + "quote": "http://www.quran.com/" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Attitudes Toward Homosexuality - Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica", + "quote": "https://www.britannica.com/topic/islam/Homosexuality" + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "An indirect reference to a Hadith prescribing punishment for homosexual acts." + }, + { + "source": "Abu Dawud 2469 and at-Tirmidhi 1387", + "quote": "The Prophet said, 'If a man lies with another man as if he were a woman, they both deserve to be stoned.'" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Majah 2501", + "quote": "The Prophet said, 'Whoever is found in a state of sexual intimacy with someone else than their spouse, stone them both.'" + }, + { + "source": "Abu Dawud Book 14, Number 2469 - Sunnah.com", + "quote": "https://sunnah.com/riyadha/14/2469" + }, + { + "source": "at-Tirmidhi Number 1387 - Sunnah.com", + "quote": "https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi/5/1387" + }, + { + "source": "Contemporary Islamic scholarship", + "quote": "General reference to the opinions of unnamed 'contemporary scholars' accepting homosexuality" + }, + { + "source": "Major Islamic schools of thought including Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali", + "quote": "Indirect reference to these schools' rejection of homosexuality" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Azhar University", + "quote": "Indirect reference to Al-Azhar's stated position against homosexuality" + }, + { + "source": "The Saudi Grand Mufti's Office", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the Saudi Grand Mufti's position against homosexuality" + }, + { + "source": "Other unnamed fatwa councils", + "quote": "Indirect reference to these councils' rejections of homosexuality" + }, + { + "source": "Homosexuality - Al-Azhar University", + "quote": "http://www.islamonline.net/English/asktheimam/homosexuality.html" + }, + { + "source": "Fatwas on Homosexuality - IslamQA", + "quote": "https://islamqa.com/en/fatwas/720" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Scott Kugle", + "Muhammad Fadel", + "Khaled El Roumayneh" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7:80-84", + "quote": "The Quranic verse (7:80-84) commonly used to condemn homosexuality can be understood within a broader context that focuses on sexual exploitation and violence, rather than consensual same-sex relations between adults." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "The Hadith you cited should be considered in light of early Islamic society's punishment for all forms of fornication/adultery, not just homosexuality." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Muhammad Fadel", + "quote": "contemporary Muslim scholarship has seen a shift towards more inclusive interpretations, with prominent scholars like Dr. Muhammad Fadel arguing that loving, consensual same-sex relationships between adults do not necessarily conflict with Islamic principles." + }, + { + "source": "Prof. Scott Kugle", + "quote": "contemporary Muslim scholarship has seen a shift towards more inclusive interpretations, with prominent scholars like Prof. Scott Kugle arguing that loving, consensual same-sex relationships between adults do not necessarily conflict with Islamic principles." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Khaled El Roumayneh", + "quote": "contemporary Muslim scholarship has seen a shift towards more inclusive interpretations, with prominent scholars like Dr. Khaled El Roumayneh arguing that loving, consensual same-sex relationships between adults do not necessarily conflict with Islamic principles." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Gays:", + "Muslims", + "Kugle", + "Eddie Izzard", + "Quranic", + "University of South Carolina", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Journal of Islamic Studies", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "Khaled", + "Muhammad", + "Scott Kugle", + "Prophet Muhammad's", + "Scott S.", + "Muhammad Fadel", + "Ibn Khaldun", + "Prophet", + "Gomorrah", + "Al-Majalla", + "Joanne E. Cooper", + "Scott S. Kugle &", + "Khaled El Roumayneh" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Holy Quran: http://www.quran.com/ - Sahih", + "Hadith", + "The Holy Quran: http://www.quran.com/7 - Kugle" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "an evil deed", + "(2010)", + "(Kugle, 2010)", + "(2016)", + "the Qur'an does not condemn all same-sex relations; it condemns sexual violence and exploitation.", + "(El Roumayneh, 2016)", + "a matter of indifference", + "Islam and Homosexuality", + "Islam permits homosexuality.", + "Homosexuality in Islam: A Historical and Legal Survey", + "Homosexuality and Islamic Law: Before the Colonial Intervention" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7:80-84", + "quote": "In Surah 7:80-84, there is a story about the people of Lut (Lot). This verse mentions that these people were destroyed because they engaged in homosexual acts. However, what many may not know is that this passage also speaks of their sin being that they exploited and abused their guests, turning them into objects for sexual gratification, not unlike the biblical account." + }, + { + "source": "The Holy Quran", + "quote": "The Quran does not explicitly condemn same-sex relations between consenting adults in other verses. In fact, there are no explicit prohibitions on same-sex relations outside of this single narrative." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith Literature", + "quote": "Prophet Muhammad's teachings were focused more on ethical behavior and social justice rather than sexual orientation. There are no authentic Hadith (sayings or actions of the Prophet) that explicitly condemn loving, consensual same-sex relationships between adults." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Khaldun", + "quote": "The renowned 14th-century scholar Ibn Khaldun wrote that same-sex relations are 'a matter of indifference' and not worthy of punishment." + }, + { + "source": "Turkey and Indonesia", + "quote": "Contemporary Muslim-majority countries like Turkey and Indonesia have significant LGBTQ+ populations who practice Islam without conflict with their faith." + }, + { + "source": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights", + "quote": "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which many Muslims accept, asserts that everyone has the right to live with dignity and equality regardless of their sexual orientation or gender identity." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 7:80-81", + "quote": "You quoted Surah 7:80-81 to support your claim that homosexual acts are explicitly condemned in the Quran." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:25", + "quote": "The phrase 'an evil deed' (\u0444\u0430\u1e25i\u0161a) is used elsewhere in the Quran to describe fornication (4:25)" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 17:32", + "quote": "...yet it does not imply a capital punishment for such acts as understood from other verses (e.g., 17:32)." + }, + { + "source": "Kugle, Scott S. (2010)", + "quote": "For instance, Dr. Scott Kugle, a prominent Muslim scholar, suggests that 'the Qur'an does not condemn all same-sex relations; it condemns sexual violence and exploitation.'" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim", + "quote": "You presented a Hadith from Sahih Muslim that seems to indicate homosexual acts are considered more severe sins in Islamic law." + }, + { + "source": "El Roumayneh, Khaled. (2016)", + "quote": "For example, Dr. Khaled El Roumayneh argues that this Hadith is apocryphal and should not be used to justify punishing homosexuals." + }, + { + "source": "Fadel, Muhammad. (2016)", + "quote": "Some examples include Dr. Muhammad Fadel, Dr. Khaled El Roumayneh, and Prof. Scott Kugle." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 7:80-84", + "quote": "The Quranic verse (7:80-84) commonly used to condemn homosexuality can be understood within a broader context that focuses on sexual exploitation and violence, rather than consensual same-sex relations between adults." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "The Hadith you cited should be considered in light of early Islamic society's punishment for all forms of fornication/adultery, not just homosexuality." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Muhammad Fadel", + "quote": "contemporary Muslim scholarship has seen a shift towards more inclusive interpretations, with prominent scholars like Dr. Muhammad Fadel arguing that loving, consensual same-sex relationships between adults do not necessarily conflict with Islamic principles." + }, + { + "source": "Prof. Scott Kugle", + "quote": "contemporary Muslim scholarship has seen a shift towards more inclusive interpretations, with prominent scholars like Prof. Scott Kugle arguing that loving, consensual same-sex relationships between adults do not necessarily conflict with Islamic principles." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Khaled El Roumayneh", + "quote": "contemporary Muslim scholarship has seen a shift towards more inclusive interpretations, with prominent scholars like Dr. Khaled El Roumayneh arguing that loving, consensual same-sex relationships between adults do not necessarily conflict with Islamic principles." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Saudi", + "Muslim", + "Contemporary Scholarship:*", + "Saheeh International", + "Muslims", + "Quranic Interpretation:*", + "Mufti", + "Syrian", + "Islamic", + "Sunnah.com", + "Islam", + "Al-Azhar University", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "Ramadhan al-Bouti", + "Ibn Majah", + "Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica", + "Hanafi", + "Muhammad Sa'id", + "Prophet", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Hanbali", + "Scott Kugle's", + "http://www.islamonline.net/English/asktheimam/homosexuality.html", + "Maliki" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Holy Quran: http://www.quran.com/ - Islamic Attitudes Toward Homosexuality", + "Fatwas on Homosexuality", + "Hadith", + "Abu Dawud Book" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "at-Tirmidhi Number 1387", + "Homosexuality", + "Fatwas on Homosexuality", + "an evil deed", + "Honorable opponents, esteemed audience, and respected moderators, today we gather to discuss a proposition that is not only controverted but also deeply offensive to many Muslims worldwide. The notion that 'Islam permits homosexuality' is fundamentally flawed and contradicts the overwhelming consensus of Islamic scholarship throughout history. In Islam, homosexual acts are explicitly condemned in the Quran, Hadith, and scholarly interpretations. Let me quote from the Quran, Surah 7:80-81: 'If a man lies with a man as one lies with a woman, both have done an evil deed; they shall receive as punishment none other than what they earned.' This verse is clear in its condemnation of homosexual acts, using the phrase 'an evil deed.' Moreover, this verse has been understood and interpreted unanimously by all major schools of Islamic thought to prohibit homosexuality. Furthermore, Prophet Muhammad's sayings and practices, collected in the Hadith, reinforce this view. According to a Hadith recorded in Sahih Muslim, a man was brought to the Prophet who had committed fornication with his own wife, and another who had committed sodomy. The Prophet ordered that the first be stoned, but he said about the second: 'Stone him till you see his back.' This clearly shows that homosexual acts are considered more severe sins in Islamic law. Lastly, even among progressive Muslim scholars today, there is no consensus supporting homosexuality. Dr. Muhammad Sa'id Ramadhan al-Bouti, a prominent Syrian scholar, stated: 'Islam regards all forms of sexual deviance, including homosexuality and lesbianism, as evil.' In conclusion, the proposition that 'Islam permits homosexuality' is not only unsupported by Islamic texts but also goes against the consensus of Muslim scholars throughout history. Therefore, I urge you to reject this proposition.", + "Abu Dawud (2469)", + "stone him till you see his back,", + "Islamic Attitudes Toward Homosexuality", + "Tirmidhi (1387)", + "But those who remain patient and keep their faith in seeking the meeting with Allah , they are the ones whose deeds will Allah make easy. A good deed and an evil one do not balance each other out. Repel [evil] with that which is better; then he between whom and you there was enmity will become a steadfast friend.", + "Whoever is found in a state of sexual intimacy with someone else than their spouse, stone them both.", + "And Lot, when he said to his people, 'Do you commit such immorality as no one has preceded you? You approach men instead of women; indeed, you are a transgressing people.", + "Abu Dawud Book 14, Number 2469", + "Ibn Majah (2501)", + "If a man lies with another man as if he were a woman, they both deserve to be stoned." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7:80-81", + "quote": "'If a man lies with a man as one lies with a woman, both have done an evil deed; they shall receive as punishment none other than what they earned.'" + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim", + "quote": "According to a Hadith recorded in Sahih Muslim, a man was brought to the Prophet who had committed fornication with his own wife, and another who had committed sodomy. The Prophet ordered that the first be stoned, but he said about the second: 'Stone him till you see his back.'" + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Muhammad Sa'id Ramadhan al-Bouti", + "quote": "'Islam regards all forms of sexual deviance, including homosexuality and lesbianism, as evil.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 7:80-81", + "quote": "An indirect reference to Surah 7:80-81 about the condemnation of homosexual acts." + }, + { + "source": "Dr. Scott Kugle", + "quote": "The paraphrased idea that the Qur'an only condemns non-consensual or exploitative same-sex relations." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 26:165-166", + "quote": "And Lot, when he said to his people, 'Do you commit such immorality as no one has preceded you? You approach men instead of women; indeed, you are a transgressing people.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:15-16", + "quote": "But those who remain patient and keep their faith in seeking the meeting with Allah , they are the ones whose deeds will Allah make easy. A good deed and an evil one do not balance each other out. Repel [evil] with that which is better; then he between whom and you there was enmity will become a steadfast friend." + }, + { + "source": "The Holy Quran", + "quote": "http://www.quran.com/" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Attitudes Toward Homosexuality - Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica", + "quote": "https://www.britannica.com/topic/islam/Homosexuality" + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "An indirect reference to a Hadith prescribing punishment for homosexual acts." + }, + { + "source": "Abu Dawud 2469 and at-Tirmidhi 1387", + "quote": "The Prophet said, 'If a man lies with another man as if he were a woman, they both deserve to be stoned.'" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Majah 2501", + "quote": "The Prophet said, 'Whoever is found in a state of sexual intimacy with someone else than their spouse, stone them both.'" + }, + { + "source": "Abu Dawud Book 14, Number 2469 - Sunnah.com", + "quote": "https://sunnah.com/riyadha/14/2469" + }, + { + "source": "at-Tirmidhi Number 1387 - Sunnah.com", + "quote": "https://sunnah.com/tirmidhi/5/1387" + }, + { + "source": "Contemporary Islamic scholarship", + "quote": "General reference to the opinions of unnamed 'contemporary scholars' accepting homosexuality" + }, + { + "source": "Major Islamic schools of thought including Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali", + "quote": "Indirect reference to these schools' rejection of homosexuality" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Azhar University", + "quote": "Indirect reference to Al-Azhar's stated position against homosexuality" + }, + { + "source": "The Saudi Grand Mufti's Office", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the Saudi Grand Mufti's position against homosexuality" + }, + { + "source": "Other unnamed fatwa councils", + "quote": "Indirect reference to these councils' rejections of homosexuality" + }, + { + "source": "Homosexuality - Al-Azhar University", + "quote": "http://www.islamonline.net/English/asktheimam/homosexuality.html" + }, + { + "source": "Fatwas on Homosexuality - IslamQA", + "quote": "https://islamqa.com/en/fatwas/720" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_women's_rights_20240913_200805.json", + "model": "llama3", + "topic": "Islam promotes women's rights", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Sufi", + "Islam", + "Islamic", + "Al-Adawiyya" + ], + "person": [ + "Adam", + "Surah Al-Nisa'", + "Surah Al-Takweer", + "Fatima Al-Fihri", + "Surah Al-Ahzab" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "O people! Be mindful of your Lord's reward. And for those who do good among you, a good reward is prepared.", + "And We have honored the children of Adam.", + "And for those who are married among you, give them your own provision and clothe them with a like garment.", + "And those who guard the chaste ones preserve the honor of their Lord." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:1", + "quote": "O people! Be mindful of your Lord's reward. And for those who do good among you, a good reward is prepared." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 81:11", + "quote": "And We have honored the children of Adam." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:24", + "quote": "And for those who are married among you, give them your own provision and clothe them with a like garment." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 33:59", + "quote": "And those who guard the chaste ones preserve the honor of their Lord." + }, + { + "source": "Biographical accounts of Rabi'a Al-Adawiyya", + "quote": "Rabi'a Al-Adawiyya was a famous Sufi mystic who wrote extensively on spirituality and theology." + }, + { + "source": "Biographical accounts of Fatima Al-Fihri", + "quote": "Fatima Al-Fihri established the first university in the world, which was dedicated to Islamic studies." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "the Marginalization of Women", + "Islam", + "Al-Huda Center for Islamic Innovation and Excellence" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Huda", + "Surah An-Nisa'", + "Bukhari", + "Prophet", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Aisha" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Huda (2019)", + "(2012)", + "Islam promotes women's rights", + "Men are the protectors and maintainers of women. Because God has preferred one over another.", + "Women in Saudi Arabia.", + "Polygamy and the Marginalization of Women: A Study of Pakistani Muslim Immigrants in Britain." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Men are the protectors and maintainers of women. Because God has preferred one over another." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari Volume 2, Book 23, Number 468", + "quote": "This Hadith describes the Prophet's treatment of his wife Aisha after she was accused of adultery." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Huda (2019)", + "quote": "In Saudi Arabia, women are still not allowed to drive or travel without a male guardian's permission, citing Quranic verses that emphasize men's authority over women." + }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, L. (2012)", + "quote": "The practice of polygamy, allowed under Islamic law, can exacerbate gender inequality by creating unequal relationships between husbands and wives. In some cases, this has led to the exploitation of female spouses and children." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "I.", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah An-Nisa'", + "Ibn Abbas", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Surah Al-Rum", + "Maktabah al-Quran", + "Surah Al-Nisa'" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Human Rights Watch" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(1993)", + "Human Rights Watch (2019)", + "protection", + "And among His Signs is that He created for you wives from among yourselves, that ye may dwell in tranquility.", + "Saudi Arabia: Women's Rights." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Reference to Surah An-Nisa' 34 discussing the concept of 'protection' or 'qawama' which refers to a man's responsibility to provide for his family's well-being. This verse is used as an argument about patriarchal dominance and the subordination of women in Islam. However, the speaker states that this interpretation needs to be placed in historical context." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Kathir, I. (1993). Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Vol. 4). Maktabah al-Quran.", + "quote": "The study by early Islamic scholars like Ibn Abbas and Ibn Kathir points to the true understanding of 'protection' or 'qawama' within the context of medieval Arabia." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 30:21", + "quote": "And among His Signs is that He created for you wives from among yourselves, that ye may dwell in tranquility." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:3", + "quote": "The Quran stipulates that a man must treat all his wives equally as a condition for polygamy." + }, + { + "source": "Human Rights Watch (2019). Saudi Arabia: Women's Rights. Human Rights Watch.", + "quote": "Women in Saudi Arabia face restrictions on driving and travel. The interpretation of these laws isn't based solely on Quranic verses but also on cultural and social norms." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs", + "International Journal of Islamic", + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "the Marginalization of Women", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Y.", + "Surah An-Nisa'", + "Hassan", + "Ibn Abbas", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Amin", + "Ahmed" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Impact of Polygamy on Gender Relations" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2018)", + "(2012)", + "(2014)", + "protection", + "Reclaiming the Quran: A Feminist Reading of Islamic Scripture.", + "Polygamy and the Marginalization of Women: A Study of Pakistani Muslim Immigrants in Britain.", + "The Impact of Polygamy on Gender Relations in Muslim Societies." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + {"source": "Quran4:34", "quote": "The speaker refers to this Quran verse indirectly in their argument about Islam's interpretation of women's rights."}, {"source": "Ibn Abbas and Ibn Kathir", "quote": "The speaker indirectly quotes early Islamic scholars interpretations - 'protection' as providing for one's family's well-being."}, {"source": "Amin, M. (2018). Reclaiming the Quran: A Feminist Reading of Islamic Scripture.", "quote": "The speaker's invocation of contemporary Muslim scholars and activists call to reinterpret Quranic verses and Hadiths in light of societal values and human rights principles."}, {"source": "Hassan, Y. (2014). The Impact of Polygamy on Gender Relations in Muslim Societies.", "quote": "The speaker cites this work twice - firstly, agreeing with the argument that Quranic verses and Hadiths should be reinterpreted and secondly, linking the practice of polygamy to increased rates of domestic violence and exploitation."}, {"source": "Ahmed, L. (2012). Polygamy and the Marginalization of Women: A Study of Pakistani Muslim Immigrants in Britain.", "quote": "The speaker references this study twice - in arguing that polygamous relationships can reinforce patriarchal dominance, and that Islamic texts justify discriminatory laws in Muslim-majority countries."}, + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah An-Nisa'" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam promotes women's rights" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "The author indirectly cites Surah An-Nisa' 34 from the Quran, mentioning that it has been used to justify patriarchal dominance." + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "I.", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam", + "Al-Adawiyya", + "Sufi" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah An-Nisa'", + "Adam", + "Ibn Abbas", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Surah Al-Rum", + "Maktabah al-Quran", + "Surah Al-Nisa'", + "Surah Al-Takweer", + "Fatima Al-Fihri", + "Surah Al-Ahzab" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Human Rights Watch" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "protection", + "And We have honored the children of Adam.", + "And for those who are married among you, give them your own provision and clothe them with a like garment.", + "And among His Signs is that He created for you wives from among yourselves, that ye may dwell in tranquility.", + "(1993)", + "O people! Be mindful of your Lord's reward. And for those who do good among you, a good reward is prepared.", + "Saudi Arabia: Women's Rights.", + "And those who guard the chaste ones preserve the honor of their Lord.", + "Human Rights Watch (2019)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:1", + "quote": "O people! Be mindful of your Lord's reward. And for those who do good among you, a good reward is prepared." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 81:11", + "quote": "And We have honored the children of Adam." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:24", + "quote": "And for those who are married among you, give them your own provision and clothe them with a like garment." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 33:59", + "quote": "And those who guard the chaste ones preserve the honor of their Lord." + }, + { + "source": "Biographical accounts of Rabi'a Al-Adawiyya", + "quote": "Rabi'a Al-Adawiyya was a famous Sufi mystic who wrote extensively on spirituality and theology." + }, + { + "source": "Biographical accounts of Fatima Al-Fihri", + "quote": "Fatima Al-Fihri established the first university in the world, which was dedicated to Islamic studies." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Reference to Surah An-Nisa' 34 discussing the concept of 'protection' or 'qawama' which refers to a man's responsibility to provide for his family's well-being. This verse is used as an argument about patriarchal dominance and the subordination of women in Islam. However, the speaker states that this interpretation needs to be placed in historical context." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Kathir, I. (1993). Tafsir Ibn Kathir (Vol. 4). Maktabah al-Quran.", + "quote": "The study by early Islamic scholars like Ibn Abbas and Ibn Kathir points to the true understanding of 'protection' or 'qawama' within the context of medieval Arabia." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 30:21", + "quote": "And among His Signs is that He created for you wives from among yourselves, that ye may dwell in tranquility." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:3", + "quote": "The Quran stipulates that a man must treat all his wives equally as a condition for polygamy." + }, + { + "source": "Human Rights Watch (2019). Saudi Arabia: Women's Rights. Human Rights Watch.", + "quote": "Women in Saudi Arabia face restrictions on driving and travel. The interpretation of these laws isn't based solely on Quranic verses but also on cultural and social norms." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs", + "International Journal of Islamic", + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "the Marginalization of Women", + "Islam", + "Al-Huda Center for Islamic Innovation and Excellence" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Huda", + "Y.", + "Surah An-Nisa'", + "Hassan", + "Bukhari", + "Ibn Abbas", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Prophet", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Amin", + "Aisha", + "Ahmed" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Impact of Polygamy on Gender Relations" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Women in Saudi Arabia.", + "Polygamy and the Marginalization of Women: A Study of Pakistani Muslim Immigrants in Britain.", + "protection", + "Huda (2019)", + "(2018)", + "(2014)", + "Islam promotes women's rights", + "Reclaiming the Quran: A Feminist Reading of Islamic Scripture.", + "Men are the protectors and maintainers of women. Because God has preferred one over another.", + "The Impact of Polygamy on Gender Relations in Muslim Societies.", + "(2012)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Men are the protectors and maintainers of women. Because God has preferred one over another." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Bukhari Volume 2, Book 23, Number 468", + "quote": "This Hadith describes the Prophet's treatment of his wife Aisha after she was accused of adultery." