diff --git a/2b-submanifolds.tex b/2b-submanifolds.tex index 7765579..ea9de03 100644 --- a/2b-submanifolds.tex +++ b/2b-submanifolds.tex @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ With differentials of smooth functions at hand, we are ready to discuss submanifolds: smaller manifolds sitting inside larger ones. -We have already seen an example at the begininng of the course. +We have already seen an example at the beginning of the course. In Exercise~\ref{exe:subsetsmanifolds}, we proved that any open subset $U\subseteq M$ can be made into a smooth manifold with a differentiable structure induced by the one of $M$. These, somehow trivial, submanifolds are called \emph{open submanifolds}. But there are many other examples beyond these ones. @@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ \section{Inverse function theorem} In fact, if we restrict our attention to constant rank maps, that is, maps whose rank is the same at all points on the manifold, we can go quite a long way and the tool to get there is the following. \begin{theorem}[Rank theorem]\label{thm:rank} - Let $F : M^m \to N^n$ be a smooth function between smooth manifolds. + Let $F : M^m \to N^n$ be a smooth function between smooth manifolds without boundary\footnote{The theorem can be extended to manifolds with boundary but we will omit this case here to keep the discussion more contained and avoid unnecessary technicalities.}. Assume that $F$ is of rank $k$ at all points $p\in M$. Then, for all $p\in M$ there exist smooth charts $(U, \varphi)$ centred at $p$ and $(V, \psi)$ centred at $F(p)$ with $F(U)\subseteq V$, such that $F$ has a coordinate representation of the form \begin{align} @@ -277,12 +277,12 @@ \section{Embeddings, submersions and immersions} \caption{Theorem~\ref{thm:rank}, case of Proposition~\ref{prop:local_embedding}, in a picture.} \end{marginfigure} \begin{proposition}\label{prop:local_embedding} - Let $M^m$ and $N^n$ be smooth manifolds and $F:M\to N$ an immersion. - Then for any $p\in M$, there exists a neighbourhood $U$ of $p$ such that $F\big|_U$ is an embedding onto its image. + Let $M^m$ and $N^n$ be smooth manifolds without boundary\footnote{This is not necessary: the result holds also on manifolds with boundary but we need a modified version of the Rank Theorem in that case.} and $F:M\to N$ a smooth function. + Then $F$ is an immersion if and only if $F$ is a \emph{local embedding}, that is, for any $p\in M$, there exists a neighbourhood $U$ of $p$ such that $F\big|_U : U \to N$ is an embedding. \end{proposition} \begin{exercise} Prove Proposition~\ref{prop:local_embedding}. \\ - \textit{\small Hint: use the Rank Theorem~\ref{thm:rank} and construct appropriate charts} + \textit{\small Hint: for the nontrivial direction use the Rank Theorem~\ref{thm:rank} and construct appropriate charts} \end{exercise} In fact we can say more if the manifold is compact. @@ -392,7 +392,7 @@ \section{Embeddings, submersions and immersions} \begin{example}\label{ex:s2} The sphere $\bS^2 = \{x\in\R^3 \mid \|x\| = 1\}$ is a $2$-dimensional submanifold of $N=\R^3$. - This is an immediate consquence of Theorem~\ref{thm:impl_fun}: let $\psi(x) = \|x\|^2 -1 : \R^3 \to \R$, then $\psi$ is smooth, $\bS^2 = \{x\in\R^3\mid\psi(x)=0\}$ and, denoting $t$ the coorindate on $\R$, $d\psi_x(v)= v^i \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial x^i}|_x \frac{\partial}{\partial t}|_0 = (2x\cdot v) \frac{\partial}{\partial t}|_0$, that is, as a 1x3 matrix $d\psi_x = 2(x^1\; x^2\; x^3)$ so it is of maximal rank $1$ for all $x\in\bS^2$. + This is an immediate consequence of Theorem~\ref{thm:impl_fun}: let $\psi(x) = \|x\|^2 -1 : \R^3 \to \R$, then $\psi$ is smooth, $\bS^2 = \{x\in\R^3\mid\psi(x)=0\}$ and, denoting $t$ the coorindate on $\R$, $d\psi_x(v)= v^i \frac{\partial \psi}{\partial x^i}|_x \frac{\partial}{\partial t}|_0 = (2x\cdot v) \frac{\partial}{\partial t}|_0$, that is, as a 1x3 matrix $d\psi_x = 2(x^1\; x^2\; x^3)$ so it is of maximal rank $1$ for all $x\in\bS^2$. \end{example} \begin{example} diff --git a/aom.tex b/aom.tex index 8b8867c..d296ff1 100644 --- a/aom.tex +++ b/aom.tex @@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ \setlength{\parskip}{\baselineskip} Copyright \copyright\ \the\year\ \thanklessauthor - \par Version 1.4 -- \today + \par Version 1.4.1 -- \today \vfill \small{\doclicenseThis}