diff --git a/cpp/src/storage/space.cpp b/cpp/src/storage/space.cpp
index c989fb7f..f828d504 100644
--- a/cpp/src/storage/space.cpp
+++ b/cpp/src/storage/space.cpp
@@ -112,10 +112,10 @@ Status Space::Write(arrow::RecordBatchReader* reader, WriteOption* option) {
 
   std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
   auto copied = new Manifest(*manifest_);
-  auto old_version = manifest_->version();
-  scalar_fragment.set_id(old_version + 1);
-  vector_fragment.set_id(old_version + 1);
-  copied->set_version(old_version + 1);
+  auto next_version = next_manifest_version_++;
+  scalar_fragment.set_id(next_version);
+  vector_fragment.set_id(next_version);
+  copied->set_version(next_version);
   copied->add_scalar_fragment(std::move(scalar_fragment));
   copied->add_vector_fragment(std::move(vector_fragment));
   RETURN_NOT_OK(SafeSaveManifest(fs_, path_, copied));
@@ -152,11 +152,11 @@ Status Space::Delete(arrow::RecordBatchReader* reader) {
   if (writer) {
     writer->Close();
     std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mutex_);
-    auto old_version = manifest_->version();
+    auto next_version = next_manifest_version_++;
     auto copied = new Manifest(*manifest_);
     fragment.add_file(delete_file);
-    fragment.set_id(old_version + 1);
-    copied->set_version(old_version + 1);
+    fragment.set_id(next_version);
+    copied->set_version(next_version);
     copied->add_delete_fragment(std::move(fragment));
     RETURN_NOT_OK(SafeSaveManifest(fs_, path_, copied));
     manifest_.reset(copied);
@@ -202,12 +202,7 @@ Result<std::unique_ptr<Space>> Space::Open(const std::string& uri, Options optio
 
   RETURN_ARROW_NOT_OK(fs->CreateDir(GetManifestDir(path)));
 
-  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_NOT_OK(auto files, FindAllManifest(fs, path));
-  std::vector<arrow::fs::FileInfo> info_vec;
-  std::copy_if(files.begin(), files.end(), std::back_inserter(info_vec),
-               [](arrow::fs::FileInfo& f) { return ParseVersionFromFileName(f.base_name()) != -1; });
-
-  std::cout << info_vec.size() << std::endl;
+  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_NOT_OK(auto info_vec, FindAllManifest(fs, path));
   if (info_vec.empty()) {
     // create the first manifest
     if (options.schema == nullptr) {
@@ -217,14 +212,13 @@ Result<std::unique_ptr<Space>> Space::Open(const std::string& uri, Options optio
     RETURN_NOT_OK(SafeSaveManifest(fs, path, manifest.get()));
   } else {
     arrow::fs::FileInfo file_info;
+    auto max_cmp = [](arrow::fs::FileInfo& f1, arrow::fs::FileInfo& f2) {
+      return ParseVersionFromFileName(f1.base_name()) < ParseVersionFromFileName(f2.base_name());
+    };
+    auto latest = std::max_element(info_vec.begin(), info_vec.end(), max_cmp);
     if (options.version == -1) {
       // find latest manifest
-      auto max_manifest =
-          std::max_element(info_vec.begin(), info_vec.end(), [](arrow::fs::FileInfo& f1, arrow::fs::FileInfo& f2) {
-            return ParseVersionFromFileName(f1.base_name()) < ParseVersionFromFileName(f2.base_name());
-          });
-      file_info = *max_manifest;
-      next_manifest_version = ParseVersionFromFileName(file_info.base_name()) + 1;
+      file_info = *latest;
     } else {
       auto iter = std::find_if(info_vec.begin(), info_vec.end(), [&](arrow::fs::FileInfo& f) {
         return ParseVersionFromFileName(f.base_name()) == options.version;
@@ -233,8 +227,8 @@ Result<std::unique_ptr<Space>> Space::Open(const std::string& uri, Options optio
         return Status::ManifestNotFound();
       }
       file_info = *iter;
-      next_manifest_version = options.version + 1;
     }
+    next_manifest_version = ParseVersionFromFileName(file_info.base_name()) + 1;
 
     ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_ARROW_NOT_OK(auto istream, fs->OpenInputStream(file_info));
     ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_NOT_OK(manifest, Manifest::ParseFromFile(istream, file_info));
@@ -244,7 +238,7 @@ Result<std::unique_ptr<Space>> Space::Open(const std::string& uri, Options optio
   space->fs_ = fs;
   space->path_ = path;
   space->manifest_ = manifest;
-  space->next_manifest_version_.store(next_manifest_version);
+  space->next_manifest_version_ = next_manifest_version;
 
   RETURN_NOT_OK(space->Init());
   return space;
@@ -256,7 +250,10 @@ Result<arrow::fs::FileInfoVector> Space::FindAllManifest(std::shared_ptr<arrow::
   selector.allow_not_found = true;
   selector.base_dir = path;
 
-  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_ARROW_NOT_OK(auto info_vec, fs->GetFileInfo(selector));
+  ASSIGN_OR_RETURN_ARROW_NOT_OK(auto files, fs->GetFileInfo(selector));
+  std::vector<arrow::fs::FileInfo> info_vec;
+  std::copy_if(files.begin(), files.end(), std::back_inserter(info_vec),
+               [](arrow::fs::FileInfo& f) { return ParseVersionFromFileName(f.base_name()) != -1; });
   return info_vec;
 }
 
diff --git a/cpp/src/storage/space.h b/cpp/src/storage/space.h
index 15c5455a..42292e03 100644
--- a/cpp/src/storage/space.h
+++ b/cpp/src/storage/space.h
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class Space {
 
   DeleteFragmentVector delete_fragments_;
 
-  std::atomic_int64_t next_manifest_version_ = 0;
+  int64_t next_manifest_version_ = 0;
   std::mutex mutex_;
 
   friend FilterQueryRecordReader;
diff --git a/cpp/test/space_test.cpp b/cpp/test/space_test.cpp
index ea2e5652..53bf58dc 100644
--- a/cpp/test/space_test.cpp
+++ b/cpp/test/space_test.cpp
@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ TEST(SpaceTest, SpaceWriteTest) {
 
   auto uri = "file:///tmp/";
   auto res = Space::Open(uri, Options{space_schema, -1});
-  std::cout << res.status().ToString() << std::endl;
   ASSERT_TRUE(res.ok());
   auto space = std::move(res.value());