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Huda (2019)", + "quote": "In Saudi Arabia, women are still not allowed to drive or travel without a male guardian's permission, citing Quranic verses that emphasize men's authority over women." + }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, L. (2012)", + "quote": "The practice of polygamy, allowed under Islamic law, can exacerbate gender inequality by creating unequal relationships between husbands and wives. In some cases, this has led to the exploitation of female spouses and children." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "The speaker refers to this Quran verse indirectly in their argument about Islam's interpretation of women's rights." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Abbas and Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "The speaker indirectly quotes early Islamic scholars interpretations - 'protection' as providing for one's family's well-being." + }, + { + "source": "Amin, M. (2018). Reclaiming the Quran: A Feminist Reading of Islamic Scripture.", + "quote": "The speaker's invocation of contemporary Muslim scholars and activists call to reinterpret Quranic verses and Hadiths in light of societal values and human rights principles." + }, + { + "source": "Hassan, Y. (2014). The Impact of Polygamy on Gender Relations in Muslim Societies.", + "quote": "The speaker cites this work twice - firstly, agreeing with the argument that Quranic verses and Hadiths should be reinterpreted and secondly, linking the practice of polygamy to increased rates of domestic violence and exploitation." + }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, L. (2012). Polygamy and the Marginalization of Women: A Study of Pakistani Muslim Immigrants in Britain.", + "quote": "The speaker references this study twice - in arguing that polygamous relationships can reinforce patriarchal dominance, and that Islamic texts justify discriminatory laws in Muslim-majority countries." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "The author indirectly cites Surah An-Nisa' 34 from the Quran, mentioning that it has been used to justify patriarchal dominance." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "muslims_cannot_live_in_secular_countries_20240911_063540.json", + "model": "gpt-3.5-turbo", + "topic": "Muslims cannot live in secular countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Living Islam: Religious Practice in Secular Contexts" + ], + "person": [ + "Anna Piela", + "Tariq Modood", + "Geoffrey Brahm Levey" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Living Islam: Religious Practice in Secular Contexts", + "Muslims in Secular States: A Comparative Study of Minority Integration in Britain, France, and Germany" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Living Islam: Religious Practice in Secular Contexts. Anna Piela", + "quote": "Secularism is defined as the separation of religion and state, ensuring that all individuals, regardless of their religious belief, are treated equally under the law. This may seem like a noble concept, however, for Muslims, the practice of Islam is not just a religion, but a way of life. Islam provides guidance on every aspect of life, from personal hygiene to economic transactions, and it is not something that can be easily separated from governance or public life." + }, + { + "source": "Living Islam: Religious Practice in Secular Contexts by Anna Piela", + "quote": "In secular countries, laws are made by governments and not by divine authority, which can often conflict with Islamic teachings. For example, many secular countries allow practices that are considered haram or forbidden in Islam, such as consuming alcohol or engaging in premarital relationships. This can put Muslims in a difficult position where they are forced to choose between following their religious beliefs or abiding by the laws of the land." + }, + { + "source": "Muslims in Secular States: A Comparative Study of Minority Integration in Britain, France, and Germany by Geoffrey Brahm Levey and Tariq Modood", + "quote": "Secular countries often promote values such as individualism, consumerism, and materialism, which may contradict Islamic teachings on modesty, community, and social justice. This clash of values can create a sense of cultural alienation for Muslims living in secular societies, leading to feelings of isolation and marginalization." + }, + { + "source": "Living Islam: Religious Practice in Secular Contexts by Anna Piela", + "quote": "In light of these challenges, it is evident that Muslims face significant barriers to fully practicing their faith in secular countries. This is not to say that Muslims cannot coexist in secular societies, but rather that the inherent conflict between secularism and Islam makes it difficult for them to do so without compromising their religious beliefs." + }, + { + "source": "Living Islam: Religious Practice in Secular Contexts by Anna Piela", + "quote": "For Muslims to truly live in harmony with secular values, significant changes would need to be made to accommodate their religious practices and beliefs." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Americans", + "Institute for Social Policy", + "Pantheon Books", + "the Institute for Social Policy" + ], + "person": [ + "Edward" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Islam in Secular Societies" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Muslim Americans: Faith, Freedom, and the Future.", + "Islam in Secular Societies." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. 'Muslim Americans: Faith, Freedom, and the Future.'", + "quote": "a study conducted by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding found that Muslim Americans are among the most educated and entrepreneurial groups in the United States" + }, + { + "source": "Said, Edward. 'Islam in Secular Societies.' Pantheon Books, 2013.", + "quote": "Muslim communities in secular countries often contribute to the cultural and economic fabric of society." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Islamophobia", + "Muslims", + "Americans", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Georgetown University", + "Pantheon Books", + "the Bridge Initiative" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Danger and Dialogue", + "The Bridge Initiative at", + "Islam in Secular Societies" + ], + "person": [ + "Edward" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Danger and Dialogue: Perceptions of Islam and Muslims in the United States.", + "Islam in Secular Societies." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "The Bridge Initiative at Georgetown University. 'Danger and Dialogue: Perceptions of Islam and Muslims in the United States.'", + "quote": "In a study by the Bridge Initiative at Georgetown University, it was found that Muslim Americans often face discrimination and marginalization due to misconceptions and stereotypes about Islam. This can lead to feelings of alienation and exclusion, making it difficult for Muslims to fully integrate and contribute to secular societies." + }, + { + "source": "Said, Edward. 'Islam in Secular Societies.' Pantheon Books, 2013.", + "quote": "In conclusion, while it is possible for Muslims to live in secular countries, the inherent tensions between secular principles and Islamic teachings present significant challenges for Muslim individuals. It is essential for secular societies to acknowledge and address these challenges in order to create truly inclusive and diverse environments where all individuals can feel valued and respected for their beliefs." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Islamophobia", + "Muslim Contributions", + "Muslims", + "Americans", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "International Journal of Islamic Studies", + "Pew Research Center", + "Muslim Americans" + ], + "person": [ + "Faizal" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism.", + "Muslim Contributions to Society: A Comprehensive Analysis." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Pew Research Center. 'Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism.'", + "quote": "Research has shown that Muslim Americans, for example, are active participants in various sectors of society, including business, education, and civic engagement." + }, + { + "source": "Ismail, Faizal. 'Muslim Contributions to Society: A Comprehensive Analysis.' International Journal of Islamic Studies.", + "quote": "It is essential to highlight the positive contributions that Muslim individuals make to secular societies." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islamophobia", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Muslim" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Islamophobia", + "Muslims", + "Americans", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Georgetown University", + "the Bridge Initiative", + "Pantheon Books" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Danger and Dialogue", + "Living Islam: Religious Practice in Secular Contexts", + "The Bridge Initiative at", + "Islam in Secular Societies" + ], + "person": [ + "Anna Piela", + "Tariq Modood", + "Edward", + "Geoffrey Brahm Levey" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Danger and Dialogue: Perceptions of Islam and Muslims in the United States.", + "Muslims in Secular States: A Comparative Study of Minority Integration in Britain, France, and Germany", + "Islam in Secular Societies.", + "Living Islam: Religious Practice in Secular Contexts" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Living Islam: Religious Practice in Secular Contexts by Anna Piela", + "quote": "Secularism is defined as the separation of religion and state, ensuring that all individuals, regardless of their religious belief, are treated equally under the law. This may seem like a noble concept, however, for Muslims, the practice of Islam is not just a religion, but a way of life. Islam provides guidance on every aspect of life, from personal hygiene to economic transactions, and it is not something that can be easily separated from governance or public life." + }, + { + "source": "Living Islam: Religious Practice in Secular Contexts by Anna Piela", + "quote": "In secular countries, laws are made by governments and not by divine authority, which can often conflict with Islamic teachings. For example, many secular countries allow practices that are considered haram or forbidden in Islam, such as consuming alcohol or engaging in premarital relationships. This can put Muslims in a difficult position where they are forced to choose between following their religious beliefs or abiding by the laws of the land." + }, + { + "source": "Muslims in Secular States: A Comparative Study of Minority Integration in Britain, France, and Germany by Geoffrey Brahm Levey and Tariq Modood", + "quote": "Secular countries often promote values such as individualism, consumerism, and materialism, which may contradict Islamic teachings on modesty, community, and social justice. This clash of values can create a sense of cultural alienation for Muslims living in secular societies, leading to feelings of isolation and marginalization." + }, + { + "source": "Living Islam: Religious Practice in Secular Contexts by Anna Piela", + "quote": "In light of these challenges, it is evident that Muslims face significant barriers to fully practicing their faith in secular countries. This is not to say that Muslims cannot coexist in secular societies, but rather that the inherent conflict between secularism and Islam makes it difficult for them to do so without compromising their religious beliefs." + }, + { + "source": "Living Islam: Religious Practice in Secular Contexts by Anna Piela", + "quote": "For Muslims to truly live in harmony with secular values, significant changes would need to be made to accommodate their religious practices and beliefs." + }, + { + "source": "The Bridge Initiative at Georgetown University. 'Danger and Dialogue: Perceptions of Islam and Muslims in the United States.'", + "quote": "In a study by the Bridge Initiative at Georgetown University, it was found that Muslim Americans often face discrimination and marginalization due to misconceptions and stereotypes about Islam. This can lead to feelings of alienation and exclusion, making it difficult for Muslims to fully integrate and contribute to secular societies." + }, + { + "source": "Said, Edward. 'Islam in Secular Societies.' Pantheon Books, 2013.", + "quote": "In conclusion, while it is possible for Muslims to live in secular countries, the inherent tensions between secular principles and Islamic teachings present significant challenges for Muslim individuals. It is essential for secular societies to acknowledge and address these challenges in order to create truly inclusive and diverse environments where all individuals can feel valued and respected for their beliefs." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Islamophobia", + "Muslim Contributions", + "Muslims", + "Americans", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Institute for Social Policy", + "International Journal of Islamic Studies", + "Pantheon Books", + "Pew Research Center", + "the Institute for Social Policy", + "Muslim Americans" + ], + "person": [ + "Faizal", + "Edward" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Islam in Secular Societies" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam in Secular Societies.", + "Muslim Contributions to Society: A Comprehensive Analysis.", + "Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism.", + "Muslim Americans: Faith, Freedom, and the Future." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Institute for Social Policy and Understanding. 'Muslim Americans: Faith, Freedom, and the Future.'", + "quote": "a study conducted by the Institute for Social Policy and Understanding found that Muslim Americans are among the most educated and entrepreneurial groups in the United States" + }, + { + "source": "Said, Edward. 'Islam in Secular Societies.' Pantheon Books, 2013.", + "quote": "Muslim communities in secular countries often contribute to the cultural and economic fabric of society." + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center. 'Muslim Americans: No Signs of Growth in Alienation or Support for Extremism.'", + "quote": "Research has shown that Muslim Americans, for example, are active participants in various sectors of society, including business, education, and civic engagement." + }, + { + "source": "Ismail, Faizal. 'Muslim Contributions to Society: A Comprehensive Analysis.' International Journal of Islamic Studies.", + "quote": "It is essential to highlight the positive contributions that Muslim individuals make to secular societies." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_homosexuality_20240911_073454.json", + "model": "gpt-3.5-turbo", + "topic": "Islam permits homosexuality", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Junaid Jahangir", + "Scott Kugle", + "Brad Gooch", + "Rumi" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Rumi's Secret: The Life of the Sufi Poet of Love", + "Islamic Law and Same-Sex Unions" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Homosexuality in Islam: A Difficult Paradox,", + "Islamic Law and Same-Sex Unions,", + "Rumi's Secret: The Life of the Sufi Poet of Love," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Homosexuality in Islam: A Difficult Paradox", + "quote": "First and foremost, it is important to note that the Quran does not explicitly condemn homosexuality. While some scholars have interpreted certain verses to condemn homosexual acts, these interpretations are not universally agreed upon. In fact, there is a growing body of scholarship that challenges the traditional understanding of these verses and argues that they have been misinterpreted over time." + }, + { + "source": "Homosexuality in Islam: A Difficult Paradox", + "quote": "Furthermore, the Prophet Muhammad himself demonstrated tolerance and acceptance towards individuals with diverse sexual orientations." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Law and Same-Sex Unions", + "quote": "There are documented cases of the Prophet showing kindness and compassion to those who expressed same-sex attraction." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Law and Same-Sex Unions", + "quote": "This suggests that Islam, at its core, is a religion of love and acceptance, regardless of one's sexual orientation." + }, + { + "source": "Rumi's Secret: The Life of the Sufi Poet of Love", + "quote": "Additionally, Islamic history is replete with examples of notable figures who were known to have same-sex relationships. The renowned 13th-century poet Rumi, for example, wrote openly about his love for another man." + }, + { + "source": "Rumi's Secret: The Life of the Sufi Poet of Love", + "quote": "This demonstrates that homosexuality has existed and been accepted within Islamic societies throughout history." + }, + { + "source": "Homosexuality in Islam: A Difficult Paradox", + "quote": "In conclusion, Islam's teachings on love, compassion, and acceptance provide a strong foundation for the argument that homosexuality is permitted within the faith. As Muslims, it is important for us to challenge outdated beliefs and embrace the diversity of human experiences." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Sahih Muslim", + "Islamic" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ], + "person": [ + "Prophet", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Surah Al-A'raf", + "Surah Al-Nisa" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And [We had sent] Lot when he said to his people, 'Do you commit such immorality as no one has preceded you with from among the worlds? Indeed, you approach men with desire, instead of women. Rather, you are a transgressing people.", + "And the two who commit it [i.e., unlawful sexual intercourse], among you, punish [i.e., the adulterer and the adulteress].", + "If you find anyone doing as Lot's people did, kill the one who does it and the one to whom it is done." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7:80-81", + "quote": "And [We had sent] Lot when he said to his people, 'Do you commit such immorality as no one has preceded you with from among the worlds? Indeed, you approach men with desire, instead of women. Rather, you are a transgressing people.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:16", + "quote": "And the two who commit it [i.e., unlawful sexual intercourse], among you, punish [i.e., the adulterer and the adulteress]." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim", + "quote": "If you find anyone doing as Lot's people did, kill the one who does it and the one to whom it is done." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Kugle", + "Transgender Muslims", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Junaid Jahangir", + "Scott Kugle", + "Abdel Haleem", + "Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle", + "Hadith", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Amina Wadud", + "Khaled El-Rouayheb", + "Woman" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Living Out Islam: Voices of Gay, Lesbian,", + "Hadith", + "Before Homosexuality", + "Islamic Law and Same-Sex Unions" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Homosexuality in Islam: A Difficult Paradox,", + "Islamic Law and Same-Sex Unions,", + "Qur'an and Woman,", + "Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500-1800,", + "Living Out Islam: Voices of Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Homosexuality in Islam: A Difficult Paradox, by Scott Kugle", + "quote": "Scott Kugle argues that the story of Lot in the Quran is not primarily about homosexuality, but about inhospitality and violence towards strangers." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Law and Same-Sex Unions, by Junaid Jahangir", + "quote": "Junaid Jahangir challenges traditional interpretations and provides alternative understandings of Quran verses that are often interpreted as condemning homosexual acts." + }, + { + "source": "Qur'an and Woman, by Amina Wadud", + "quote": "Amina Wadud critiques the authenticity and reliability of certain Hadith that are often used to condemn homosexuality." + }, + { + "source": "Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500-1800, by Khaled El-Rouayheb", + "quote": "Khaled El-Rouayheb has critiqued the authenticity and reliability of certain Hadith that are often used to condemn homosexuality." + }, + { + "source": "Living Out Islam: Voices of Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims, by Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle", + "quote": "M.A.S. Abdel Haleem and Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle argue for a more inclusive and compassionate approach towards LGBTQ+ individuals within the Islamic faith." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Lawful and the Prohibited", + "The Lawful and the Prohibited", + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Abdolkarim Soroush", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam,", + "Islamic law has clearly established that homosexual acts are prohibited.", + "The Islamic Approach to Homosexuality,", + "The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam", + "The Islamic Approach to Homosexuality" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam by Yusuf al-Qaradawi", + "quote": "Islamic law has clearly established that homosexual acts are prohibited" + }, + { + "source": "The Islamic Approach to Homosexuality by Abdolkarim Soroush", + "quote": "acknowledges the traditional Islamic stance on homosexuality as prohibited. He emphasizes the importance of understanding Islamic teachings within their historical context and the consensus of Islamic scholars on this issue" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Khaled El-Rouayheb", + "Junaid Jahangir", + "Amina Wadud", + "Scott Kugle" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Scott Kugle", + "quote": "Alternative understandings of the Quran's verses on homosexuality" + }, + { + "source": "Junaid Jahangir", + "quote": "Alternative understandings of the Quran's verses on homosexuality" + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "Must be considered within their historical context" + }, + { + "source": "Amina Wadud", + "quote": "Questioning the authenticity of certain Hadith narrations" + }, + { + "source": "Khaled El-Rouayheb", + "quote": "Questioning the authenticity of certain Hadith narrations" + }, + { + "source": "Islam", + "quote": "Promotion of love, compassion, and acceptance within Islam should extend to all individuals, including LGBTQ+ individuals" + }, + { + "source": "Quran and Islamic tradition", + "quote": "Need for critical engagement for a more inclusive and understanding interpretation of Islam" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Abdolkarim Soroush", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Indirect reference to Quran and Hadith", + "quote": "alternative understandings of Quranic verses and Hadith related to homosexuality, the majority and traditional view within Islamic teachings" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to Yusuf al-Qaradawi's teachings", + "quote": "Scholars like Yusuf al-Qaradawi... emphasize the clear prohibition of homosexual behavior in Islam based on these sacred texts" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to Abdolkarim Soroush's teachings", + "quote": "Scholars...like.... Abdolkarim Soroush emphasize the clear prohibition of homosexual behavior in Islam based on these sacred texts" + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Transgender Muslims", + "Kugle", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Junaid Jahangir", + "Scott Kugle", + "Abdel Haleem", + "Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle", + "Hadith", + "Brad Gooch", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Amina Wadud", + "Khaled El-Rouayheb", + "Woman", + "Rumi" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Living Out Islam: Voices of Gay, Lesbian,", + "Before Homosexuality", + "Hadith", + "Islamic Law and Same-Sex Unions", + "Rumi's Secret: The Life of the Sufi Poet of Love" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Living Out Islam: Voices of Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims,", + "Rumi's Secret: The Life of the Sufi Poet of Love,", + "Islamic Law and Same-Sex Unions,", + "Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500-1800,", + "Qur'an and Woman,", + "Homosexuality in Islam: A Difficult Paradox," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Homosexuality in Islam: A Difficult Paradox", + "quote": "First and foremost, it is important to note that the Quran does not explicitly condemn homosexuality. While some scholars have interpreted certain verses to condemn homosexual acts, these interpretations are not universally agreed upon. In fact, there is a growing body of scholarship that challenges the traditional understanding of these verses and argues that they have been misinterpreted over time." + }, + { + "source": "Homosexuality in Islam: A Difficult Paradox", + "quote": "Furthermore, the Prophet Muhammad himself demonstrated tolerance and acceptance towards individuals with diverse sexual orientations." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Law and Same-Sex Unions", + "quote": "There are documented cases of the Prophet showing kindness and compassion to those who expressed same-sex attraction." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Law and Same-Sex Unions", + "quote": "This suggests that Islam, at its core, is a religion of love and acceptance, regardless of one's sexual orientation." + }, + { + "source": "Rumi's Secret: The Life of the Sufi Poet of Love", + "quote": "Additionally, Islamic history is replete with examples of notable figures who were known to have same-sex relationships. The renowned 13th-century poet Rumi, for example, wrote openly about his love for another man." + }, + { + "source": "Rumi's Secret: The Life of the Sufi Poet of Love", + "quote": "This demonstrates that homosexuality has existed and been accepted within Islamic societies throughout history." + }, + { + "source": "Homosexuality in Islam: A Difficult Paradox", + "quote": "In conclusion, Islam's teachings on love, compassion, and acceptance provide a strong foundation for the argument that homosexuality is permitted within the faith. As Muslims, it is important for us to challenge outdated beliefs and embrace the diversity of human experiences." + }, + { + "source": "Homosexuality in Islam: A Difficult Paradox, by Scott Kugle", + "quote": "Scott Kugle argues that the story of Lot in the Quran is not primarily about homosexuality, but about inhospitality and violence towards strangers." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Law and Same-Sex Unions, by Junaid Jahangir", + "quote": "Junaid Jahangir challenges traditional interpretations and provides alternative understandings of Quran verses that are often interpreted as condemning homosexual acts." + }, + { + "source": "Qur'an and Woman, by Amina Wadud", + "quote": "Amina Wadud critiques the authenticity and reliability of certain Hadith that are often used to condemn homosexuality." + }, + { + "source": "Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500-1800, by Khaled El-Rouayheb", + "quote": "Khaled El-Rouayheb has critiqued the authenticity and reliability of certain Hadith that are often used to condemn homosexuality." + }, + { + "source": "Living Out Islam: Voices of Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims, by Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle", + "quote": "M.A.S. Abdel Haleem and Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle argue for a more inclusive and compassionate approach towards LGBTQ+ individuals within the Islamic faith." + }, + { "source": "Scott Kugle", "quote": "Alternative understandings of the Quran's verses on homosexuality" }, { "source": "Junaid Jahangir", "quote": "Alternative understandings of the Quran's verses on homosexuality" }, { "source": "Hadith", "quote": "Must be considered within their historical context" }, { "source": "Amina Wadud", "quote": "Questioning the authenticity of certain Hadith narrations" }, { "source": "Khaled El-Rouayheb", "quote": "Questioning the authenticity of certain Hadith narrations" }, { "source": "Islam", "quote": "Promotion of love, compassion, and acceptance within Islam should extend to all individuals, including LGBTQ+ individuals" }, { "source": "Quran and Islamic tradition", "quote": "Need for critical engagement for a more inclusive and understanding interpretation of Islam" } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Sahih Muslim" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "The Lawful and the Prohibited", + "Hadith", + "The Lawful and the Prohibited" + ], + "person": [ + "Abdolkarim Soroush", + "Surah Al-A'raf", + "Prophet", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi", + "Surah Al-Nisa" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam,", + "The Islamic Approach to Homosexuality", + "And the two who commit it [i.e., unlawful sexual intercourse], among you, punish [i.e., the adulterer and the adulteress].", + "And [We had sent] Lot when he said to his people, 'Do you commit such immorality as no one has preceded you with from among the worlds? Indeed, you approach men with desire, instead of women. Rather, you are a transgressing people.", + "Islamic law has clearly established that homosexual acts are prohibited.", + "The Islamic Approach to Homosexuality,", + "If you find anyone doing as Lot's people did, kill the one who does it and the one to whom it is done.", + "The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7:80-81", + "quote": "And [We had sent] Lot when he said to his people, 'Do you commit such immorality as no one has preceded you with from among the worlds? Indeed, you approach men with desire, instead of women. Rather, you are a transgressing people.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:16", + "quote": "And the two who commit it [i.e., unlawful sexual intercourse], among you, punish [i.e., the adulterer and the adulteress]." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim", + "quote": "If you find anyone doing as Lot's people did, kill the one who does it and the one to whom it is done." + }, + { + "source": "The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam by Yusuf al-Qaradawi", + "quote": "Islamic law has clearly established that homosexual acts are prohibited" + }, + { + "source": "The Islamic Approach to Homosexuality by Abdolkarim Soroush", + "quote": "acknowledges the traditional Islamic stance on homosexuality as prohibited. He emphasizes the importance of understanding Islamic teachings within their historical context and the consensus of Islamic scholars on this issue" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to Quran and Hadith", + "quote": "alternative understandings of Quranic verses and Hadith related to homosexuality, the majority and traditional view within Islamic teachings" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to Yusuf al-Qaradawi's teachings", + "quote": "Scholars like Yusuf al-Qaradawi... emphasize the clear prohibition of homosexual behavior in Islam based on these sacred texts" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to Abdolkarim Soroush's teachings", + "quote": "Scholars...like.... Abdolkarim Soroush emphasize the clear prohibition of homosexual behavior in Islam based on these sacred texts" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_music_20240914_000145.json", + "model": "mistral-nemo", + "topic": "Islam permits music", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Hanafi School", + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "PBUH", + "Book of Marriage" + ], + "person": [ + "Prophet Muhammad's", + "Bukhari", + "Prophet", + "Surah Anbiya", + "Traveller", + "Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And there will remain their Lord on that Day (of Judgment) the same as you are now. Thus do We recite Our verses clearly and full of meaning.", + "Surah Anbiya (21:78)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran: Anbiya 21:78", + "quote": "And there will remain their Lord on that Day (of Judgment) the same as you are now. Thus do We recite Our verses clearly and full of meaning." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari, Book of Marriage, Chapter 69", + "quote": "The Prophet himself attended a wedding ceremony where there was singing and dancing." + }, + { + "source": "Tirmidhi, Book of Funerals, Chapter 43", + "quote": "The Prophet permitted the use of musical instruments like the tambourine (daff) and flute (neys) during non-religious gatherings." + }, + { + "source": "Reliance of the Traveller, Hanafi School, Book H, Chapter 7", + "quote": "While Islam permits music, it is not without guidelines and restrictions. Music should not contain lyrics that promote immorality, indecency, or disbelief. It should not be used to divert attention from more important responsibilities like prayer, study, or earning a living." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "RA", + "Muslims", + "salaf", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Holy Book" + ], + "person": [ + "Riyadhus Saliheen", + "Surah Luqman", + "Fathul Bari", + "Al-Nawawi", + "Ibn Abbas", + "Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Al-Albani", + "Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Abdullah ibn Masud", + "Aisha", + "Silsilah Ahadith Sahihah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Honorable panel, esteemed opponents, and distinguished audience, today we stand here to engage in a discourse that respects the complexity and diversity of Islamic thought, as we debate the proposition 'Islam permits music.' I stand before you today to argue against this proposition, not out of prudishness or conservativism, but because I believe a nuanced understanding of Islamic law, history, and culture warrants such a stance. Firstly, let us consider the primary source of Islamic law, the Quran. The Holy Book does not explicitly permit music; instead, it uses ambiguous language when addressing sound and its derivatives. In Surah Luqman, verse 6, Allah says, 'And among His signs is that He created for you, from what you know, pairs - that perhaps you may reflect upon them.' Here, the term used for 'pairs' is 'azwajan,' which can also refer to musical instruments. However, this verse does not encourage or permit their use. Secondly, let us examine the hadith literature. While there are numerous narrations discussing the permissibility of music, many scholars argue that these hadiths are weak or fabricated due to their chain of narrators (isnad) and content (matn). For instance, the famous hadith 'If there was a valley of the Jordan, I would have encouraged you to live by it for its trees,' attributed to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), is considered weak by many scholars like Al-Nawawi due to its narrators. Moreover, we must consider the consensus of the early generations of Muslims, known as the salaf. The vast majority of them, including luminaries such as Ibn Abbas, Abdullah ibn Masud, and Aisha (RA), disapproved of music. In fact, many of them went so far as to declare it forbidden, citing its potential to lead one astray from righteousness. Lastly, we must acknowledge the impact of culture and personal biases on this issue. What may be considered music in one society might not be viewed similarly in another. Therefore, we should strive for an objective interpretation that transcends cultural boundaries. In conclusion, while the topic at hand is complex and open to different interpretations, I believe a strong argument can be made against the proposition 'Islam permits music.' This argument is grounded in the Quran's silence on the matter, the weakness of supporting hadiths, the consensus of the salaf, and the need for an objective interpretation. I look forward to engaging with my opponents' arguments and together, let us strive for a deeper understanding of Islam." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "And among His signs is that He created for you, from what you know, pairs - that perhaps you may reflect upon them." + }, + { + "source": "Riyadhus Saliheen, Hadith 7593", + "quote": "If there was a valley of the Jordan, I would have encouraged you to live by it for its trees." + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "Indirect reference to Ibn Kathir's commentary on Surah Luqman, verse 6" + }, + { + "source": "Silsilah Ahadith Sahihah, Volume 3, Hadith 1085", + "quote": "Indirect reference to hadiths regarding the permissibility of music" + }, + { + "source": "Fathul Bari, Volume 9", + "quote": "Indirect reference to views of the early Muslims (salaf) on music" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Quranic", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Kitab al-Nikah", + "Jami", + "Al-Ghazali", + "Ibn Hazm", + "Ibn Majah", + "Surah Luqman", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "Al-Tirmidhi", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Prophet David's Psalms", + "Abu Dawud", + "Al-Muhalla", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din'", + "Kitab al-Talaq", + "Maliki" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Abu Dawud (4931)", + "and Ibn Majah (3658)", + "Tirmidhi (2004)", + "Surah Luqman (31:6)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "The verse from Surah Luqman (31:6) you cited does not directly address musical instruments or their use. It mentions 'azwajan,' which can refer to pairs of things, but this term is used broadly and does not specifically relate to musical instruments in this context." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 21:78", + "quote": "The Quran explicitly permits singing in other verses, such as those related to Prophet David's Psalms (21:78)" + }, + { + "source": "Abu Dawud 4931 and Ibn Majah 3658", + "quote": "Prophet Muhammad permitted the use of musical instruments at weddings and during non-religious gatherings, provided they did not imitate the sound of certain animals." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Tirmidhi 2004", + "quote": "Aisha, the wife of Prophet Muhammad, used to sing songs from the days of ignorance before Islam, but now she sings them in a way that pleases Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Muhalla by Ibn Hazm (9/178)", + "quote": "Ibn Hazm (d. 456 AH), a renowned Maliki scholar, permits music in his work 'Al-Muhalla' (9/178), stating that there is no consensus against it." + }, + { + "source": "Ihya Ulum al-Din by Al-Ghazali (4/36-37)", + "quote": "Al-Ghazali (d. 505 AH) discusses the permissibility of music and its benefits in his magnum opus 'Ihya Ulum al-Din' (4/36-37)." + }, + { + "source": "Sunan Abi Dawud, Book of Divorce (Kitab al-Talaq), Chapter 82", + "quote": "Relevant citation without direct quote" + }, + { + "source": "Sunan ibn Majah, Book of Marriage (Kitab al-Nikah), Chapter 9", + "quote": "Relevant citation without direct quote" + }, + { + "source": "Jami' at-Tirmidhi, Book of Funerals (Kitab al-Jana'iz), Chapter 15", + "quote": "Relevant citation without direct quote" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Muhalla bi-Ahkam al-Ahkam by Ibn Hazm (9/178)", + "quote": "Relevant citation without direct quote" + }, + { + "source": "Ihya Ulum al-Din by Al-Ghazali (4/36-37)", + "quote": "Relevant citation without direct quote" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Allah", + "Al-Muwatta'", + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "salaf", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "the Hanafi school of thought", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Ibn Majah", + "Sunan ibn Majah", + "Tafsir ibn Kathir", + "Al-Muwatta", + "Prophet", + "Noah", + "zakat", + "Prophet David's Psalms", + "Surah An-Naml", + "Abu Hurairah", + "Maliki" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Bukhari (5586)", + "Ibn Majah (3660)", + "Bukhari (5586)", + "Sunan ibn Majah (3660)", + "And they said, 'You should not leave your gods and follow this madman. None but Satan has promised him. Indeed, he has certainly come with falsehood.", + "And of Our signs are the running of you and the ships which We sail like banners. And if We will, We could drown them; then there would be no one to cry out on their behalf nor could they be saved.", + "Allah has allowed trading and forbidden selling goods before paying the rights of Allah (e.g., zakat).", + "On the Day of Resurrection, Allah will forbid the people to drink from all containers except that of copper, because it does not cause harm." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 53:19-20", + "quote": "And they said, 'You should not leave your gods and follow this madman. None but Satan has promised him. Indeed, he has certainly come with falsehood.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 31:31-32", + "quote": "And of Our signs are the running of you and the ships which We sail like banners. And if We will, We could drown them; then there would be no one to cry out on their behalf nor could they be saved." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari 5586", + "quote": "Allah has allowed trading and forbidden selling goods before paying the rights of Allah (e.g., zakat)." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim 2672a", + "quote": "Allah has allowed trading and forbidden selling goods before paying the rights of Allah (e.g., zakat)." + }, + { + "source": "Sunan ibn Majah 3660", + "quote": "On the Day of Resurrection, Allah will forbid the people to drink from all containers except that of copper, because it does not cause harm." + }, + { + "source": "Imam Malik ibn Anas's Al-Muwatta", + "quote": "Imam Malik ibn Anas prohibited music in his famous work 'Al-Muwatta' (Book 46, Chapter 3)." + }, + { + "source": "Abu Hanifa's opinion on music", + "quote": "Abu Hanifa, the founder of the Hanafi school of thought, also forbade musical instruments and considered them a cause for disbelief." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Kathir's Tafsir", + "quote": "Ibn Kathir stated in his commentary on the Quran ('Tafsir ibn Kathir') that music is prohibited by several authentic hadiths and agreed upon by Muslim scholars (see his commentary on Surah An-Naml, verse 61)." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Ghazali", + "Ibn Hazm", + "Abu Dawud 4931", + "Ibn Majah" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 21:78", + "quote": "The Quran does not explicitly forbid music, it permits singing in certain contexts" + }, + { + "source": "Abu Dawud 4931", + "quote": "Several authentic narrations permit the use of musical instruments under specific conditions during non-religious gatherings and celebrations" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Majah 3658", + "quote": "Several authentic narrations permit the use of musical instruments under specific conditions during non-religious gatherings and celebrations" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Hazm", + "quote": "Not all early Muslim scholars disapproved of music; some permitted it with certain conditions" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Ghazali", + "quote": "Not all early Muslim scholars disapproved of music; some permitted it with certain conditions" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "person": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Prophet David's Psalms", + "Noah" + ], + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Allah", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Indirect reference to verses mentioning singing, music, and Prophet David's Psalms" + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the story of Noah's people and the prohibition of 'ghina'" + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "Reference to numerous authentic hadiths that condemn music" + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Hanafi School", + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "PBUH", + "Book of Marriage" + ], + "person": [ + "Kitab al-Nikah", + "Al-Ghazali", + "Surah Anbiya", + "Traveller", + "Al-Tirmidhi", + "Abu Dawud", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din'", + "Maliki", + "Surah Luqman", + "Bukhari", + "Prophet", + "Prophet David's Psalms", + "Jami", + "Ibn Hazm", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "Prophet Muhammad's", + "Abu Dawud 4931", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Al-Muhalla", + "Kitab al-Talaq", + "Ibn Majah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Surah Luqman (31:6)", + "Tirmidhi (2004)", + "Abu Dawud (4931)", + "Surah Anbiya (21:78)", + "and Ibn Majah (3658)", + "And there will remain their Lord on that Day (of Judgment) the same as you are now. Thus do We recite Our verses clearly and full of meaning." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran: Anbiya 21:78", + "quote": "And there will remain their Lord on that Day (of Judgment) the same as you are now. Thus do We recite Our verses clearly and full of meaning." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari, Book of Marriage, Chapter 69", + "quote": "The Prophet himself attended a wedding ceremony where there was singing and dancing." + }, + { + "source": "Tirmidhi, Book of Funerals, Chapter 43", + "quote": "The Prophet permitted the use of musical instruments like the tambourine (daff) and flute (neys) during non-religious gatherings." + }, + { + "source": "Reliance of the Traveller, Hanafi School, Book H, Chapter 7", + "quote": "While Islam permits music, it is not without guidelines and restrictions. Music should not contain lyrics that promote immorality, indecency, or disbelief. It should not be used to divert attention from more important responsibilities like prayer, study, or earning a living." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "The verse from Surah Luqman (31:6) you cited does not directly address musical instruments or their use. It mentions 'azwajan,' which can refer to pairs of things, but this term is used broadly and does not specifically relate to musical instruments in this context." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 21:78", + "quote": "The Quran explicitly permits singing in other verses, such as those related to Prophet David's Psalms (21:78)" + }, + { + "source": "Abu Dawud 4931 and Ibn Majah 3658", + "quote": "Prophet Muhammad permitted the use of musical instruments at weddings and during non-religious gatherings, provided they did not imitate the sound of certain animals." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Tirmidhi 2004", + "quote": "Aisha, the wife of Prophet Muhammad, used to sing songs from the days of ignorance before Islam, but now she sings them in a way that pleases Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Muhalla by Ibn Hazm (9/178)", + "quote": "Ibn Hazm (d. 456 AH), a renowned Maliki scholar, permits music in his work 'Al-Muhalla' (9/178), stating that there is no consensus against it." + }, + { + "source": "Ihya Ulum al-Din by Al-Ghazali (4/36-37)", + "quote": "Al-Ghazali (d. 505 AH) discusses the permissibility of music and its benefits in his magnum opus 'Ihya Ulum al-Din' (4/36-37)." + }, + { + "source": "Sunan Abi Dawud, Book of Divorce (Kitab al-Talaq), Chapter 82", + "quote": "Relevant citation without direct quote" + }, + { + "source": "Sunan ibn Majah, Book of Marriage (Kitab al-Nikah), Chapter 9", + "quote": "Relevant citation without direct quote" + }, + { + "source": "Jami' at-Tirmidhi, Book of Funerals (Kitab al-Jana'iz), Chapter 15", + "quote": "Relevant citation without direct quote" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Muhalla bi-Ahkam al-Ahkam by Ibn Hazm (9/178)", + "quote": "Relevant citation without direct quote" + }, + { + "source": "Ihya Ulum al-Din by Al-Ghazali (4/36-37)", + "quote": "Relevant citation without direct quote" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 21:78", + "quote": "The Quran does not explicitly forbid music, it permits singing in certain contexts" + }, + { + "source": "Abu Dawud 4931", + "quote": "Several authentic narrations permit the use of musical instruments under specific conditions during non-religious gatherings and celebrations" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Majah 3658", + "quote": "Several authentic narrations permit the use of musical instruments under specific conditions during non-religious gatherings and celebrations" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Hazm", + "quote": "Not all early Muslim scholars disapproved of music; some permitted it with certain conditions" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Ghazali", + "quote": "Not all early Muslim scholars disapproved of music; some permitted it with certain conditions" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "RA", + "Allah", + "Al-Muwatta'", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "salaf", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "the Hanafi school of thought", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Holy Book" + ], + "person": [ + "Ibn Hajar Al-Asqalani", + "zakat", + "Aisha", + "Surah An-Naml", + "Silsilah Ahadith Sahihah", + "Maliki", + "Surah Luqman", + "Sunan ibn Majah", + "Al-Nawawi", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Al-Muwatta", + "Prophet", + "Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "Prophet David's Psalms", + "Abu Hurairah", + "Fathul Bari", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Riyadhus Saliheen", + "Ibn Majah", + "Tafsir ibn Kathir", + "Ibn Abbas", + "Al-Albani", + "Noah", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Abdullah ibn Masud" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Allah has allowed trading and forbidden selling goods before paying the rights of Allah (e.g., zakat).", + "Honorable panel, esteemed opponents, and distinguished audience, today we stand here to engage in a discourse that respects the complexity and diversity of Islamic thought, as we debate the proposition 'Islam permits music.' I stand before you today to argue against this proposition, not out of prudishness or conservativism, but because I believe a nuanced understanding of Islamic law, history, and culture warrants such a stance. Firstly, let us consider the primary source of Islamic law, the Quran. The Holy Book does not explicitly permit music; instead, it uses ambiguous language when addressing sound and its derivatives. In Surah Luqman, verse 6, Allah says, 'And among His signs is that He created for you, from what you know, pairs - that perhaps you may reflect upon them.' Here, the term used for 'pairs' is 'azwajan,' which can also refer to musical instruments. However, this verse does not encourage or permit their use. Secondly, let us examine the hadith literature. While there are numerous narrations discussing the permissibility of music, many scholars argue that these hadiths are weak or fabricated due to their chain of narrators (isnad) and content (matn). For instance, the famous hadith 'If there was a valley of the Jordan, I would have encouraged you to live by it for its trees,' attributed to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), is considered weak by many scholars like Al-Nawawi due to its narrators. Moreover, we must consider the consensus of the early generations of Muslims, known as the salaf. The vast majority of them, including luminaries such as Ibn Abbas, Abdullah ibn Masud, and Aisha (RA), disapproved of music. In fact, many of them went so far as to declare it forbidden, citing its potential to lead one astray from righteousness. Lastly, we must acknowledge the impact of culture and personal biases on this issue. What may be considered music in one society might not be viewed similarly in another. Therefore, we should strive for an objective interpretation that transcends cultural boundaries. In conclusion, while the topic at hand is complex and open to different interpretations, I believe a strong argument can be made against the proposition 'Islam permits music.' This argument is grounded in the Quran's silence on the matter, the weakness of supporting hadiths, the consensus of the salaf, and the need for an objective interpretation. I look forward to engaging with my opponents' arguments and together, let us strive for a deeper understanding of Islam.", + "On the Day of Resurrection, Allah will forbid the people to drink from all containers except that of copper, because it does not cause harm.", + "Bukhari (5586)", + "Sunan ibn Majah (3660)", + "Ibn Majah (3660)", + "And they said, 'You should not leave your gods and follow this madman. None but Satan has promised him. Indeed, he has certainly come with falsehood.", + "And of Our signs are the running of you and the ships which We sail like banners. And if We will, We could drown them; then there would be no one to cry out on their behalf nor could they be saved." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "And among His signs is that He created for you, from what you know, pairs - that perhaps you may reflect upon them." + }, + { + "source": "Riyadhus Saliheen, Hadith 7593", + "quote": "If there was a valley of the Jordan, I would have encouraged you to live by it for its trees." + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "Indirect reference to Ibn Kathir's commentary on Surah Luqman, verse 6" + }, + { + "source": "Silsilah Ahadith Sahihah, Volume 3, Hadith 1085", + "quote": "Indirect reference to hadiths regarding the permissibility of music" + }, + { + "source": "Fathul Bari, Volume 9", + "quote": "Indirect reference to views of the early Muslims (salaf) on music" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 53:19-20", + "quote": "And they said, 'You should not leave your gods and follow this madman. None but Satan has promised him. Indeed, he has certainly come with falsehood.'" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 31:31-32", + "quote": "And of Our signs are the running of you and the ships which We sail like banners. And if We will, We could drown them; then there would be no one to cry out on their behalf nor could they be saved." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari 5586", + "quote": "Allah has allowed trading and forbidden selling goods before paying the rights of Allah (e.g., zakat)." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih Muslim 2672a", + "quote": "Allah has allowed trading and forbidden selling goods before paying the rights of Allah (e.g., zakat)." + }, + { + "source": "Sunan ibn Majah 3660", + "quote": "On the Day of Resurrection, Allah will forbid the people to drink from all containers except that of copper, because it does not cause harm." + }, + { + "source": "Imam Malik ibn Anas's Al-Muwatta", + "quote": "Imam Malik ibn Anas prohibited music in his famous work 'Al-Muwatta' (Book 46, Chapter 3)." + }, + { + "source": "Abu Hanifa's opinion on music", + "quote": "Abu Hanifa, the founder of the Hanafi school of thought, also forbade musical instruments and considered them a cause for disbelief." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Kathir's Tafsir", + "quote": "Ibn Kathir stated in his commentary on the Quran ('Tafsir ibn Kathir') that music is prohibited by several authentic hadiths and agreed upon by Muslim scholars (see his commentary on Surah An-Naml, verse 61)." + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Indirect reference to verses mentioning singing, music, and Prophet David's Psalms" + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the story of Noah's people and the prohibition of 'ghina'" + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "Reference to numerous authentic hadiths that condemn music" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_muslims_to_take_mortgages_with_interest_20240911_071759.json", + "model": "claude-3-sonnet-20240229", + "topic": "Islam permits Muslims to take mortgages with interest", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Western", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "riba" + ], + "person": [ + "Fiqh al-Zakat", + "Monzer Kahf", + "Dar al-Taqwa", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "(Monzer Kahf" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "In Muslim minority countries, where Islamic finance is not available for housing finance, it is permissible to take mortgages from conventional banks for buying a house for one's residence", + "Fatwa on Mortgages,", + "the interest charged by reputable banks in stable economies is not the same as the riba prohibited in Islam", + "Fiqh al-Zakat," + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275-280", + "quote": "The Qur'an strongly condemns riba and warns against its harmful consequences" + }, + { + "source": "Monzer Kahf, 'Fatwa on Mortgages,' IslamOnline.net", + "quote": "In Muslim minority countries, where Islamic finance is not available for housing finance, it is permissible to take mortgages from conventional banks for buying a house for one's residence" + }, + { + "source": "Yusuf al-Qaradawi, 'Fiqh al-Zakat,' Dar al-Taqwa, 1999", + "quote": "the interest charged by reputable banks in stable economies is not the same as the riba prohibited in Islam" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "The Islamic Fiqh Academy", + "Islamic Fiqh Academy", + "riba" + ], + "person": [ + "Quran", + "Muhammad", + "the Messenger of Allah", + "Ijarah", + "Musharakah Mutanaqisah", + "His Messenger", + "Shari'ah-compliant", + "al-Muwaqqi'in", + "Sunnah", + "Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah", + "Shari'ah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islam permits Muslims to take mortgages with interest.", + "Those who consume interest cannot stand [on the Day of Resurrection] except as one stands who is being beaten by Satan into insanity. That is because they say, 'Trade is [just] like interest.' But Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden interest.", + "Jabir (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) cursed the one who consumes interest, the one who pays it, the one who witnesses it, and the one who records it.", + "Interest (riba) is prohibited in Islam, and it is one of the gravest sins. The one who deals in interest has indeed declared war against Allah and His Messenger.", + "It is not permissible for a Muslim to take a mortgage loan from a conventional bank that involves interest (riba), as it is a clear violation of the Shari'ah principles.", + "Quran 2:275" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "Those who consume interest cannot stand [on the Day of Resurrection] except as one stands who is being beaten by Satan into insanity. That is because they say, 'Trade is [just] like interest.' But Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden interest." + }, + { + "source": "Muslim, Book of Musaqat, Hadith No. 3881", + "quote": "Jabir (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) cursed the one who consumes interest, the one who pays it, the one who witnesses it, and the one who records it." + }, + { + "source": "I'lam al-Muwaqqi'in, vol. 3, p. 86", + "quote": "Interest (riba) is prohibited in Islam, and it is one of the gravest sins. The one who deals in interest has indeed declared war against Allah and His Messenger." + }, + { + "source": "Resolution No. 179 (19/5), Islamic Fiqh Academy", + "quote": "It is not permissible for a Muslim to take a mortgage loan from a conventional bank that involves interest (riba), as it is a clear violation of the Shari'ah principles." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "person": [ + "Fiqh al-Zakat", + "al-Shari'ah", + "Shari'ah-compliant", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Monzer Kahf", + "Dar al-Taqwa", + "Sunnah", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ], + "organizations": [ + "European Council for Fatwa and Research", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "the European Council for Fatwa and Research", + "Fatwa No." + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The interest charged by reputable banks in stable economies is not the same as the riba prohibited in Islam", + "Fatwa on Mortgages,", + "In cases of necessity, such as the lack of Islamic banks or financial institutions offering Shari'ah-compliant financing, it is permissible to resort to conventional mortgages", + "Fiqh al-Zakat,", + "In the case where a Muslim lives in a non-Muslim country and is unable to find an Islamic bank to obtain a loan from, it is permissible for him to take a conventional mortgage loan from a non-Muslim bank" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran and Sunnah", + "quote": "prohibition of riba" + }, + { + "source": "Monzer Kahf, 'Fatwa on Mortgages,' IslamOnline.net", + "quote": "The interest charged by reputable banks in stable economies is not the same as the riba prohibited in Islam" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic jurisprudence", + "quote": "principle of necessity (dharurah)" + }, + { + "source": "Yusuf al-Qaradawi, 'Fiqh al-Zakat,' Dar al-Taqwa, 1999", + "quote": "In cases of necessity, such as the lack of Islamic banks or financial institutions offering Shari'ah-compliant financing, it is permissible to resort to conventional mortgages" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic law", + "quote": "preservation of faith, life, intellect, progeny, and property" + }, + { + "source": "European Council for Fatwa and Research, Fatwa No. 5, 1999", + "quote": "In the case where a Muslim lives in a non-Muslim country and is unable to find an Islamic bank to obtain a loan from, it is permissible for him to take a conventional mortgage loan from a non-Muslim bank" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "the Islamic Fiqh Academy", + "OIC", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Fatawa Islamiyyah", + "Quranic", + "the Organization of Islamic Cooperation", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Islamic Fiqh Academy", + "riba" + ], + "person": [ + "al-Shari'ah", + "Shari'ah", + "Al-Fatawa al-Kubra", + "Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim", + "Grand Mufti", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Prophet", + "Shari'ah-compliant", + "Ibn Taymiyyah", + "al-Muwaqqi'in", + "Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz", + "Ibn Qayyim", + "Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah", + "Ibn Baz" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The Qur'an prohibits every type of interest, whether it is a large or a small amount", + "The interest charged by banks is the same riba that is prohibited in Islam, regardless of whether it is called interest or a fee for service", + "Necessity is judged according to its true extent, and any transgression beyond that is considered a violation", + "The principle of necessity should not be used as a means to permit the impermissible or to make the exception a general rule", + "The means to achieve these objectives must also be permissible, for the end does not justify the means" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim, 2:359", + "quote": "The Qur'an prohibits every type of interest, whether it is a large or a small amount" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Baz, Fatawa Islamiyyah, 4/304", + "quote": "The interest charged by banks is the same riba that is prohibited in Islam, regardless of whether it is called interest or a fee for service" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Taymiyyah, Al-Fatawa al-Kubra, 3/271", + "quote": "Necessity is judged according to its true extent, and any transgression beyond that is considered a violation" + }, + { + "source": "Resolution No. 63 (1/7), Islamic Fiqh Academy", + "quote": "The principle of necessity should not be used as a means to permit the impermissible or to make the exception a general rule" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Qayyim, I'lam al-Muwaqqi'in, 3/11", + "quote": "The means to achieve these objectives must also be permissible, for the end does not justify the means" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "al-Shari'ah" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "the Islamic Fiqh Academy", + "OIC", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "the Organization of Islamic Cooperation", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "al-Shari'ah", + "Shari'ah-compliant", + "Sunnah" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "European Council for Fatwa and Research", + "Muslim", + "Western", + "Muslims", + "Fatwa No.", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "the European Council for Fatwa and Research", + "riba" + ], + "person": [ + "Fiqh al-Zakat", + "al-Shari'ah", + "Shari'ah-compliant", + "Monzer Kahf", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Dar al-Taqwa", + "Sunnah", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "(Monzer Kahf" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "In the case where a Muslim lives in a non-Muslim country and is unable to find an Islamic bank to obtain a loan from, it is permissible for him to take a conventional mortgage loan from a non-Muslim bank", + "In Muslim minority countries, where Islamic finance is not available for housing finance, it is permissible to take mortgages from conventional banks for buying a house for one's residence", + "Fatwa on Mortgages,", + "In cases of necessity, such as the lack of Islamic banks or financial institutions offering Shari'ah-compliant financing, it is permissible to resort to conventional mortgages", + "Fiqh al-Zakat,", + "the interest charged by reputable banks in stable economies is not the same as the riba prohibited in Islam", + "The interest charged by reputable banks in stable economies is not the same as the riba prohibited in Islam" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275-280", + "quote": "The Qur'an strongly condemns riba and warns against its harmful consequences" + }, + { + "source": "Monzer Kahf, 'Fatwa on Mortgages,' IslamOnline.net", + "quote": "In Muslim minority countries, where Islamic finance is not available for housing finance, it is permissible to take mortgages from conventional banks for buying a house for one's residence" + }, + { + "source": "Yusuf al-Qaradawi, 'Fiqh al-Zakat,' Dar al-Taqwa, 1999", + "quote": "the interest charged by reputable banks in stable economies is not the same as the riba prohibited in Islam" + }, + { + "source": "Quran and Sunnah", + "quote": "prohibition of riba" + }, + { + "source": "Monzer Kahf, 'Fatwa on Mortgages,' IslamOnline.net", + "quote": "The interest charged by reputable banks in stable economies is not the same as the riba prohibited in Islam" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic jurisprudence", + "quote": "principle of necessity (dharurah)" + }, + { + "source": "Yusuf al-Qaradawi, 'Fiqh al-Zakat,' Dar al-Taqwa, 1999", + "quote": "In cases of necessity, such as the lack of Islamic banks or financial institutions offering Shari'ah-compliant financing, it is permissible to resort to conventional mortgages" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic law", + "quote": "preservation of faith, life, intellect, progeny, and property" + }, + { + "source": "European Council for Fatwa and Research, Fatwa No. 5, 1999", + "quote": "In the case where a Muslim lives in a non-Muslim country and is unable to find an Islamic bank to obtain a loan from, it is permissible for him to take a conventional mortgage loan from a non-Muslim bank" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "the Islamic Fiqh Academy", + "OIC", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Fatawa Islamiyyah", + "Quranic", + "the Organization of Islamic Cooperation", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "The Islamic Fiqh Academy", + "Islamic Fiqh Academy", + "riba" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "the Messenger of Allah", + "al-Shari'ah", + "Shari'ah-compliant", + "al-Muwaqqi'in", + "Ibn Baz", + "Ibn Qayyim", + "Quran", + "Al-Fatawa al-Kubra", + "His Messenger", + "Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim", + "Grand Mufti", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Prophet", + "Ijarah", + "Musharakah Mutanaqisah", + "Ibn Taymiyyah", + "Sunnah", + "Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah", + "Abd al-Aziz ibn Baz", + "Shari'ah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "It is not permissible for a Muslim to take a mortgage loan from a conventional bank that involves interest (riba), as it is a clear violation of the Shari'ah principles.", + "Islam permits Muslims to take mortgages with interest.", + "Jabir (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) cursed the one who consumes interest, the one who pays it, the one who witnesses it, and the one who records it.", + "Quran 2:275", + "The Qur'an prohibits every type of interest, whether it is a large or a small amount", + "Interest (riba) is prohibited in Islam, and it is one of the gravest sins. The one who deals in interest has indeed declared war against Allah and His Messenger.", + "The means to achieve these objectives must also be permissible, for the end does not justify the means", + "Necessity is judged according to its true extent, and any transgression beyond that is considered a violation", + "The principle of necessity should not be used as a means to permit the impermissible or to make the exception a general rule", + "The interest charged by banks is the same riba that is prohibited in Islam, regardless of whether it is called interest or a fee for service", + "Those who consume interest cannot stand [on the Day of Resurrection] except as one stands who is being beaten by Satan into insanity. That is because they say, 'Trade is [just] like interest.' But Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden interest." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "Those who consume interest cannot stand [on the Day of Resurrection] except as one stands who is being beaten by Satan into insanity. That is because they say, 'Trade is [just] like interest.' But Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden interest." + }, + { + "source": "Muslim, Book of Musaqat, Hadith No. 3881", + "quote": "Jabir (may Allah be pleased with him) reported that the Messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) cursed the one who consumes interest, the one who pays it, the one who witnesses it, and the one who records it." + }, + { + "source": "I'lam al-Muwaqqi'in, vol. 3, p. 86", + "quote": "Interest (riba) is prohibited in Islam, and it is one of the gravest sins. The one who deals in interest has indeed declared war against Allah and His Messenger." + }, + { + "source": "Resolution No. 179 (19/5), Islamic Fiqh Academy", + "quote": "It is not permissible for a Muslim to take a mortgage loan from a conventional bank that involves interest (riba), as it is a clear violation of the Shari'ah principles." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Kathir, Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Azim, 2:359", + "quote": "The Qur'an prohibits every type of interest, whether it is a large or a small amount" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Baz, Fatawa Islamiyyah, 4/304", + "quote": "The interest charged by banks is the same riba that is prohibited in Islam, regardless of whether it is called interest or a fee for service" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Taymiyyah, Al-Fatawa al-Kubra, 3/271", + "quote": "Necessity is judged according to its true extent, and any transgression beyond that is considered a violation" + }, + { + "source": "Resolution No. 63 (1/7), Islamic Fiqh Academy", + "quote": "The principle of necessity should not be used as a means to permit the impermissible or to make the exception a general rule" + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Qayyim, I'lam al-Muwaqqi'in, 3/11", + "quote": "The means to achieve these objectives must also be permissible, for the end does not justify the means" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_promotes_women's_rights_20240911_064807.json", + "model": "claude-3-sonnet-20240229", + "topic": "Islam promotes women's rights", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Muslim", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Arabian" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Ibn Majah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Whoever does righteous deeds, whether male or female, while being a believer, We will surely grant them a good life, and We will certainly reward them according to the best of what they used to do.", + "Seeking knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim, male and female.", + "For men is a share of what the parents and close relatives leave, and for women is a share of what the parents and close relatives leave, be it little or much - an obligatory share.", + "O you who have believed, it is not lawful for you to inherit women by compulsion.", + "And if you fear dissension between them, send an arbitrator from his people and an arbitrator from her people.", + "Quran 16:97", + "Quran 4:7", + "Quran 4:19", + "Quran 4:35" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 16:97", + "quote": "Whoever does righteous deeds, whether male or female, while being a believer, We will surely grant them a good life, and We will certainly reward them according to the best of what they used to do." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Majah", + "quote": "Seeking knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim, male and female." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:7", + "quote": "For men is a share of what the parents and close relatives leave, and for women is a share of what the parents and close relatives leave, be it little or much - an obligatory share." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "O you who have believed, it is not lawful for you to inherit women by compulsion." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:35", + "quote": "And if you fear dissension between them, send an arbitrator from his people and an arbitrator from her people." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "the World Economic Forum's", + "Muslim", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Freedom House's" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Men are the protectors and maintainers of women", + "Not Free" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Men are the protectors and maintainers of women which has been interpreted as giving men authority over women." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:282", + "quote": "Women's testimony is explicitly given half the weight of a man's in certain legal situations." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "The Quran also permits husbands to physically discipline wives through hitting if other methods fail." + }, + { + "source": "The World Economic Forum's 2022 Global Gender Gap Report", + "quote": "Out of 146 countries ranked, those at the bottom included Afghanistan (146th), Syria (142nd), Iran (143rd), Pakistan (145th) and Yemen (144th)." + }, + { + "source": "Freedom House's 2022 report", + "quote": "Over half of Muslim-majority countries as 'Not Free' due to lack of basic rights." + }, + { + "source": "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and women's rights conventions", + "quote": "While Islam had more progressive views towards women's rights compared to its time, many of its teachings and interpretations do not align with modern principles of gender equality upheld in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and women's rights conventions." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Arabian", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Badawi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Badawi, 1976)", + "(Ahmed, 1992)", + "(Moghadam, 2004)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:282", + "quote": "The verse on testimony is specific to financial transactions and was intended to ensure fairness in a society where women were largely uninvolved in such matters." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:7", + "quote": "The Quran granted women inheritance rights for the first time in Arabian society, where previously they had no such rights." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "The verse on men's responsibility towards women is often misinterpreted. It refers to men's obligation to financially maintain and protect their families, not to subjugate women." + }, + { + "source": "Badawi, 1976", + "quote": "The phrase on disciplining wives is highly controversial and subject to diverse interpretations, with many scholars advocating non-violence." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:3 and 4:129", + "quote": "While polygyny is permitted in Islam under specific conditions, the Quran emphasizes the difficulty of treating multiple wives equitably." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:32", + "quote": "As for work, the Quran affirms women's right to engage in financial transactions." + }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, 1992", + "quote": "Early Islamic history records many working women." + }, + { + "source": "Moghadam, 2004", + "quote": "Gender disparities exist in many Muslim-majority nations, but this cannot be solely attributed to Islam. These inequalities often stem from cultural traditions, patriarchal interpretations, and sociopolitical factors that contradict Islamic principles." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:19 and 4:128", + "quote": "The Quran repeatedly emphasizes justice, kindness, and mutual consultation in marital relationships." + }, + { + "source": "Barlas, 2002 and Wadud, 1999", + "quote": "Many Muslim scholars and reformists have advocated for progressive interpretations that uphold gender equality while staying true to Islamic principles." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "egalitarian", + "CEDAW", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Mernissi", + "Ahmed", + "Discipline The" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Doi, 1989)", + "(Barlas, 2002)", + "(Moghadam, 2003)", + "maintainers" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:282", + "quote": "The explicit statement that a woman's testimony is worth half of a man's cannot be limited only to financial matters." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "The verses stating men are 'maintainers' of women and permitting beating as a form of discipline establish a hierarchy and open the door to domestic violence, regardless of interpretations." + }, + { + "source": "Doi, 1989", + "quote": "Many Islamic scholars do mandate a wife's obedience and require husband's consent for work." + }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, 1992", + "quote": "The widespread prevalence of gender discrimination in Muslim societies cannot be simply attributed to culture when Islamic teachings and legal systems derived from them formalize and institutionalize patriarchal norms." + }, + { + "source": "Mernissi, 1987", + "quote": "Indirect reference to a source that aligns with the point about patriarchal norms in Muslim societies" + }, + { + "source": "CEDAW", + "quote": "Modern human rights instruments like CEDAW go much further in ensuring substantive equality between men and women." + }, + { + "source": "Barlas, 2002", + "quote": "Islamic law and interpretations continue to be influenced by patriarchal biases." + }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, 1992", + "quote": "Pointing to a few examples of working women does not negate the systemic gender disparities in laws, social attitudes and opportunities that persist due to dogmatic and discriminatory understandings of Islamic teachings across many societies." + }, + { + "source": "Moghadam, 2003", + "quote": "Pointing to a few examples of working women does not negate the systemic gender disparities in laws, social attitudes and opportunities that persist due to dogmatic and discriminatory understandings of Islamic teachings across many societies." + }, + { + "source": "Moghadam, 2003", + "quote": "While Islam may have intended to improve women's condition, its theological principles and juridical frameworks remain rooted in patriarchal norms that clash with modern gender equality standards. Reforms towards more egalitarian interpretations face significant systemic and ideological resistance." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "egalitarian", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Arabian" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "maintainers" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:282", + "quote": "Islamic scripture contains verses that explicitly discriminate against women, such as assigning diminished legal status with a woman's testimony being worth half of a man's" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:3", + "quote": "Islamic scripture contains verses such as allowing polygyny for men but not polyandry" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:11", + "quote": "Islamic scripture contains verses such as unequal inheritance shares" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Verses stating men are the 'maintainers' of women and permitting physical disciplining enable male authority over women and open the door to domestic violence, despite diverse interpretations" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:32, 4:34", + "quote": "while Islam granted women some rights like inheritance, its laws continue to restrict women's autonomy by mandating husband's consent for wives to work and travel in many interpretations" + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Muslim", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Arabian" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Badawi", + "Ibn Majah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 4:35", + "(Badawi, 1976)", + "Seeking knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim, male and female.", + "And if you fear dissension between them, send an arbitrator from his people and an arbitrator from her people.", + "O you who have believed, it is not lawful for you to inherit women by compulsion.", + "(Ahmed, 1992)", + "Whoever does righteous deeds, whether male or female, while being a believer, We will surely grant them a good life, and We will certainly reward them according to the best of what they used to do.", + "(Moghadam, 2004)", + "Quran 4:7", + "Quran 4:19", + "Quran 16:97", + "For men is a share of what the parents and close relatives leave, and for women is a share of what the parents and close relatives leave, be it little or much - an obligatory share." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 16:97", + "quote": "Whoever does righteous deeds, whether male or female, while being a believer, We will surely grant them a good life, and We will certainly reward them according to the best of what they used to do." + }, + { + "source": "Ibn Majah", + "quote": "Seeking knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim, male and female." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:7", + "quote": "For men is a share of what the parents and close relatives leave, and for women is a share of what the parents and close relatives leave, be it little or much - an obligatory share." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "O you who have believed, it is not lawful for you to inherit women by compulsion." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:35", + "quote": "And if you fear dissension between them, send an arbitrator from his people and an arbitrator from her people." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:282", + "quote": "The verse on testimony is specific to financial transactions and was intended to ensure fairness in a society where women were largely uninvolved in such matters." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:7", + "quote": "The Quran granted women inheritance rights for the first time in Arabian society, where previously they had no such rights." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "The verse on men's responsibility towards women is often misinterpreted. It refers to men's obligation to financially maintain and protect their families, not to subjugate women." + }, + { + "source": "Badawi, 1976", + "quote": "The phrase on disciplining wives is highly controversial and subject to diverse interpretations, with many scholars advocating non-violence." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:3 and 4:129", + "quote": "While polygyny is permitted in Islam under specific conditions, the Quran emphasizes the difficulty of treating multiple wives equitably." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:32", + "quote": "As for work, the Quran affirms women's right to engage in financial transactions." + }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, 1992", + "quote": "Early Islamic history records many working women." + }, + { + "source": "Moghadam, 2004", + "quote": "Gender disparities exist in many Muslim-majority nations, but this cannot be solely attributed to Islam. These inequalities often stem from cultural traditions, patriarchal interpretations, and sociopolitical factors that contradict Islamic principles." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:19 and 4:128", + "quote": "The Quran repeatedly emphasizes justice, kindness, and mutual consultation in marital relationships." + }, + { + "source": "Barlas, 2002 and Wadud, 1999", + "quote": "Many Muslim scholars and reformists have advocated for progressive interpretations that uphold gender equality while staying true to Islamic principles." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "the World Economic Forum's", + "Muslim", + "egalitarian", + "CEDAW", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Arabian", + "Freedom House's" + ], + "person": [ + "Discipline The", + "Mernissi", + "Ahmed" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Not Free", + "(Doi, 1989)", + "maintainers", + "(Barlas, 2002)", + "Men are the protectors and maintainers of women", + "(Moghadam, 2003)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Men are the protectors and maintainers of women" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:282", + "quote": "Women's testimony is explicitly given half the weight of a man's in certain legal situations." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "The Quran also permits husbands to physically discipline wives through hitting if other methods fail." + }, + { + "source": "The World Economic Forum's 2022 Global Gender Gap Report", + "quote": "Out of 146 countries ranked, those at the bottom included Afghanistan (146th), Syria (142nd), Iran (143rd), Pakistan (145th) and Yemen (144th)." + }, + { + "source": "Freedom House's 2022 report", + "quote": "Over half of Muslim-majority countries as 'Not Free' due to lack of basic rights." + }, + { + "source": "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and women's rights conventions", + "quote": "While Islam had more progressive views towards women's rights compared to its time, many of its teachings and interpretations do not align with modern principles of gender equality upheld in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and women's rights conventions." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:282", + "quote": "The explicit statement that a woman's testimony is worth half of a man's cannot be limited only to financial matters." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "The verses stating men are 'maintainers' of women and permitting beating as a form of discipline establish a hierarchy and open the door to domestic violence, regardless of interpretations." + }, + { + "source": "Doi, 1989", + "quote": "Many Islamic scholars do mandate a wife's obedience and require husband's consent for work." + }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, 1992", + "quote": "The widespread prevalence of gender discrimination in Muslim societies cannot be simply attributed to culture when Islamic teachings and legal systems derived from them formalize and institutionalize patriarchal norms." + }, + { + "source": "Mernissi, 1987", + "quote": "Indirect reference to a source that aligns with the point about patriarchal norms in Muslim societies" + }, + { + "source": "CEDAW", + "quote": "Modern human rights instruments like CEDAW go much further in ensuring substantive equality between men and women." + }, + { + "source": "Barlas, 2002", + "quote": "Islamic law and interpretations continue to be influenced by patriarchal biases." + }, + { + "source": "Ahmed, 1992", + "quote": "Pointing to a few examples of working women does not negate the systemic gender disparities in laws, social attitudes and opportunities that persist due to dogmatic and discriminatory understandings of Islamic teachings across many societies." + }, + { + "source": "Moghadam, 2003", + "quote": "Pointing to a few examples of working women does not negate the systemic gender disparities in laws, social attitudes and opportunities that persist due to dogmatic and discriminatory understandings of Islamic teachings across many societies." + }, + { + "source": "Moghadam, 2003", + "quote": "While Islam may have intended to improve women's condition, its theological principles and juridical frameworks remain rooted in patriarchal norms that clash with modern gender equality standards. Reforms towards more egalitarian interpretations face significant systemic and ideological resistance." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:282", + "quote": "Islamic scripture contains verses that explicitly discriminate against women, such as assigning diminished legal status with a woman's testimony being worth half of a man's" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:3", + "quote": "Islamic scripture contains verses such as allowing polygyny for men but not polyandry" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:11", + "quote": "Islamic scripture contains verses such as unequal inheritance shares" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Verses stating men are the 'maintainers' of women and permitting physical disciplining enable male authority over women and open the door to domestic violence, despite diverse interpretations" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:32, 4:34", + "quote": "while Islam granted women some rights like inheritance, its laws continue to restrict women's autonomy by mandating husband's consent for wives to work and travel in many interpretations" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_muslims_to_eat_any_beef_sold_in_christian_countries_20240913_175928.json", + "model": "llama2", + "topic": "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Muslims", + "Oxford University Press", + "Islamic", + "Islamic Research and Information Center", + "Islam", + "AI", + "BBC" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Dietary Laws in Judaism, Christianity,", + "Food and Dietary Restrictions", + "The Oxford Handbook of Food Science, Innovation" + ], + "person": [ + "Fatima Toor" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Islamic Law and Dietary Restrictions.", + "Dietary Laws in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.", + "Food and Dietary Restrictions in Islam." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Islamic Law and Dietary Restrictions. Islamic Research and Information Center, 2017, ", + "quote": "While some Muslims may have specific dietary restrictions due to their religious beliefs, it is important to recognize that these restrictions vary widely among individuals and communities, and should be respected and accommodated whenever possible." + }, + { + "source": "Dietary Laws in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. BBC, BBC, 28 Jan. 2020, ", + "quote": "Furthermore, it is important to acknowledge that the consumption of beef or any other food product is not a reflection of one's religion or belief system. People of all faiths and backgrounds have the right to consume the foods they choose, as long as they are obtained through ethical and sustainable means." + }, + { + "source": "Food and Dietary Restrictions in Islam. The Oxford Handbook of Food Science, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship, edited by Fatima Toor and others. Oxford University Press, 2018, pp. 357-370", + "quote": "It is important to recognize that Islam is a diverse and complex religion with over 1.8 billion followers worldwide, and it is not accurate or respectful to make blanket statements about the dietary restrictions or beliefs of all Muslims." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And do not kill yourselves (nor kill one another). Indeed, Allah is to you a Teacher and a Guide", + "Quran 2:217" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:217", + "quote": "And do not kill yourselves (nor kill one another). Indeed, Allah is to you a Teacher and a Guide" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect teachings of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)", + "quote": "Prioritize the well-being and safety of all living creatures, including animals" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Muslims", + "Oxford University Press", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islamic Research and Information Center", + "Islam", + "The Journal of Religious and Social Studies" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Oxford Handbook of Food Science, Innovation", + "Food and Dietary Restrictions", + "Dietary Laws in", + "Hadith", + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ], + "person": [ + "Fatima Toor" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Dietary Laws in Islam.", + "Food and Dietary Restrictions in Islam.", + "Islamic Law and Dietary Restrictions." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran and Hadith", + "quote": "Islam prohibits the consumption of pork and other animals not slaughtered according to Islamic law" + }, + { + "source": "Teachings of Prophet Muhammad", + "quote": "Prioritize the well-being and safety of all living creatures" + }, + { + "source": "Islam", + "quote": "Encourages us to be mindful of our actions and their impact on others" + }, + { + "source": "Islam", + "quote": "Teaches us to prioritize our spiritual growth and well-being and recognizes the importance of balancing spiritual and worldly concerns" + }, + { + "source": "Dietary Laws in Islam. The Oxford Handbook of Food Science, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship", + "quote": "Referenced but not directly quoted or paraphrased" + }, + { + "source": "Food and Dietary Restrictions in Islam. The Journal of Religious and Social Studies", + "quote": "Referenced but not directly quoted or paraphrased" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Law and Dietary Restrictions. Islamic Research and Information Center", + "quote": "Referenced but not directly quoted or paraphrased" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Muslims", + "Oxford University Press", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islamic Research and Information Center", + "Islam", + "The Journal of Religious and Social Studies" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Oxford Handbook of Food Science, Innovation", + "Hadith", + "Food and Dietary Restrictions", + "Dietary Laws in" + ], + "person": [ + "Fatima Toor", + "Bukhari" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Dietary Laws in Islam.", + "Food and Dietary Restrictions in Islam.", + "Islamic Law and Dietary Restrictions.", + "Quran 2:173" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:173", + "quote": "The Quran explicitly prohibits the consumption of pork and other animals not slaughtered according to Islamic law" + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) taught us to prioritize the well-being and safety of all living creatures, including animals" + }, + { + "source": "The Oxford Handbook of Food Science, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship.", + "quote": "Reference to dietary laws in Islam" + }, + { + "source": "The Journal of Religious and Social Studies", + "quote": "Reference to food and dietary restrictions in Islam" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Research and Information Center", + "quote": "Reference to Islamic Law and Dietary Restrictions" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Muslims", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Muslims", + "Islamic" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Muslims", + "Oxford University Press", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islamic Research and Information Center", + "Islam", + "AI", + "BBC", + "The Journal of Religious and Social Studies" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Oxford Handbook of Food Science, Innovation", + "Food and Dietary Restrictions", + "Dietary Laws in", + "Hadith", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Dietary Laws in Judaism, Christianity," + ], + "person": [ + "Fatima Toor" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Dietary Laws in Islam.", + "Islamic Law and Dietary Restrictions.", + "Food and Dietary Restrictions in Islam.", + "Dietary Laws in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Islamic Law and Dietary Restrictions. Islamic Research and Information Center, 2017, ", + "quote": "While some Muslims may have specific dietary restrictions due to their religious beliefs, it is important to recognize that these restrictions vary widely among individuals and communities, and should be respected and accommodated whenever possible." + }, + { + "source": "Dietary Laws in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. BBC, BBC, 28 Jan. 2020, ", + "quote": "Furthermore, it is important to acknowledge that the consumption of beef or any other food product is not a reflection of one's religion or belief system. People of all faiths and backgrounds have the right to consume the foods they choose, as long as they are obtained through ethical and sustainable means." + }, + { + "source": "Food and Dietary Restrictions in Islam. The Oxford Handbook of Food Science, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship, edited by Fatima Toor and others. Oxford University Press, 2018, pp. 357-370", + "quote": "It is important to recognize that Islam is a diverse and complex religion with over 1.8 billion followers worldwide, and it is not accurate or respectful to make blanket statements about the dietary restrictions or beliefs of all Muslims." + }, + { + "source": "Quran and Hadith", + "quote": "Islam prohibits the consumption of pork and other animals not slaughtered according to Islamic law" + }, + { + "source": "Teachings of Prophet Muhammad", + "quote": "Prioritize the well-being and safety of all living creatures" + }, + { + "source": "Islam", + "quote": "Encourages us to be mindful of our actions and their impact on others" + }, + { + "source": "Islam", + "quote": "Teaches us to prioritize our spiritual growth and well-being and recognizes the importance of balancing spiritual and worldly concerns" + }, + { + "source": "Dietary Laws in Islam. The Oxford Handbook of Food Science, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship", + "quote": "Referenced but not directly quoted or paraphrased" + }, + { + "source": "Food and Dietary Restrictions in Islam. The Journal of Religious and Social Studies", + "quote": "Referenced but not directly quoted or paraphrased" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Law and Dietary Restrictions. Islamic Research and Information Center", + "quote": "Referenced but not directly quoted or paraphrased" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Muslims", + "Oxford University Press", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islamic Research and Information Center", + "Islam", + "The Journal of Religious and Social Studies" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Bukhari", + "Fatima Toor" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Oxford Handbook of Food Science, Innovation", + "Hadith", + "Food and Dietary Restrictions", + "Dietary Laws in" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And do not kill yourselves (nor kill one another). Indeed, Allah is to you a Teacher and a Guide", + "Islamic Law and Dietary Restrictions.", + "Quran 2:217", + "Food and Dietary Restrictions in Islam.", + "Dietary Laws in Islam.", + "Quran 2:173" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:217", + "quote": "And do not kill yourselves (nor kill one another). Indeed, Allah is to you a Teacher and a Guide" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect teachings of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)", + "quote": "Prioritize the well-being and safety of all living creatures, including animals" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:173", + "quote": "The Quran explicitly prohibits the consumption of pork and other animals not slaughtered according to Islamic law" + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) taught us to prioritize the well-being and safety of all living creatures, including animals" + }, + { + "source": "The Oxford Handbook of Food Science, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship.", + "quote": "Reference to dietary laws in Islam" + }, + { + "source": "The Journal of Religious and Social Studies", + "quote": "Reference to food and dietary restrictions in Islam" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Research and Information Center", + "quote": "Reference to Islamic Law and Dietary Restrictions" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "muslims_cannot_live_in_secular_countries_20240914_014922.json", + "model": "mistral-nemo", + "topic": "Muslims cannot live in secular countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Council of Europe", + "Islamic", + "CBC News", + "Ottawa Muslim", + "Church", + "Hindu", + "State", + "the Council of Europe" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Sharia", + "Secular Laws:**" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "France's hijab ban: 'It's not about freedom, it's about control", + "Turkey 'backsliding' on women's rights, says Council of Europe", + "And rule according to the thereeing of Allah...", + "Ottawa Muslim teacher fired over refusal to remove hijab during PE", + "Cow vigilantism in India", + "Quran 42:13" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "The Guardian", + "quote": "France's hijab ban: 'It's not about freedom, it's about control'" + }, + { + "source": "BBC", + "quote": "Turkey 'backsliding' on women's rights, says Council of Europe" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 42:13", + "quote": "And rule according to the thereeing of Allah..." + }, + { + "source": "CBC News", + "quote": "Ottawa Muslim teacher fired over refusal to remove hijab during PE" + }, + { + "source": "The Hindu", + "quote": "Cow vigilantism in India" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Islamophobia", + "Muslims", + "Canadian", + "Malek Boutih", + "the United Nations", + "the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy", + "Islam", + "Hindu", + "French Muslims" + ], + "person": [ + "H.D. Deve Gowda", + "Hamid Ansari", + "Motion M-103", + "Iqra Khalid" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Universal Declaration of Human Rights" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries.", + "in which political decisions are not supposed to be influenced by religious beliefs or values." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy", + "quote": "a secular state is one in which political decisions are not supposed to be influenced by religious beliefs or values" + }, + { + "source": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)", + "quote": "Article 18 states that everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion" + }, + { + "source": "Hammerberg Report", + "quote": "this report emphasizes the compatibility of Islam with democracy and human rights, including those living in secular democracies" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "The Hijab Debate", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "French Muslims", + "Pew Research Center" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Germany:", + "Sharia", + "The World's" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "French Muslims struggle to integrate", + " Jakarta's Christian governor under fire from hardline Muslims", + "India: Targeting Minorities", + "Germany: Court allows Muslim teachers to wear headscarf", + "The World's Muslims" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "The Economist", + "quote": "Misconceptions of Secularism: In France, while there are French Muslims who have integrated well, the country faces persistent issues with its Muslim population, such as high unemployment rates and a controversial ban on religious symbols in schools." + }, + { + "source": "The Guardian", + "quote": "Examples of Muslim Integration: In Indonesia, despite being praised for its moderate Islam, there are ongoing tensions between secularism and Islamic law, exemplified by debates surrounding the Jakarta Governor's election in 2017." + }, + { + "source": "Human Rights Watch", + "quote": "Examples of Muslim Integration: In India, while Muslims have held high offices, they face persistent discrimination and violence, with reports of vigilante groups targeting Muslims under the guise of protecting cows." + }, + { + "source": "BBC", + "quote": "The Hijab Debate (Revised): In Secular Germany, a court ruled that teachers wearing headscarves could be seen as promoting Islam, violating the principle of neutrality in public schools." + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center", + "quote": "Muslims' Views on Secularism: A Pew Research Center survey found that Muslims around the world are more likely than Christians and non-religious people to say they support their country's laws being based on Sharia." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Non-Muslim", + "The Daily Star - Bangladesh's Secular Democracy: A Mirage", + "The Pew Research Center", + "The Jakarta Post", + "UN Human Rights Office", + "Malaysian", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "+ Muslims'", + "The Hijab Debate", + "French", + "The All India Muslim Personal Law Board", + "Islam", + "Indian Muslims", + "The Daily Star", + "the Injunctions of Islam", + "United Nations Human Rights Committee", + "Pew Research Center", + "BBC - How", + "Indian Express", + "AIMPLB", + "French Muslims", + "United Nations Human Rights Office - Freedom of Religion" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Freedom of Religion or Belief", + "Bangladesh's Secular Democracy: A Mirage", + "The World's" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "no law shall be enacted which is repugnant to the Injunctions of Islam", + "French Muslims: 'We're not all terrorists' \u2013 we're teachers, lawyers, doctors", + "Nahdlatul Ulama's response to rising radicalism", + "AIMPLB backs common civil code if based on consensus", + "Freedom of Religion or Belief", + "The World's Muslims", + "Bangladesh's Secular Democracy: A Mirage?", + "How Turkey became a modern republic" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Constitution of Pakistan, Article 2A", + "quote": "no law shall be enacted which is repugnant to the Injunctions of Islam" + }, + { + "source": "Malaysian Constitution, Article 3", + "quote": "the federal constitution declares Islam as the official religion while protecting other religions' freedom of worship." + }, + { + "source": "The Guardian", + "quote": "French Muslims: 'We're not all terrorists' \u2013 we're teachers, lawyers, doctors" + }, + { + "source": "The Jakarta Post", + "quote": "Nahdlatul Ulama's response to rising radicalism" + }, + { + "source": "The Indian Express", + "quote": "AIMPLB backs common civil code if based on consensus" + }, + { + "source": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 18", + "quote": "everyone's right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion" + }, + { + "source": "UN Human Rights Office", + "quote": "Freedom of Religion or Belief" + }, + { + "source": "Hammerberg Report", + "quote": "emphasizes the compatibility of Islam with democracy and human rights, stating that Islam's teachings on equality, justice, and compassion are fully aligned with human rights principles" + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center", + "quote": "The World's Muslims" + }, + { + "source": "The Daily Star", + "quote": "Bangladesh's Secular Democracy: A Mirage?" + }, + { + "source": "BBC", + "quote": "How Turkey became a modern republic" + }, + { + "source": "Constitution of Pakistan", + "quote": "" + }, + { + "source": "Malaysian Constitution", + "quote": "" + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center", + "quote": "" + }, + { + "source": "United Nations Human Rights Office", + "quote": "" + }, + { + "source": "The Daily Star", + "quote": "" + }, + { + "source": "BBC", + "quote": "" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Secular Laws**: We've", + "Sharia" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "The Hijab Debate", + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Christians", + "Muslims", + "Council of Europe", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "CBC News", + "Ottawa Muslim", + "Church", + "Hindu", + "State", + "the Council of Europe", + "French Muslims", + "Pew Research Center" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Secular Laws**: We've", + "The World's", + "Secular Laws:**", + "Sharia", + "Germany:" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "France's hijab ban: 'It's not about freedom, it's about control", + " Jakarta's Christian governor under fire from hardline Muslims", + "Germany: Court allows Muslim teachers to wear headscarf", + "French Muslims struggle to integrate", + "The World's Muslims", + "India: Targeting Minorities", + "And rule according to the thereeing of Allah...", + "Turkey 'backsliding' on women's rights, says Council of Europe", + "Cow vigilantism in India", + "Ottawa Muslim teacher fired over refusal to remove hijab during PE", + "Quran 42:13" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "The Guardian", + "quote": "France's hijab ban: 'It's not about freedom, it's about control'" + }, + { + "source": "BBC", + "quote": "Turkey 'backsliding' on women's rights, says Council of Europe" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 42:13", + "quote": "And rule according to the thereeing of Allah..." + }, + { + "source": "CBC News", + "quote": "Ottawa Muslim teacher fired over refusal to remove hijab during PE" + }, + { + "source": "The Hindu", + "quote": "Cow vigilantism in India" + }, + { + "source": "The Economist", + "quote": "Misconceptions of Secularism: In France, while there are French Muslims who have integrated well, the country faces persistent issues with its Muslim population, such as high unemployment rates and a controversial ban on religious symbols in schools." + }, + { + "source": "The Guardian", + "quote": "Examples of Muslim Integration: In Indonesia, despite being praised for its moderate Islam, there are ongoing tensions between secularism and Islamic law, exemplified by debates surrounding the Jakarta Governor's election in 2017." + }, + { + "source": "Human Rights Watch", + "quote": "Examples of Muslim Integration: In India, while Muslims have held high offices, they face persistent discrimination and violence, with reports of vigilante groups targeting Muslims under the guise of protecting cows." + }, + { + "source": "BBC", + "quote": "The Hijab Debate (Revised): In Secular Germany, a court ruled that teachers wearing headscarves could be seen as promoting Islam, violating the principle of neutrality in public schools." + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center", + "quote": "Muslims' Views on Secularism: A Pew Research Center survey found that Muslims around the world are more likely than Christians and non-religious people to say they support their country's laws being based on Sharia." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Malek Boutih", + "Hindu", + "Non-Muslim", + "The Daily Star - Bangladesh's Secular Democracy: A Mirage", + "The Pew Research Center", + "The Jakarta Post", + "UN Human Rights Office", + "Malaysian", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "+ Muslims'", + "The Hijab Debate", + "Islamophobia", + "Canadian", + "French", + "the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy", + "The All India Muslim Personal Law Board", + "Islam", + "Indian Muslims", + "The Daily Star", + "the Injunctions of Islam", + "United Nations Human Rights Committee", + "Pew Research Center", + "BBC - How", + "Indian Express", + "the United Nations", + "AIMPLB", + "French Muslims", + "United Nations Human Rights Office - Freedom of Religion" + ], + "person": [ + "H.D. Deve Gowda", + "Hamid Ansari", + "Motion M-103", + "Iqra Khalid" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Universal Declaration of Human Rights", + "The World's", + "Bangladesh's Secular Democracy: A Mirage", + "Freedom of Religion or Belief" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "in which political decisions are not supposed to be influenced by religious beliefs or values.", + "How Turkey became a modern republic", + "no law shall be enacted which is repugnant to the Injunctions of Islam", + "The World's Muslims", + "Muslims cannot live in secular countries.", + "AIMPLB backs common civil code if based on consensus", + "Freedom of Religion or Belief", + "French Muslims: 'We're not all terrorists' \u2013 we're teachers, lawyers, doctors", + "Nahdlatul Ulama's response to rising radicalism", + "Bangladesh's Secular Democracy: A Mirage?" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy", + "quote": "a secular state is one in which political decisions are not supposed to be influenced by religious beliefs or values" + }, + { + "source": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)", + "quote": "Article 18 states that everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion" + }, + { + "source": "Hammerberg Report", + "quote": "this report emphasizes the compatibility of Islam with democracy and human rights, including those living in secular democracies" + }, + { + "source": "Constitution of Pakistan, Article 2A", + "quote": "no law shall be enacted which is repugnant to the Injunctions of Islam" + }, + { + "source": "Malaysian Constitution, Article 3", + "quote": "the federal constitution declares Islam as the official religion while protecting other religions' freedom of worship." + }, + { + "source": "The Guardian", + "quote": "French Muslims: 'We're not all terrorists' \u2013 we're teachers, lawyers, doctors" + }, + { + "source": "The Jakarta Post", + "quote": "Nahdlatul Ulama's response to rising radicalism" + }, + { + "source": "The Indian Express", + "quote": "AIMPLB backs common civil code if based on consensus" + }, + { + "source": "Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 18", + "quote": "everyone's right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion" + }, + { + "source": "UN Human Rights Office", + "quote": "Freedom of Religion or Belief" + }, + { + "source": "Hammerberg Report", + "quote": "emphasizes the compatibility of Islam with democracy and human rights, stating that Islam's teachings on equality, justice, and compassion are fully aligned with human rights principles" + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center", + "quote": "The World's Muslims" + }, + { + "source": "The Daily Star", + "quote": "Bangladesh's Secular Democracy: A Mirage?" + }, + { + "source": "BBC", + "quote": "How Turkey became a modern republic" + }, + { + "source": "Constitution of Pakistan", + "quote": "" + }, + { + "source": "Malaysian Constitution", + "quote": "" + }, + { + "source": "Pew Research Center", + "quote": "" + }, + { + "source": "United Nations Human Rights Office", + "quote": "" + }, + { + "source": "The Daily Star", + "quote": "" + }, + { + "source": "BBC", + "quote": "" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_homosexuality_20240911_073837.json", + "model": "gpt-4", + "topic": "Islam permits homosexuality", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Kugle", + "Muslims", + "Transgender Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam", + "The Huffington Post", + "D." + ], + "person": [ + "Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle", + "Daayiee Abdullah", + "Surah Al-Hujurat", + "Abdullah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Kugle, 2010)", + "(Abdullah, 2016)", + "(2010)", + "(2016)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "O people, We have created you from a male and a female and made you into races and tribes so that you may identify one another. Surely the noblest of you with Allah is the most righteous of you..." + }, + { + "source": "Kugle, S.S. (2010). Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims.", + "quote": "The scholar explains that the tale condemns lack of hospitality, hostility, and non-consensual sexual acts, rather than consensual homosexuality." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 30:22", + "quote": "The abiding sentiment in Islam is the celebration of Allah's creation in all its diversity." + }, + { + "source": "Abdullah, D. (2016). Homosexuality and Islam: What Does the Qur'an Actually Say About Gay People? The Huffington Post.", + "quote": "He suggests that we should question traditions that promote discrimination or harm, further underlining that the principles of Islam, when interpreted with an open heart, do permit homosexuality." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Muslims", + "Shia", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Islam", + "PBUH", + "Sunni" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Surah", + "Bukhari", + "Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And [We had sent] Lot when he said to his people, 'Do you commit such immorality as no one has preceded you with from among the worlds? Indeed, you approach men with desire, instead of women. Rather, you are a transgressing people'...And We rained upon them a rain [of stones]. Then see how was the end of the criminals.", + "Whoever you find doing the action of the people of Lot, execute the one who does it and the one to whom it is done.", + "Quran 7:80" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7:80-84", + "quote": "And [We had sent] Lot when he said to his people, 'Do you commit such immorality as no one has preceded you with from among the worlds? Indeed, you approach men with desire, instead of women. Rather, you are a transgressing people'...And We rained upon them a rain [of stones]. Then see how was the end of the criminals." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari, 7:72:774", + "quote": "Whoever you find doing the action of the people of Lot, execute the one who does it and the one to whom it is done." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "person": [ + "Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle", + "Sura Al-A'raf", + "Amina Wadud", + "Reclaiming Shari'ah", + "Wadud", + "K.A.", + "Khaled Abou El Fadl" + ], + "organizations": [ + "Rowman & Littlefield Publishers", + "Kugle", + "Transgender Muslims", + "Tawhid", + "Islamic", + "Oneworld Publications", + "El Fadl", + "Islam", + "the Gender Jihad: Women's Reform", + "the Oneness of God" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Kugle, 2010)", + "(El Fadl, 2013)", + "(Wadud, 2006)", + "(2010)", + "(2013)", + "(2006)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7", + "quote": "Verses from Sura Al-A'raf (paraphrased indirect reference)" + }, + { + "source": "Kugle, S.S. (2010). Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims", + "quote": "The wrongdoings of the Lot narrative relate to non-consensual male-to-male rape, and it was the issue of consent and respect for another's dignity, not a denunciation of homosexuality as an orientation" + }, + { + "source": "Hadith (unspecified)", + "quote": "Hadith regarding executing homosexual individuals (paraphrased indirect reference)" + }, + { + "source": "El Fadl, K.A. (2013). Reasoning with God: Reclaiming Shari'ah in the Modern Age. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers", + "quote": "The Hadith regarding executing homosexual individuals is weak and spurious in terms of its verifiable chain of narration. Thus, its conclusion may be deemed as flawed" + }, + { + "source": "Ijma (Consensus)", + "quote": "The ijma (consensus) noted from my respected opponent's argument originates from a period when understandings of sexuality were drastically different than what they are today (paraphrased indirect reference)" + }, + { + "source": "Wadud, A. (2006). Inside the Gender Jihad: Women's Reform in Islam. Oneworld Publications", + "quote": "The Quran's ethos of justice and compassion overriding any potential inferences of homophobia. Dr. Wadud maintains that the primary message of Islam is Tawhid (the Oneness of God), and precluding any group from partaking in this divine mercy goes against the essence of Islam" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Modern World", + "Kugle", + "Tawhid", + "Islamic", + "Oneworld Publications", + "El Fadl", + "Islam", + "HarperOne" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Sayyed Hossein Nasr", + "Nasr", + "Nasr et al.", + "J.", + "S. H.", + "Brown", + "Al-Bukhari", + "Wadud", + "Sunnah", + "C. B.", + "J. E. B.", + "Al-Shafi'i", + "Rustom" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Brown, 2009)", + "(El Fadl, 2001)", + "(2015)", + "(2009)", + "(2001)", + "Nasr et al." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7:80-84", + "quote": "the verses condemned the act of sodomy, not just rape" + }, + { + "source": "Nasr et al., 2015", + "quote": "Islamic scholars like Sayyed Hossein Nasr contend that the verses in Surah Al-A'raf (7:80-84) unequivocally condemned the act of sodomy, not just rape" + }, + { + "source": "Brown, 2009", + "quote": "Renowned Islamic scholars like Al-Shafi'i and Al-Bukhari extensively scrutinized and established standards for Hadith authentication. They acknowledged the quoted Hadith in their respective works. Given their prominent status in Islamic scholarship, their endorsement adds credibility to the Hadith and convicts homosexuality as transgressive." + }, + { + "source": "El Fadl, 2001", + "quote": "consensus can change as societal constructs and understanding develop. However, Qura'nic interpretations aren't arbitrary. The Quran never expressly forbids female leadership, and it emphasized initiating the end of slavery peacefully and gradually. On the contrary, homosexuality, strong arguments can be made, is outright condemned" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths" + ], + "person": [ + "Amina Wadud", + "Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle", + "Khaled Abou El Fadl", + "Daayiee Abdullah" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7", + "quote": "Traditional interpretations of Surah Al A'raf and the story of Lut point to the condemnation of aggressive and non-consensual behavior and not necessarily homosexuality itself" + }, + { + "source": "Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle", + "quote": "Traditional interpretations of Surah Al A'raf and the story of Lut point to the condemnation of aggressive and non-consensual behavior and not necessarily homosexuality itself" + }, + { + "source": "Khaled Abou El Fadl", + "quote": "Issues within the authenticity of certain Hadiths purportedly against homosexuality" + }, + { + "source": "Daayiee Abdullah", + "quote": "Scholars and thinkers like Daayiee Abdullah and Amina Wadud upheld this ethos, emphasizing the religion's acceptance of diverse sexual orientations, and arguing against any form of discrimination or exclusion." + }, + { + "source": "Amina Wadud", + "quote": "Scholars and thinkers like Daayiee Abdullah and Amina Wadud upheld this ethos, emphasizing the religion's acceptance of diverse sexual orientations, and arguing against any form of discrimination or exclusion." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Jurisprudential", + "Quranic", + "Tawhid", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Rowman & Littlefield Publishers", + "the Oneness of God", + "Kugle", + "Transgender Muslims", + "Muslims", + "Tawhid", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Oneworld Publications", + "El Fadl", + "Islam", + "The Huffington Post", + "the Gender Jihad: Women's Reform", + "D." + ], + "person": [ + "Daayiee Abdullah", + "Abdullah", + "Surah Al-Hujurat", + "Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle", + "Sura Al-A'raf", + "Amina Wadud", + "Reclaiming Shari'ah", + "Wadud", + "K.A.", + "Khaled Abou El Fadl" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(Abdullah, 2016)", + "(2010)", + "(El Fadl, 2013)", + "(Wadud, 2006)", + "(Kugle, 2010)", + "(2016)", + "(2006)", + "(2013)" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 49:13", + "quote": "O people, We have created you from a male and a female and made you into races and tribes so that you may identify one another. Surely the noblest of you with Allah is the most righteous of you..." + }, + { + "source": "Kugle, S.S. (2010). Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims.", + "quote": "The scholar explains that the tale condemns lack of hospitality, hostility, and non-consensual sexual acts, rather than consensual homosexuality." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 30:22", + "quote": "The abiding sentiment in Islam is the celebration of Allah's creation in all its diversity." + }, + { + "source": "Abdullah, D. (2016). Homosexuality and Islam: What Does the Qur'an Actually Say About Gay People? The Huffington Post.", + "quote": "He suggests that we should question traditions that promote discrimination or harm, further underlining that the principles of Islam, when interpreted with an open heart, do permit homosexuality." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 7", + "quote": "Verses from Sura Al-A'raf (paraphrased indirect reference)" + }, + { + "source": "Kugle, S.S. (2010). Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Muslims", + "quote": "The wrongdoings of the Lot narrative relate to non-consensual male-to-male rape, and it was the issue of consent and respect for another's dignity, not a denunciation of homosexuality as an orientation" + }, + { + "source": "Hadith (unspecified)", + "quote": "Hadith regarding executing homosexual individuals (paraphrased indirect reference)" + }, + { + "source": "El Fadl, K.A. (2013). Reasoning with God: Reclaiming Shari'ah in the Modern Age. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers", + "quote": "The Hadith regarding executing homosexual individuals is weak and spurious in terms of its verifiable chain of narration. Thus, its conclusion may be deemed as flawed" + }, + { + "source": "Ijma (Consensus)", + "quote": "The ijma (consensus) noted from my respected opponent's argument originates from a period when understandings of sexuality were drastically different than what they are today (paraphrased indirect reference)" + }, + { + "source": "Wadud, A. (2006). Inside the Gender Jihad: Women's Reform in Islam. Oneworld Publications", + "quote": "The Quran's ethos of justice and compassion overriding any potential inferences of homophobia. Dr. Wadud maintains that the primary message of Islam is Tawhid (the Oneness of God), and precluding any group from partaking in this divine mercy goes against the essence of Islam" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 7", + "quote": "Traditional interpretations of Surah Al A'raf and the story of Lut point to the condemnation of aggressive and non-consensual behavior and not necessarily homosexuality itself" + }, + { + "source": "Scott Siraj al-Haqq Kugle", + "quote": "Traditional interpretations of Surah Al A'raf and the story of Lut point to the condemnation of aggressive and non-consensual behavior and not necessarily homosexuality itself" + }, + { + "source": "Khaled Abou El Fadl", + "quote": "Issues within the authenticity of certain Hadiths purportedly against homosexuality" + }, + { + "source": "Daayiee Abdullah", + "quote": "Scholars and thinkers like Daayiee Abdullah and Amina Wadud upheld this ethos, emphasizing the religion's acceptance of diverse sexual orientations, and arguing against any form of discrimination or exclusion." + }, + { + "source": "Amina Wadud", + "quote": "Scholars and thinkers like Daayiee Abdullah and Amina Wadud upheld this ethos, emphasizing the religion's acceptance of diverse sexual orientations, and arguing against any form of discrimination or exclusion." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Jurisprudential", + "Modern World", + "Muslims", + "Shia", + "Kugle", + "Tawhid", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "Oneworld Publications", + "El Fadl", + "Islam", + "PBUH", + "Sunni", + "HarperOne" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Sayyed Hossein Nasr", + "J. E. B.", + "Nasr", + "Surah", + "Bukhari", + "Nasr et al.", + "S. H.", + "Brown", + "Al-Bukhari", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Wadud", + "Sunnah", + "C. B.", + "J.", + "Al-Shafi'i", + "Rustom" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2001)", + "Nasr et al.", + "(El Fadl, 2001)", + "(Brown, 2009)", + "(2009)", + "(2015)", + "Whoever you find doing the action of the people of Lot, execute the one who does it and the one to whom it is done.", + "And [We had sent] Lot when he said to his people, 'Do you commit such immorality as no one has preceded you with from among the worlds? Indeed, you approach men with desire, instead of women. Rather, you are a transgressing people'...And We rained upon them a rain [of stones]. Then see how was the end of the criminals.", + "Quran 7:80" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 7:80-84", + "quote": "And [We had sent] Lot when he said to his people, 'Do you commit such immorality as no one has preceded you with from among the worlds? Indeed, you approach men with desire, instead of women. Rather, you are a transgressing people'...And We rained upon them a rain [of stones]. Then see how was the end of the criminals." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari, 7:72:774", + "quote": "Whoever you find doing the action of the people of Lot, execute the one who does it and the one to whom it is done." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 7:80-84", + "quote": "the verses condemned the act of sodomy, not just rape" + }, + { + "source": "Nasr et al., 2015", + "quote": "Islamic scholars like Sayyed Hossein Nasr contend that the verses in Surah Al-A'raf (7:80-84) unequivocally condemned the act of sodomy, not just rape" + }, + { + "source": "Brown, 2009", + "quote": "Renowned Islamic scholars like Al-Shafi'i and Al-Bukhari extensively scrutinized and established standards for Hadith authentication. They acknowledged the quoted Hadith in their respective works. Given their prominent status in Islamic scholarship, their endorsement adds credibility to the Hadith and convicts homosexuality as transgressive." + }, + { + "source": "El Fadl, 2001", + "quote": "consensus can change as societal constructs and understanding develop. However, Qura'nic interpretations aren't arbitrary. The Quran never expressly forbids female leadership, and it emphasized initiating the end of slavery peacefully and gradually. On the contrary, homosexuality, strong arguments can be made, is outright condemned" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_muslims_to_eat_any_beef_sold_in_christian_countries_20240913_180846.json", + "model": "llama3", + "topic": "Islam permits Muslims to eat any beef sold in Christian countries", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "SWT" + ], + "person": [ + "Haram", + "Kitab Kafi", + "Halal", + "Imam al-Nawawi", + "Fath al-Bari", + "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Reliance of the Traveller" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Eat not what is forbidden to you", + "Reliance of the Traveller", + "There is no prohibition on eating the meat of animals slaughtered by non-Muslims", + "The meat of an animal slaughtered by a Christian is Halal for a Muslim", + "Quran 2:168", + "Quran 2:168" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:168", + "quote": "Eat not what is forbidden to you" + }, + { + "source": "Reliance of the Traveller by Imam al-Nawawi", + "quote": "There is no prohibition on eating the meat of animals slaughtered by non-Muslims (paraphrased from Kitab Kafi, Volume 1, Page 154)" + }, + { + "source": "Fath al-Bari by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "quote": "The meat of an animal slaughtered by a Christian is Halal for a Muslim (paraphrased from Volume 6, Page 341)" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Quran", + "Western", + "Muslims", + "Hanafi", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "the Fiqh Council of North America", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Sharh Sahih Muslim", + "Surah al-Baqarah", + "Fatawa Islamiyah", + "Bukhari", + "Abdullah Yusuf Ali", + "Ibn Qudamah al-Maqdisi", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Imam al-Nawawi", + "al-Mughni" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "O you who believe! Eat not of that which is unlawful nor turn your eyes at what We have forbidden", + "It is obligatory to ascertain that the meat one intends to eat is slaughtered according to Islamic laws", + "The meat of an animal killed by a non-Muslim or in a manner contrary to Islamic law is haram and should be avoided", + "electrical stunning of animals before slaughter is not permissible", + "O you who believe! Ask not about things which, if made known unto you, would pain you. But God is aware of what you do", + "Whoever takes a thing without the permission of its owner, is not of me", + "Quran 5:101" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:168", + "quote": "O you who believe! Eat not of that which is unlawful nor turn your eyes at what We have forbidden" + }, + { + "source": "Sharh Sahih Muslim, 1:144", + "quote": "It is obligatory to ascertain that the meat one intends to eat is slaughtered according to Islamic laws" + }, + { + "source": "al-Mughni, 6:346", + "quote": "The meat of an animal killed by a non-Muslim or in a manner contrary to Islamic law is haram and should be avoided" + }, + { + "source": "Fatawa Islamiyah, 2:154", + "quote": "electrical stunning of animals before slaughter is not permissible" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:101", + "quote": "O you who believe! Ask not about things which, if made known unto you, would pain you. But God is aware of what you do" + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "Whoever takes a thing without the permission of its owner, is not of me" + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Muslim", + "Western", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "Surah al-Baqarah", + "Imam al-Nawawi" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:168", + "quote": "emphasizes not eating what is forbidden or turning one's eyes at what is prohibited" + }, + { + "source": "Imam al-Nawawi and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "quote": "Islamic scholars have historically recognized that the slaughter process is more important than the religious beliefs of the person performing it." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "person": [ + "Sharh Sahih Muslim", + "Surah al-Baqarah", + "Imam al-Nawawi" + ], + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "It is obligatory to ascertain that the meat one intends to eat is slaughtered according to Islamic laws", + "O you who believe! Eat not of what is har\u0101m, which has been slaughtered by name other than Allah's", + "The meat of an animal killed by a non-Muslim or in a manner contrary to Islamic law is haram and should be avoided", + "Quran 5:3" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:168", + "quote": "The Quranic verse emphasizes the importance of adhering to divine laws and avoiding any food that is deemed haram. This verse sets a general principle for Muslims to follow when it comes to their food." + }, + { + "source": "Imam al-Nawawi, Sharh Sahih Muslim, 1:144", + "quote": "It is obligatory to ascertain that the meat one intends to eat is slaughtered according to Islamic laws." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:3", + "quote": "O you who believe! Eat not of what is haram, which has been slaughtered by name other than Allah's." + }, + { + "source": "Imam al-Nawawi, Sharh Sahih Muslim, 1:144", + "quote": "The meat of an animal killed by a non-Muslim or in a manner contrary to Islamic law is haram and should be avoided." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "Halal", + "Imam al-Nawawi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 2:168" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:168", + "quote": "Emphasis on not eating what is forbidden" + }, + { + "source": "Imam al-Nawawi and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "quote": "Acknowledgement that the slaughter process is more important than the religious beliefs of the person performing it" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Quranic" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "The Quranic verse emphasizes not eating what is forbidden or turning one's eyes at what is prohibited" + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "non-Muslims", + "Muslim", + "Western", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "SWT" + ], + "person": [ + "Haram", + "Surah al-Baqarah", + "Kitab Kafi", + "Halal", + "Imam al-Nawawi", + "Fath al-Bari", + "Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Reliance of the Traveller" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 2:168", + "Eat not what is forbidden to you", + "Reliance of the Traveller", + "The meat of an animal slaughtered by a Christian is Halal for a Muslim", + "There is no prohibition on eating the meat of animals slaughtered by non-Muslims" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:168", + "quote": "Eat not what is forbidden to you" + }, + { + "source": "Reliance of the Traveller by Imam al-Nawawi", + "quote": "There is no prohibition on eating the meat of animals slaughtered by non-Muslims (paraphrased from Kitab Kafi, Volume 1, Page 154)" + }, + { + "source": "Fath al-Bari by Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "quote": "The meat of an animal slaughtered by a Christian is Halal for a Muslim (paraphrased from Volume 6, Page 341)" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:168", + "quote": "emphasizes not eating what is forbidden or turning one's eyes at what is prohibited" + }, + { + "source": "Imam al-Nawawi and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "quote": "Islamic scholars have historically recognized that the slaughter process is more important than the religious beliefs of the person performing it." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:168", + "quote": "Emphasis on not eating what is forbidden" + }, + { + "source": "Imam al-Nawawi and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani", + "quote": "Acknowledgement that the slaughter process is more important than the religious beliefs of the person performing it" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Christian", + "Allah", + "Quran", + "Muslim", + "Western", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Hanafi", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "the Fiqh Council of North America", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah al-Baqarah", + "Sharh Sahih Muslim", + "Fatawa Islamiyah", + "Bukhari", + "Abdullah Yusuf Ali", + "Ibn Qudamah al-Maqdisi", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Imam al-Nawawi", + "al-Mughni" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "It is obligatory to ascertain that the meat one intends to eat is slaughtered according to Islamic laws", + "O you who believe! Ask not about things which, if made known unto you, would pain you. But God is aware of what you do", + "electrical stunning of animals before slaughter is not permissible", + "O you who believe! Eat not of that which is unlawful nor turn your eyes at what We have forbidden", + "The meat of an animal killed by a non-Muslim or in a manner contrary to Islamic law is haram and should be avoided", + "Whoever takes a thing without the permission of its owner, is not of me", + "Quran 5:3", + "O you who believe! Eat not of what is har\u0101m, which has been slaughtered by name other than Allah's", + "Quran 5:101" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:168", + "quote": "O you who believe! Eat not of that which is unlawful nor turn your eyes at what We have forbidden" + }, + { + "source": "Sharh Sahih Muslim, 1:144", + "quote": "It is obligatory to ascertain that the meat one intends to eat is slaughtered according to Islamic laws" + }, + { + "source": "al-Mughni, 6:346", + "quote": "The meat of an animal killed by a non-Muslim or in a manner contrary to Islamic law is haram and should be avoided" + }, + { + "source": "Fatawa Islamiyah, 2:154", + "quote": "electrical stunning of animals before slaughter is not permissible" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:101", + "quote": "O you who believe! Ask not about things which, if made known unto you, would pain you. But God is aware of what you do" + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "Whoever takes a thing without the permission of its owner, is not of me" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:168", + "quote": "The Quranic verse emphasizes the importance of adhering to divine laws and avoiding any food that is deemed haram. This verse sets a general principle for Muslims to follow when it comes to their food." + }, + { + "source": "Imam al-Nawawi, Sharh Sahih Muslim, 1:144", + "quote": "It is obligatory to ascertain that the meat one intends to eat is slaughtered according to Islamic laws." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 5:3", + "quote": "O you who believe! Eat not of what is haram, which has been slaughtered by name other than Allah's." + }, + { + "source": "Imam al-Nawawi, Sharh Sahih Muslim, 1:144", + "quote": "The meat of an animal killed by a non-Muslim or in a manner contrary to Islamic law is haram and should be avoided." + }, + { + "source": "Quran", + "quote": "The Quranic verse emphasizes not eating what is forbidden or turning one's eyes at what is prohibited" + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_music_20240911_073031.json", + "model": "claude-3-sonnet-20240229", + "topic": "Islam permits music", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Ghazali", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "Prophet", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Al-Bukhari", + "al-Bukhari", + "Sunnah", + "Surah Al-Isra" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "(The Revival of the Religious Sciences" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And We have indeed sent down the Qur'an, and indeed it guides to the path that is most straight.", + "Allah has not burdened us with anything regarding the chanting of poetry or the like.", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 17:44", + "quote": "And We have indeed sent down the Qur'an, and indeed it guides to the path that is most straight." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Bukhari", + "quote": "Allah has not burdened us with anything regarding the chanting of poetry or the like." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari, Book 62, Hadith 11", + "quote": "Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) allowing and participating in celebrations where music and singing were present, such as on the occasions of weddings or the return of travelers" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Ghazali, Ihya Ulum al-Din, Book 15, Chapter 5", + "quote": "Music is permitted as long as it does not lead to sinful behavior or the consumption of intoxicants" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "the Word of Allah", + "Islam" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Al-Ghazali", + "Ibn Hazm", + "Bukhari", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Prophet", + "Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "Ibn Taymiyyah", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Apostle" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "And of the people is he who buys the amusement of speech to mislead [others] from the way of Allah without knowledge and who takes it in ridicule. Those will have a humiliating punishment.", + "amusement of speech", + "all that is false and unbeneficial like singing, music, and dancing.", + "From among my followers there will be some people who will seek to make lawful: adultery, silk, alcohol, and musical instruments.", + "Allah's Apostle cursed the lady who practices tattoo and the one who gets it done, and the lady who lengthens hair artificially and the one who does it.", + "Quran 31:6" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "And of the people is he who buys the amusement of speech to mislead [others] from the way of Allah without knowledge and who takes it in ridicule. Those will have a humiliating punishment." + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "this verse clearly prohibits all that is false and unbeneficial like singing, music, and dancing." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "From among my followers there will be some people who will seek to make lawful: adultery, silk, alcohol, and musical instruments." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "Allah's Apostle cursed the lady who practices tattoo and the one who gets it done, and the lady who lengthens hair artificially and the one who does it." + }, + { + "source": "Various Islamic Scholars like Ibn Taymiyyah, Al-Ghazali, and Ibn Hazm", + "quote": "have ruled that music is impermissible in Islam, as it distracts from the worship of Allah and can lead to immorality." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Sharh Muslim", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Ghazali", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Ansar", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "Al-Nawawi", + "Tafsir Al-Tabari", + "Prophet", + "Al-Albani", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Al-Bukhari", + "Anas ibn Malik", + "Sunan al-Tirmidhi", + "Al-Tabari", + "Silsilat al-Ahadith al-Da'ifah" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "amusement of speech", + "falsehoods and indecent speech", + "adultery, silk, alcohol, and musical instruments", + "The Ansar are fond of good things, and I love whatever they love", + "listening to poetry and music that does not excite lust or lead to immorality is not forbidden" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "Interpretation of the phrase 'amusement of speech' as referring to music." + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir Al-Tabari, 19:190", + "quote": "Interpretation of Quran 31:6 as referring to 'falsehoods and indecent speech'." + }, + { + "source": "Sharh Muslim, 14:117", + "quote": "Interpretation that the hadith about cursing those who practice tattoos and lengthen hair artificially refers specifically to practices associated with pagan rituals." + }, + { + "source": "Silsilat al-Ahadith al-Da'ifah, Al-Albani", + "quote": "The hadith about making lawful 'adultery, silk, alcohol, and musical instruments' is considered a weak (da'if) narration." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari, Book 62, Hadith 11", + "quote": "Apocryphal narration where Prophet Mohammad allowed the celebration of weddings with the playing of a duff and singing." + }, + { + "source": "Sunan al-Tirmidhi, Hadith 1078", + "quote": "Narration where Anas ibn Malik reported that the Prophet approved of celebrations with music and singing, as long as they were within the bounds of Islamic morality." + }, + { + "source": "Ihya Ulum al-Din, Book 15, Chapter 5", + "quote": "Al-Ghazali's perspective that listening to poetry and music that does not excite lust or lead to immorality is not forbidden." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Muslims", + "Prophetic", + "Islam", + "Al-Jami' li", + "Sharh Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Ghazali", + "Al-Ghazali's", + "Majmu", + "Ibn Hazm", + "al-Fatawa", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "Al-Nawawi", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Ahkam al-Quran", + "Prophet", + "Al-Bukhari", + "Ibn Taymiyyah", + "Abu 'Amir", + "Abu Malik Al-Ash'ari", + "Al-Qurtubi", + "Maratib al-Ijma'" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "amusement of speech", + "From among my followers, there will be some people who will seek to make permissible: illegal sexual relations, silk (for men), alcohol, and musical instruments", + "Quran 31:6" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "The interpretation of 'amusement of speech' referring to music and singing" + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "Supporting the interpretation of Quran 31:6 as referring to music and singing" + }, + { + "source": "Majmu' al-Fatawa by Ibn Taymiyyah", + "quote": "Supporting the interpretation of Quran 31:6 as referring to music and singing" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Jami' li Ahkam al-Quran by Al-Qurtubi", + "quote": "Supporting the interpretation of Quran 31:6 as referring to music and singing" + }, + { + "source": "Sharh Muslim", + "quote": "Indicates that Al-Nawawi did not restrict a certain hadith to pagan rituals alone" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Bukhari, Book 69, Hadith 494", + "quote": "From among my followers, there will be some people who will seek to make permissible: illegal sexual relations, silk (for men), alcohol, and musical instruments" + }, + { + "source": "Maratib al-Ijma' by Ibn Hazm", + "quote": "Distinguishing between the permissibility of the duff and the impermissibility of other musical instruments" + }, + { + "source": "Majmu' al-Fatawa by Ibn Taymiyyah", + "quote": "Distinguishing between the permissibility of the duff and the impermissibility of other musical instruments" + }, + { + "source": "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "quote": "Stating that Al-Ghazali allowed certain forms of music but prohibited music that encourages lust or immorality" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ], + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Ghazali", + "the Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [ + "The text appears to have indirect references to the Quran, Hadith, and Islamic scholarly tradition, however, it does not contain any direct quotes or citation details. The specific chapters, verses, scholars' works, or Hadiths are not directly quoted or provided. Thus, I cannot provide accurate sources or quotes." + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islam", + "Islamic", + "the Word of Allah" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Ghazali", + "Prophet", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Shari'ah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Quran 31:6" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "Verses like Quran 31:6 have been widely understood by eminent exegetes to refer to the prohibition of music and idle entertainment that distracts from the remembrance of Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "Numerous authentic Hadith narrations explicitly condemn and curse those who engage with musical instruments and indecent forms of entertainment." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Scholars", + "quote": "interpetations of the overwhelming majority of classical and contemporary Islamic scholars to argue that Islam generally prohibits music." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Ghazali", + "quote": "Even scholars who allowed some forms of music, like Al-Ghazali, heavily qualified and restricted it to prevent moral corruption." + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Sharh Muslim" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Ghazali", + "Sahih al-Bukhari", + "Ansar", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "Al-Nawawi", + "Tafsir Al-Tabari", + "Prophet", + "Al-Albani", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Al-Bukhari", + "al-Bukhari", + "Anas ibn Malik", + "Sunan al-Tirmidhi", + "Sunnah", + "Surah Al-Isra", + "Al-Tabari", + "Silsilat al-Ahadith al-Da'ifah" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "(The Revival of the Religious Sciences", + "the Prophet Muhammad", + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "amusement of speech", + "listening to poetry and music that does not excite lust or lead to immorality is not forbidden", + "Allah has not burdened us with anything regarding the chanting of poetry or the like.", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "And We have indeed sent down the Qur'an, and indeed it guides to the path that is most straight.", + "adultery, silk, alcohol, and musical instruments", + "falsehoods and indecent speech", + "The Ansar are fond of good things, and I love whatever they love" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 17:44", + "quote": "And We have indeed sent down the Qur'an, and indeed it guides to the path that is most straight." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Bukhari", + "quote": "Allah has not burdened us with anything regarding the chanting of poetry or the like." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari, Book 62, Hadith 11", + "quote": "Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) allowing and participating in celebrations where music and singing were present, such as on the occasions of weddings or the return of travelers" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Ghazali, Ihya Ulum al-Din, Book 15, Chapter 5", + "quote": "Music is permitted as long as it does not lead to sinful behavior or the consumption of intoxicants" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "Interpretation of the phrase 'amusement of speech' as referring to music." + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir Al-Tabari, 19:190", + "quote": "Interpretation of Quran 31:6 as referring to 'falsehoods and indecent speech'." + }, + { + "source": "Sharh Muslim, 14:117", + "quote": "Interpretation that the hadith about cursing those who practice tattoos and lengthen hair artificially refers specifically to practices associated with pagan rituals." + }, + { + "source": "Silsilat al-Ahadith al-Da'ifah, Al-Albani", + "quote": "The hadith about making lawful 'adultery, silk, alcohol, and musical instruments' is considered a weak (da'if) narration." + }, + { + "source": "Sahih al-Bukhari, Book 62, Hadith 11", + "quote": "Apocryphal narration where Prophet Mohammad allowed the celebration of weddings with the playing of a duff and singing." + }, + { + "source": "Sunan al-Tirmidhi, Hadith 1078", + "quote": "Narration where Anas ibn Malik reported that the Prophet approved of celebrations with music and singing, as long as they were within the bounds of Islamic morality." + }, + { + "source": "Ihya Ulum al-Din, Book 15, Chapter 5", + "quote": "Al-Ghazali's perspective that listening to poetry and music that does not excite lust or lead to immorality is not forbidden." + }, + "The text appears to have indirect references to the Quran, Hadith, and Islamic scholarly tradition, however, it does not contain any direct quotes or citation details. The specific chapters, verses, scholars' works, or Hadiths are not directly quoted or provided. Thus, I cannot provide accurate sources or quotes." + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Allah", + "Muslims", + "Prophetic", + "Islamic", + "the Word of Allah", + "Islam", + "Al-Jami' li", + "Sharh Muslim" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Ghazali", + "Ahkam al-Quran", + "Abu 'Amir", + "Abu Malik Al-Ash'ari", + "Maratib al-Ijma'", + "Al-Ghazali's", + "al-Fatawa", + "Al-Nawawi", + "Bukhari", + "Ibn Kathir", + "Prophet", + "Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "Al-Bukhari", + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Ibn Hazm", + "Majmu", + "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "Ibn Taymiyyah", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Apostle", + "Al-Qurtubi", + "Shari'ah" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "amusement of speech", + "From among my followers there will be some people who will seek to make lawful: adultery, silk, alcohol, and musical instruments.", + "And of the people is he who buys the amusement of speech to mislead [others] from the way of Allah without knowledge and who takes it in ridicule. Those will have a humiliating punishment.", + "Quran 31:6", + "From among my followers, there will be some people who will seek to make permissible: illegal sexual relations, silk (for men), alcohol, and musical instruments", + "Allah's Apostle cursed the lady who practices tattoo and the one who gets it done, and the lady who lengthens hair artificially and the one who does it.", + "all that is false and unbeneficial like singing, music, and dancing." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "And of the people is he who buys the amusement of speech to mislead [others] from the way of Allah without knowledge and who takes it in ridicule. Those will have a humiliating punishment." + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "this verse clearly prohibits all that is false and unbeneficial like singing, music, and dancing." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "From among my followers there will be some people who will seek to make lawful: adultery, silk, alcohol, and musical instruments." + }, + { + "source": "Bukhari", + "quote": "Allah's Apostle cursed the lady who practices tattoo and the one who gets it done, and the lady who lengthens hair artificially and the one who does it." + }, + { + "source": "Various Islamic Scholars like Ibn Taymiyyah, Al-Ghazali, and Ibn Hazm", + "quote": "have ruled that music is impermissible in Islam, as it distracts from the worship of Allah and can lead to immorality." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "The interpretation of 'amusement of speech' referring to music and singing" + }, + { + "source": "Tafsir Ibn Kathir", + "quote": "Supporting the interpretation of Quran 31:6 as referring to music and singing" + }, + { + "source": "Majmu' al-Fatawa by Ibn Taymiyyah", + "quote": "Supporting the interpretation of Quran 31:6 as referring to music and singing" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Jami' li Ahkam al-Quran by Al-Qurtubi", + "quote": "Supporting the interpretation of Quran 31:6 as referring to music and singing" + }, + { + "source": "Sharh Muslim", + "quote": "Indicates that Al-Nawawi did not restrict a certain hadith to pagan rituals alone" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Bukhari, Book 69, Hadith 494", + "quote": "From among my followers, there will be some people who will seek to make permissible: illegal sexual relations, silk (for men), alcohol, and musical instruments" + }, + { + "source": "Maratib al-Ijma' by Ibn Hazm", + "quote": "Distinguishing between the permissibility of the duff and the impermissibility of other musical instruments" + }, + { + "source": "Majmu' al-Fatawa by Ibn Taymiyyah", + "quote": "Distinguishing between the permissibility of the duff and the impermissibility of other musical instruments" + }, + { + "source": "Ihya Ulum al-Din", + "quote": "Stating that Al-Ghazali allowed certain forms of music but prohibited music that encourages lust or immorality" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 31:6", + "quote": "Verses like Quran 31:6 have been widely understood by eminent exegetes to refer to the prohibition of music and idle entertainment that distracts from the remembrance of Allah." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith", + "quote": "Numerous authentic Hadith narrations explicitly condemn and curse those who engage with musical instruments and indecent forms of entertainment." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Scholars", + "quote": "interpetations of the overwhelming majority of classical and contemporary Islamic scholars to argue that Islam generally prohibits music." + }, + { + "source": "Al-Ghazali", + "quote": "Even scholars who allowed some forms of music, like Al-Ghazali, heavily qualified and restricted it to prevent moral corruption." + } + ] + } + }, + { + "filename": "islam_permits_muslims_to_take_mortgages_with_interest_20240911_072320.json", + "model": "claude-3-5-sonnet-20240620", + "topic": "Islam permits Muslims to take mortgages with interest", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "European Council for Fatwa and Research", + "Muslim", + "Edinburgh University Press", + "Muslims", + "I.", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "The European Council for Fatwa and Research", + "Islam", + "Practice", + "El-Gamal", + "Cambridge University Press" + ], + "person": [ + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(1999)", + "(2013)", + "(2006)", + "(2010)", + "Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship", + "Permissibility of Conventional Mortgage under Necessity.", + "Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence.", + "Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice.", + "Islamic Finance in the Global Economy." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:185", + "quote": "Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship" + }, + { + "source": "European Council for Fatwa and Research. (1999). Permissibility of Conventional Mortgage under Necessity.", + "quote": "issued a fatwa in 1999 allowing Muslims living in non-Muslim countries to buy homes with mortgages if there are no Sharia-compliant alternatives available" + }, + { + "source": "Kamali, M. H. (2013). Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence. Islamic Texts Society.", + "quote": "the principle of dharurah (necessity) in Islamic jurisprudence allows for prohibited actions to become permissible when there is a genuine need or hardship" + }, + { + "source": "El-Gamal, M. A. (2006). Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice. Cambridge University Press.", + "quote": "some scholars differentiate between productive loans (like mortgages) and consumptive loans" + }, + { + "source": "Warde, I. (2010). Islamic Finance in the Global Economy. Edinburgh University Press.", + "quote": "several Muslim-majority countries, including Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates, have implemented systems that effectively allow for interest-based mortgages while adhering to Islamic principles through various financial structures and regulations" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "El-Gamal", + "Muslim", + "Book of Musaqat", + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "Islam", + "Sharia", + "The Islamic Fiqh Academy", + "Spot", + "Practice", + "Cambridge University Press", + "Islamic Fiqh Academy", + "riba" + ], + "person": [ + "Muhammad", + "Ayub", + "John Wiley & Sons", + "Prophet", + "Surah Al-Imran" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2007)", + "(2006)", + "O you who have believed, do not consume usury, doubled and multiplied, but fear Allah that you may be successful.", + "Quran 3:130" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 3:130", + "quote": "O you who have believed, do not consume usury, doubled and multiplied, but fear Allah that you may be successful." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith: Sahih Muslim, Book of Musaqat, Hadith 1598", + "quote": "The Prophet cursed the one who consumes riba, the one who pays it, the one who writes it down, and the two who witness it, saying they are all the same in sin." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Fiqh Academy, Resolution No. 51 (2/6) on Sale of Debt and Sale of Currency Not Payable on the Spot, 1990", + "quote": "Indirect reference to a resolution by the Islamic Fiqh Academy reaffirming the prohibition of conventional interest-based mortgages." + }, + { + "source": "Understanding Islamic Finance by Ayub, M. (2007)", + "quote": "Indirect reference to Islamic finance principles outlined in the book." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice by El-Gamal, M. A. (2006)", + "quote": "Indirect reference to content about Islamic finance practice and law." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Contemporary Interpretation", + "Malaysian", + "Muslim", + "pre-Islamic Arabia", + "Quranic", + "Muslims", + "Fiqh Council of North America", + "Islamic", + "Hadiths", + "non-Muslim", + "the Fiqh Council of North America", + "Brill", + "Maslaha in Contemporary Islamic Legal Theory", + "the Way Forward", + "the European Council for Fatwa and Research" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Ghazali", + "W. B." + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed", + "International Journal of Middle East Studies" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(1984)", + "(1996)", + "(2005)", + "(2014)", + "(2008)", + "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?", + "Islamic Banking and Interest: A Study of the Prohibition of Riba and its Contemporary Interpretation.", + "Maslaha in Contemporary Islamic Legal Theory.", + "Permissibility of Conventional Mortgage.", + "Islamic Financial System: The Malaysian Experience and the Way Forward." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Hallaq, W. B. (1984). 'Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?' International Journal of Middle East Studies, 16(1), 3-41.", + "quote": "The principle of ijtihad (independent reasoning) allows for reinterpretation of Islamic law in light of changing circumstances" + }, + { + "source": "Saeed, A. (1996). 'Islamic Banking and Interest: A Study of the Prohibition of Riba and its Contemporary Interpretation.' Brill.", + "quote": "Many scholars interpret Quranic verses and Hadiths as prohibitions against exploitative lending practices common in pre-Islamic Arabia, rather than a blanket ban on all forms of interest" + }, + { + "source": "Opwis, F. (2005). 'Maslaha in Contemporary Islamic Legal Theory.' Islamic Law and Society, 12(2), 182-223.", + "quote": "The principle of maslaha (public interest) is a fundamental concept in Islamic jurisprudence. Scholars like Al-Ghazali have argued that actions promoting the preservation of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property are in line with Sharia, even if they may seem to contradict specific rulings" + }, + { + "source": "Fiqh Council of North America. (2014). 'Permissibility of Conventional Mortgage.'", + "quote": "Respected institutions, such as the Fiqh Council of North America, have issued similar rulings to the fatwa by the European Council for Fatwa and Research. These fatwas are based on careful consideration of the realities facing Muslims in non-Muslim majority countries and the principle of necessity (darura)" + }, + { + "source": "Laldin, M. A. (2008). 'Islamic Financial System: The Malaysian Experience and the Way Forward.' Humanomics, 24(3), 217-238.", + "quote": "Even in Muslim-majority countries, governments and financial institutions have found ways to implement interest-based systems while adhering to Islamic principles. For instance, Malaysia's Islamic banking system, which is considered one of the most developed in the world, allows for structures that effectively mirror conventional mortgages while remaining Sharia-compliant" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Quran", + "Idaratul-Ma'arif", + "Malaysian", + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Rebuttal to Opponent's Argument", + "Contributions to Islamic Economic Theory", + "the Supreme Court", + "I.", + "Islamic", + "Brill", + "non-Muslim", + "John Wiley & Sons", + "Islam", + "Islamic Economics and Finance", + "The Islamic Fiqh Academy of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation", + "Ijarah wa Iqtina" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Historic Judgment on Interest Delivered", + "An Introduction to Islamic Finance: Theory and Practice", + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Muwafaqat", + "Prophet", + "Imam al-Shatibi", + "A.", + "Sunnah", + "Dar Ibn Affan" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(2004)", + "(2002)", + "(1997)", + "(2000)", + "(2011)", + "Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden interest", + "Every loan that brings a benefit is riba", + "The consideration of public interest is valid as long as it does not contradict a text (from the Quran or Sunnah)", + "Riba and Interest in Islamic Economics and Finance.", + "The Historic Judgment on Interest Delivered in the Supreme Court of Pakistan.", + "Al-Muwafaqat fi Usul al-Shariah.", + "Resolution No. 115 (9/12) Concerning Banking Operations.", + "An Introduction to Islamic Finance: Theory and Practice." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden interest" + }, + { + "source": "Islahi, A. A. (2004). Contributions to Islamic Economic Theory", + "quote": "The prohibition of riba is one of the most explicit and frequently mentioned injunctions in Islamic sources" + }, + { + "source": "Usmani, M. T. (2002). The Historic Judgment on Interest Delivered in the Supreme Court of Pakistan", + "quote": "The consensus (ijma') among Islamic jurists is that all forms of interest, whether exploitative or not, fall under the category of riba" + }, + { + "source": "Sunan al-Bayhaqi, Hadith 10934", + "quote": "Every loan that brings a benefit is riba" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Shatibi, I. (1997). Al-Muwafaqat fi Usul al-Shariah", + "quote": "The consideration of public interest is valid as long as it does not contradict a text (from the Quran or Sunnah)" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Fiqh Academy. (2000). Resolution No. 115 (9/12) Concerning Banking Operations", + "quote": "The Islamic Fiqh Academy of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, which represents scholars from over 57 Muslim countries, has consistently maintained the prohibition of interest-based transactions, including mortgages" + }, + { + "source": "Iqbal, Z., & Mirakhor, A. (2011). An Introduction to Islamic Finance: Theory and Practice", + "quote": "The use of contracts like Murabaha or Ijarah wa Iqtina in Islamic banking is fundamentally different from conventional interest-based mortgages" + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "the Fiqh Council of North America", + "Islam", + "the European Council for Fatwa and Research", + "riba" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:185", + "quote": "Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship" + }, + { + "source": "The European Council for Fatwa and Research", + "quote": "Have issued fatwas permitting mortgages under certain conditions, especially for Muslims living in non-Muslim majority countries" + }, + { + "source": "The Fiqh Council of North America", + "quote": "Have issued fatwas permitting mortgages under certain conditions, especially for Muslims living in non-Muslim majority countries" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to Quran and Hadith", + "quote": "The prohibition of riba in the Quran and Hadith can be understood as targeting exploitative practices rather than all forms of interest" + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslims", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Islam", + "Preservation of Islamic Economic Principles", + "riba" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith" + ], + "person": [ + "Quran" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden interest", + "Quran 2:275" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden interest" + } + ] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "pre-Islamic Arabia", + "Muslims", + "Quranic", + "Fiqh Council of North America", + "the Way Forward", + "riba", + "Malaysian", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "The European Council for Fatwa and Research", + "the Fiqh Council of North America", + "Cambridge University Press", + "Contemporary Interpretation", + "Edinburgh University Press", + "I.", + "Hadiths", + "Brill", + "Maslaha in Contemporary Islamic Legal Theory", + "Islam", + "El-Gamal", + "European Council for Fatwa and Research", + "Practice", + "the European Council for Fatwa and Research" + ], + "person": [ + "Al-Ghazali", + "W. B.", + "Yusuf al-Qaradawi" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Hadith", + "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed", + "International Journal of Middle East Studies" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(1996)", + "Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence.", + "(1984)", + "Maslaha in Contemporary Islamic Legal Theory.", + "Permissibility of Conventional Mortgage.", + "Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship", + "Islamic Banking and Interest: A Study of the Prohibition of Riba and its Contemporary Interpretation.", + "(1999)", + "(2005)", + "Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice.", + "(2010)", + "(2008)", + "Islamic Finance in the Global Economy.", + "(2014)", + "(2006)", + "Islamic Financial System: The Malaysian Experience and the Way Forward.", + "(2013)", + "Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?", + "Permissibility of Conventional Mortgage under Necessity." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 2:185", + "quote": "Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship" + }, + { + "source": "European Council for Fatwa and Research. (1999). Permissibility of Conventional Mortgage under Necessity.", + "quote": "issued a fatwa in 1999 allowing Muslims living in non-Muslim countries to buy homes with mortgages if there are no Sharia-compliant alternatives available" + }, + { + "source": "Kamali, M. H. (2013). Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence. Islamic Texts Society.", + "quote": "the principle of dharurah (necessity) in Islamic jurisprudence allows for prohibited actions to become permissible when there is a genuine need or hardship" + }, + { + "source": "El-Gamal, M. A. (2006). Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice. Cambridge University Press.", + "quote": "some scholars differentiate between productive loans (like mortgages) and consumptive loans" + }, + { + "source": "Warde, I. (2010). Islamic Finance in the Global Economy. Edinburgh University Press.", + "quote": "several Muslim-majority countries, including Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates, have implemented systems that effectively allow for interest-based mortgages while adhering to Islamic principles through various financial structures and regulations" + }, + { + "source": "Hallaq, W. B. (1984). 'Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?' International Journal of Middle East Studies, 16(1), 3-41.", + "quote": "The principle of ijtihad (independent reasoning) allows for reinterpretation of Islamic law in light of changing circumstances" + }, + { + "source": "Saeed, A. (1996). 'Islamic Banking and Interest: A Study of the Prohibition of Riba and its Contemporary Interpretation.' Brill.", + "quote": "Many scholars interpret Quranic verses and Hadiths as prohibitions against exploitative lending practices common in pre-Islamic Arabia, rather than a blanket ban on all forms of interest" + }, + { + "source": "Opwis, F. (2005). 'Maslaha in Contemporary Islamic Legal Theory.' Islamic Law and Society, 12(2), 182-223.", + "quote": "The principle of maslaha (public interest) is a fundamental concept in Islamic jurisprudence. Scholars like Al-Ghazali have argued that actions promoting the preservation of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and property are in line with Sharia, even if they may seem to contradict specific rulings" + }, + { + "source": "Fiqh Council of North America. (2014). 'Permissibility of Conventional Mortgage.'", + "quote": "Respected institutions, such as the Fiqh Council of North America, have issued similar rulings to the fatwa by the European Council for Fatwa and Research. These fatwas are based on careful consideration of the realities facing Muslims in non-Muslim majority countries and the principle of necessity (darura)" + }, + { + "source": "Laldin, M. A. (2008). 'Islamic Financial System: The Malaysian Experience and the Way Forward.' Humanomics, 24(3), 217-238.", + "quote": "Even in Muslim-majority countries, governments and financial institutions have found ways to implement interest-based systems while adhering to Islamic principles. For instance, Malaysia's Islamic banking system, which is considered one of the most developed in the world, allows for structures that effectively mirror conventional mortgages while remaining Sharia-compliant" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:185", + "quote": "Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you hardship" + }, + { + "source": "The European Council for Fatwa and Research", + "quote": "Have issued fatwas permitting mortgages under certain conditions, especially for Muslims living in non-Muslim majority countries" + }, + { + "source": "The Fiqh Council of North America", + "quote": "Have issued fatwas permitting mortgages under certain conditions, especially for Muslims living in non-Muslim majority countries" + }, + { + "source": "Indirect reference to Quran and Hadith", + "quote": "The prohibition of riba in the Quran and Hadith can be understood as targeting exploitative practices rather than all forms of interest" + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Muslim", + "Muslims", + "Contributions to Islamic Economic Theory", + "Islamic Economics and Finance", + "The Islamic Fiqh Academy", + "The Islamic Fiqh Academy of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation", + "riba", + "Quran", + "Malaysian", + "Rebuttal to Opponent's Argument", + "Islamic", + "non-Muslim", + "Sharia", + "Cambridge University Press", + "Idaratul-Ma'arif", + "I.", + "Brill", + "Islam", + "El-Gamal", + "Spot", + "Islamic Fiqh Academy", + "Book of Musaqat", + "the Supreme Court", + "John Wiley & Sons", + "Practice", + "Preservation of Islamic Economic Principles", + "Ijarah wa Iqtina" + ], + "person": [ + "Quran", + "Muhammad", + "Ayub", + "John Wiley & Sons", + "Al-Muwafaqat", + "Prophet", + "Imam al-Shatibi", + "A.", + "Sunnah", + "Surah Al-Imran", + "Dar Ibn Affan" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "The Historic Judgment on Interest Delivered", + "An Introduction to Islamic Finance: Theory and Practice", + "Hadith" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "(1997)", + "O you who have believed, do not consume usury, doubled and multiplied, but fear Allah that you may be successful.", + "Al-Muwafaqat fi Usul al-Shariah.", + "Quran 2:275", + "Riba and Interest in Islamic Economics and Finance.", + "(2007)", + "An Introduction to Islamic Finance: Theory and Practice.", + "Quran 3:130", + "(2006)", + "(2000)", + "(2002)", + "Every loan that brings a benefit is riba", + "Resolution No. 115 (9/12) Concerning Banking Operations.", + "(2004)", + "(2011)", + "The Historic Judgment on Interest Delivered in the Supreme Court of Pakistan.", + "The consideration of public interest is valid as long as it does not contradict a text (from the Quran or Sunnah)", + "Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden interest" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 3:130", + "quote": "O you who have believed, do not consume usury, doubled and multiplied, but fear Allah that you may be successful." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith: Sahih Muslim, Book of Musaqat, Hadith 1598", + "quote": "The Prophet cursed the one who consumes riba, the one who pays it, the one who writes it down, and the two who witness it, saying they are all the same in sin." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Fiqh Academy, Resolution No. 51 (2/6) on Sale of Debt and Sale of Currency Not Payable on the Spot, 1990", + "quote": "Indirect reference to a resolution by the Islamic Fiqh Academy reaffirming the prohibition of conventional interest-based mortgages." + }, + { + "source": "Understanding Islamic Finance by Ayub, M. (2007)", + "quote": "Indirect reference to Islamic finance principles outlined in the book." + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Finance: Law, Economics, and Practice by El-Gamal, M. A. (2006)", + "quote": "Indirect reference to content about Islamic finance practice and law." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden interest" + }, + { + "source": "Islahi, A. A. (2004). Contributions to Islamic Economic Theory", + "quote": "The prohibition of riba is one of the most explicit and frequently mentioned injunctions in Islamic sources" + }, + { + "source": "Usmani, M. T. (2002). The Historic Judgment on Interest Delivered in the Supreme Court of Pakistan", + "quote": "The consensus (ijma') among Islamic jurists is that all forms of interest, whether exploitative or not, fall under the category of riba" + }, + { + "source": "Sunan al-Bayhaqi, Hadith 10934", + "quote": "Every loan that brings a benefit is riba" + }, + { + "source": "Al-Shatibi, I. (1997). Al-Muwafaqat fi Usul al-Shariah", + "quote": "The consideration of public interest is valid as long as it does not contradict a text (from the Quran or Sunnah)" + }, + { + "source": "Islamic Fiqh Academy. (2000). Resolution No. 115 (9/12) Concerning Banking Operations", + "quote": "The Islamic Fiqh Academy of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, which represents scholars from over 57 Muslim countries, has consistently maintained the prohibition of interest-based transactions, including mortgages" + }, + { + "source": "Iqbal, Z., & Mirakhor, A. (2011). An Introduction to Islamic Finance: Theory and Practice", + "quote": "The use of contracts like Murabaha or Ijarah wa Iqtina in Islamic banking is fundamentally different from conventional interest-based mortgages" + }, + { + "source": "Quran 2:275", + "quote": "Allah has permitted trade and has forbidden interest" + } + ] + } + } +] diff --git a/llm-debate/extract_citations.py b/llm-debate/extract_citations.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4997df5 --- /dev/null +++ b/llm-debate/extract_citations.py @@ -0,0 +1,284 @@ +import argparse +import json +import logging +import os +import re +from collections import defaultdict + +import spacy +from openai import OpenAI + +logger = logging.getLogger(__name__) +LOG_LEVELS: dict[str, int] = { + "DEBUG": logging.DEBUG, + "INFO": logging.INFO, + "WARNING": logging.WARNING, + "ERROR": logging.ERROR, + "CRITICAL": logging.CRITICAL, +} + +nlp = spacy.load("en_core_web_sm") +logger.info("Loaded spaCy English language model") + +openai_client = OpenAI(api_key=os.getenv("OPENAI_API_KEY")) + + +def extract_entities(text: str) -> dict[str, list[str]]: + """Extract people, organizations, and works of art from the text.""" + doc = nlp(text) + entities = defaultdict(set) + + for ent in doc.ents: + category = ent.label_.lower() + if category in ["person", "org", "norp", "work_of_art"]: + category = "organizations" if category in ["org", "norp"] else category + entities[category].add(ent.text) + + logger.debug(f"Extracted {sum(len(v) for v in entities.values())} entities") + return {k: list(v) for k, v in entities.items()} + + +def extract_citations(text: str) -> list[str]: + """Extract citations using regex patterns and clean them.""" + patterns = [ + r"\([\w\s]+,\s*\d{4}\)", # (Author, YYYY) + r"[\w\s]+\s*\(\d{4}\)", # Author (YYYY) + r"[\w\s]+\s*et\s*al\.", # Author et al. + r"\"[^\"]+\"", # "Title of Work" + r"Quran \d+:\d+", # Quran X:Y + r"Surah [A-Z][a-z-]+ \(\d+:\d+\)", # Surah Name (X:Y) + r"Hadith - [^,]+", # Hadith - Source + ] + + citations = [] + for pattern in patterns: + found_citations = re.findall(pattern, text) + cleaned_citations = [ + citation.strip().strip("'\"") for citation in found_citations + ] + citations.extend(cleaned_citations) + + logger.debug(f"Extracted {len(citations)} citations using regex patterns") + return citations + + +def extract_citations_gpt4( + text: str, +) -> list[dict]: + """Extract citations using GPT-4""" + standard_no_citations_reply = "No citations or quotations found." + response_text = "" + + try: + logger.info("Attempting GPT-4 citation extraction") + + response = openai_client.chat.completions.create( + model="gpt-4", + messages=[ + { + "role": "system", + "content": ( + "You are a helpful assistant that identifies citations " + "and quotations in text, including indirect references." + ), + }, + { + "role": "user", + "content": ( + "Please identify all citations and quotations in the " + "following text, including indirect references. For each, " + "provide the source and the quote or paraphrased content. " + "Quran citations should follow the format: " + "Quran Chapter:Verse." + "Return the result as a list of JSON objects, each with " + "'source' and 'quote' keys. If there are no citations or " + "quotations, please reply with the phrase: " + f"'{standard_no_citations_reply}'.\n\nText: {text}" + ), + }, + ], + ) + + response_text = response.choices[0].message.content.strip() + logger.debug("Raw GPT-4 response: %s", response_text) + + if standard_no_citations_reply in response_text: + logger.info("No citations or quotations found in the text.") + return [] + + result = json.loads(response_text) + + assert isinstance( + result, list + ), f"GPT-4 response is not a list. Actual type: {type(result)}" + for item in result: + assert isinstance(item, dict), ( + f"GPT-4 response item is not a dictionary. " + f"Actual type: {type(item)}" + ) + assert "source" in item, ( + f"GPT-4 response item missing 'source' key. " + f"Keys present: {item.keys()}" + ) + assert "quote" in item, ( + f"GPT-4 response item missing 'quote' key. " + f"Keys present: {item.keys()}" + ) + + logger.info("Successfully extracted %d citations using GPT-4", len(result)) + return result + + except json.JSONDecodeError: + logger.exception( + "JSON Decode Error on attempt %d. Problematic content: %s", + response_text, + ) + except AssertionError: + logger.exception( + "Assertion Error on attempt %d. Parsed result: %s", + response_text, + ) + except Exception: + logger.exception( + "Unexpected error in GPT-4 citation extraction on attempt %d", + ) + + logger.error("All attempts failed for GPT-4 citation extraction") + return [response_text] + + +def analyze_debate_section(section: dict[str, str]) -> dict: + """Analyze a debate section and extract entities, citations, and GPT-4 citations.""" + result = {} + for key, text in section.items(): + logger.info(f"Analyzing debate section: {key}") + result[key] = { + "entities": extract_entities(text), + "citations": extract_citations(text), + "citations_llm": extract_citations_gpt4(text), + } + return result + + +def combine_for_against(debate_data: dict) -> dict: + """Combine all 'for' and 'against' entities, citations, and GPT-4 citations.""" + logger.info("Combining 'for' and 'against' data") + combined = { + "for": {"entities": defaultdict(set), "citations": set(), "citations_llm": []}, + "against": { + "entities": defaultdict(set), + "citations": set(), + "citations_llm": [], + }, + } + + for section in debate_data.values(): + for side in ["for", "against"]: + if side in section: + for entity_type, entities in section[side]["entities"].items(): + combined[side]["entities"][entity_type].update(entities) + combined[side]["citations"].update(section[side]["citations"]) + combined[side]["citations_llm"].extend(section[side]["citations_llm"]) + + # Convert sets back to lists for JSON serialization + for side in ["for", "against"]: + combined[side]["entities"] = { + k: list(v) for k, v in combined[side]["entities"].items() + } + combined[side]["citations"] = list(combined[side]["citations"]) + + logger.info("Finished combining 'for' and 'against' data") + return combined + + +def analyze_file(file_path: str) -> dict: + """Analyze a single JSON file and return the extracted information.""" + logger.info("Analyzing file: %s", file_path) + try: + with open(file_path) as f: + data = json.load(f) + + metadata = data.get("metadata", {}) + debate = data.get("debate", {}) + + debate_analysis = { + "opening_arguments": analyze_debate_section( + debate.get("opening_arguments", {}) + ), + "round_1": analyze_debate_section(debate.get("round_1", {})), + "conclusions": analyze_debate_section(debate.get("conclusions", {})), + } + + combined_analysis = combine_for_against(debate_analysis) + + result = { + "filename": os.path.basename(file_path), + "model": metadata.get("model", ""), + "topic": metadata.get("topic", ""), + "debate_analysis": debate_analysis, + "combined_for": combined_analysis["for"], + "combined_against": combined_analysis["against"], + } + logger.info("Successfully analyzed file: %s", file_path) + return result + except Exception: + logger.exception("Error analyzing file %s", file_path) + return {} + + +def analyze_files(directory: str) -> list[dict]: + """Analyze all JSON files in the given directory.""" + logger.info(f"Analyzing files in directory: {directory}") + results = [] + for filename in os.listdir(directory): + if filename.endswith(".json"): + file_path = os.path.join(directory, filename) + result = analyze_file(file_path) + if result: + results.append(result) + len_results = len(results) + logger.info("Finished analyzing %d files in directory: %s", len_results, directory) + return results + + +def main(): + parser = argparse.ArgumentParser( + description="Analyze debate JSON files for citations and entities." + ) + parser.add_argument( + "directory", help="Directory containing the JSON files to analyze" + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--output", + default="citation_analysis_results.json", + help="Output file name (default: citation_analysis_results.json)", + ) + parser.add_argument( + "--log-level", + choices=LOG_LEVELS.keys(), + default="INFO", + help="Set the logging level", + ) + args = parser.parse_args() + + logging.basicConfig( + level=LOG_LEVELS[args.log_level], + format="%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s", + ) + + logger.info(f"Starting analysis with input directory: {args.directory}") + + if not os.path.isdir(args.directory): + logger.error(f"Error: The directory '{args.directory}' does not exist.") + return + + results = analyze_files(args.directory) + + with open(args.output, "w") as f: + json.dump(results, f, indent=2) + + logger.info("Analysis complete. Results saved to %s", args.output) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + main() diff --git a/llm-debate/response_copy/citation_analysis_results.json b/llm-debate/response_copy/citation_analysis_results.json new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6022358 --- /dev/null +++ b/llm-debate/response_copy/citation_analysis_results.json @@ -0,0 +1,286 @@ +[ + { + "filename": "islam_encourages_violence_towards_women_20240911_064304.json", + "model": "gpt-3.5-turbo", + "topic": "Islam encourages violence towards women", + "debate_analysis": { + "opening_arguments": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Georgetown Institute for Women", + "Islamic", + "Muslim", + "Islam", + "Muslims", + "Journal of International Women's Studies" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Women in Islamic Law: Examining Five Prevalent Myths", + "Patriarchy and Violence Against Women in the Name of Islam", + "Quran 4:34" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Verses that have been interpreted to suggest that men have authority over women and are allowed to discipline them if they disobey." + }, + { + "source": "Women in Islamic Law: Examining Five Prevalent Myths", + "quote": "Islamic legal systems in many countries have been shown to discriminate against women, with laws that make it difficult for women to seek justice or protection from violence. In some cases, women who report violence or abuse are even punished themselves under laws that prioritize men's rights over women's well-being." + }, + { + "source": "Patriarchy and Violence Against Women in the Name of Islam", + "quote": "Cultural practices that are justified or perpetuated by religious beliefs can also contribute to violence against women. For example, honor killings and female genital mutilation are practices that are still prevalent in some Muslim-majority countries, and are often justified using religious arguments." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect references to Multiple Islamic texts", + "quote": "There are teachings within Islamic texts and interpretations that promote and justify violence against women, including teachings on modesty and obedience." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect references to Cultural practices justified by religion", + "quote": "Islamic teachings and cultural practices, such as honor killings and female genital mutilation, that lead to violence against women." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Bukhari", + "The Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "The best of you are those who are best to their wives.", + "O you who have believed, it is not lawful for you to inherit women by compulsion.", + "Quran 4:19", + "Hadith - Sahih Bukhari" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "O you who have believed, it is not lawful for you to inherit women by compulsion." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith - Sahih Bukhari, Book 18, Hadith 19", + "quote": "The best of you are those who are best to their wives." + } + ] + } + }, + "round_1": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Journal of Transcultural Nursing", + "L.W. Stewart", + "Islamic", + "Muslim", + "Islam", + "Quranic" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah An-Nisa" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Men are in charge of women by [right of] what Allah has given one over the other and what they spend [for maintenance] from their wealth. So righteous women are devoutly obedient, guarding in [the husband's] absence what Allah would have them guard. But those [wives] from whom you fear arrogance - [first] advise them; [then if they persist], forsake them in bed; and [finally], strike them. But if they obey you [once more], seek no means against them. Indeed, Allah is ever Exalted and Grand.", + "Honor-Based Violence Against Women: A Nurse's Role in Protection, Support, and Care", + "Quran 4:34" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the principle of respect and equal treatment for women stated in the verse." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "\"Men are in charge of women by [right of] what Allah has given one over the other and what they spend [for maintenance] from their wealth. So righteous women are devoutly obedient, guarding in [the husband's] absence what Allah would have them guard. But those [wives] from whom you fear arrogance - [first] advise them; [then if they persist], forsake them in bed; and [finally], strike them. But if they obey you [once more], seek no means against them. Indeed, Allah is ever Exalted and Grand.\"" + }, + { + "source": "Honor-Based Violence Against Women: A Nurse's Role in Protection, Support, and Care, L.W. Stewart, Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 2016", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the existence of honor killings and female genital mutilation in some Muslim-majority countries, often justified using religious arguments." + } + ] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "person": [ + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Surah An-Nisa", + "Muhammad M. Pickthall", + "Fatima Mernissi" + ], + "organizations": [ + "Islam", + "Muslim", + "Islamic" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Understanding the Quran: Themes and Styles", + "Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Muslim Society" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "The interpretation of Surah An-Nisa (4:34) regarding men having authority over women, which stresses the responsibilities of both men and women in a marital context and emphasizes mutual respect and cooperation. It also mentions that in cases of persistent disobedience by the wife, a temporary separation may be considered as a last resort." + }, + { + "source": "Understanding the Quran: Themes and Styles, Muhammad M. Pickthall", + "quote": "Interpretations of Quran 4:34, emphasizing mutual respect, communication, and patience in resolving conflicts within a marriage." + }, + { + "source": "Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Muslim Society, Fatima Mernissi, 1975", + "quote": "The discussion on the difference between cultural practices in some Muslim-majority countries (like honor killings and female genital mutilation) and Islamic teachings, which stress respect, equality, and compassion. These harmful cultural practices have no basis in Islam and are contrary to its teachings." + } + ] + } + }, + "conclusions": { + "for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Muslim", + "Quranic", + "Islam" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + }, + "against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "Prophet Muhammad" + ] + }, + "citations": [], + "citations_llm": [] + } + } + }, + "combined_for": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Journal of Transcultural Nursing", + "Georgetown Institute for Women", + "L.W. Stewart", + "Islamic", + "Muslim", + "Islam", + "Muslims", + "Journal of International Women's Studies", + "Quranic" + ], + "person": [ + "Surah An-Nisa" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Patriarchy and Violence Against Women in the Name of Islam", + "Honor-Based Violence Against Women: A Nurse's Role in Protection, Support, and Care", + "Women in Islamic Law: Examining Five Prevalent Myths", + "Quran 4:34", + "Men are in charge of women by [right of] what Allah has given one over the other and what they spend [for maintenance] from their wealth. So righteous women are devoutly obedient, guarding in [the husband's] absence what Allah would have them guard. But those [wives] from whom you fear arrogance - [first] advise them; [then if they persist], forsake them in bed; and [finally], strike them. But if they obey you [once more], seek no means against them. Indeed, Allah is ever Exalted and Grand." + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "Verses that have been interpreted to suggest that men have authority over women and are allowed to discipline them if they disobey." + }, + { + "source": "Women in Islamic Law: Examining Five Prevalent Myths", + "quote": "Islamic legal systems in many countries have been shown to discriminate against women, with laws that make it difficult for women to seek justice or protection from violence. In some cases, women who report violence or abuse are even punished themselves under laws that prioritize men's rights over women's well-being." + }, + { + "source": "Patriarchy and Violence Against Women in the Name of Islam", + "quote": "Cultural practices that are justified or perpetuated by religious beliefs can also contribute to violence against women. For example, honor killings and female genital mutilation are practices that are still prevalent in some Muslim-majority countries, and are often justified using religious arguments." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect references to Multiple Islamic texts", + "quote": "There are teachings within Islamic texts and interpretations that promote and justify violence against women, including teachings on modesty and obedience." + }, + { + "source": "Indirect references to Cultural practices justified by religion", + "quote": "Islamic teachings and cultural practices, such as honor killings and female genital mutilation, that lead to violence against women." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the principle of respect and equal treatment for women stated in the verse." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "\"Men are in charge of women by [right of] what Allah has given one over the other and what they spend [for maintenance] from their wealth. So righteous women are devoutly obedient, guarding in [the husband's] absence what Allah would have them guard. But those [wives] from whom you fear arrogance - [first] advise them; [then if they persist], forsake them in bed; and [finally], strike them. But if they obey you [once more], seek no means against them. Indeed, Allah is ever Exalted and Grand.\"" + }, + { + "source": "Honor-Based Violence Against Women: A Nurse's Role in Protection, Support, and Care, L.W. Stewart, Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 2016", + "quote": "Indirect reference to the existence of honor killings and female genital mutilation in some Muslim-majority countries, often justified using religious arguments." + } + ] + }, + "combined_against": { + "entities": { + "organizations": [ + "Islamic", + "Muslim", + "Islam" + ], + "person": [ + "The Prophet Muhammad", + "Prophet Muhammad", + "Bukhari", + "Surah An-Nisa", + "Muhammad M. Pickthall", + "Fatima Mernissi" + ], + "work_of_art": [ + "Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics" + ] + }, + "citations": [ + "Hadith - Sahih Bukhari", + "Quran 4:19", + "The best of you are those who are best to their wives.", + "O you who have believed, it is not lawful for you to inherit women by compulsion.", + "Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Muslim Society", + "Understanding the Quran: Themes and Styles" + ], + "citations_llm": [ + { + "source": "Quran 4:19", + "quote": "O you who have believed, it is not lawful for you to inherit women by compulsion." + }, + { + "source": "Hadith - Sahih Bukhari, Book 18, Hadith 19", + "quote": "The best of you are those who are best to their wives." + }, + { + "source": "Quran 4:34", + "quote": "The interpretation of Surah An-Nisa (4:34) regarding men having authority over women, which stresses the responsibilities of both men and women in a marital context and emphasizes mutual respect and cooperation. It also mentions that in cases of persistent disobedience by the wife, a temporary separation may be considered as a last resort." + }, + { + "source": "Understanding the Quran: Themes and Styles, Muhammad M. Pickthall", + "quote": "Interpretations of Quran 4:34, emphasizing mutual respect, communication, and patience in resolving conflicts within a marriage." + }, + { + "source": "Beyond the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Muslim Society, Fatima Mernissi, 1975", + "quote": "The discussion on the difference between cultural practices in some Muslim-majority countries (like honor killings and female genital mutilation) and Islamic teachings, which stress respect, equality, and compassion. These harmful cultural practices have no basis in Islam and are contrary to its teachings." + } + ] + } + } +] diff --git a/poetry.lock b/poetry.lock index 4db55f3..ded59d9 100644 --- a/poetry.lock +++ b/poetry.lock @@ -56,6 +56,63 @@ doc = ["Sphinx (>=7)", "packaging", "sphinx-autodoc-typehints (>=1.2.0)", "sphin test = ["anyio[trio]", "coverage[toml] (>=7)", "exceptiongroup (>=1.2.0)", "hypothesis (>=4.0)", "psutil (>=5.9)", "pytest (>=7.0)", "pytest-mock (>=3.6.1)", "trustme", "uvloop (>=0.17)"] trio = ["trio (>=0.23)"] +[[package]] +name = "blis" +version = "0.7.11" +description = "The Blis BLAS-like linear algebra library, as a self-contained C-extension." +optional = false +python-versions = "*" +files = [ + {file = "blis-0.7.11-cp310-cp310-macosx_10_9_x86_64.whl", hash = "sha256:cd5fba34c5775e4c440d80e4dea8acb40e2d3855b546e07c4e21fad8f972404c"}, + {file = "blis-0.7.11-cp310-cp310-macosx_11_0_arm64.whl", hash = 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