Github URL : https://github.com/ganqqwerty/123-Essential-JavaScript-Interview-Questions

123-JavaScript-Interview-Questions

Question 1. What's the difference between undefined and not defined in JavaScript Answer In JavaScript if you try to use a variable that doesn't exist and has not been declared, then JavaScript will throw an error var name is not defined and the script will stop execute thereafter. But If you use typeof undeclared_variable then it will return undefined.

Before starting further discussion let's understand the difference between declaration and definition.

var x is a declaration because you are not defining what value it holds yet, but you are declaring its existence and the need for memory allocation.

var x; // declaring x console.log(x); //output: undefined var x = 1 is both declaration and definition (also we can say we are doing initialisation), Here declaration and assignment of value happen inline for variable x, In JavaScript every variable declaration and function declaration brings to the top of its current scope in which it's declared then assignment happen in order this term is called hoisting.

A variable can be declared but not defined. When we try to access it, It will result undefined.

var x; // Declaration if(typeof x === 'undefined') // Will return true A variable can be neither declared nor defined. When we try to reference such variable then the result will be not defined.

console.log(y); // Output: ReferenceError: y is not defined Ref Link: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/20822022/javascript-variable-definition-declaration

Question 2. What will be the output of the following code? var y = 1; if (function f() {}) { y += typeof f; } console.log(y); Answer The code above would give the output 1undefined. inside if statement we have function f(){}. Here's it's a function expression, not function statement, which is why f is not a variable.

As a reminder, function expression is something like this:

var myFunc1 = new function() {} var myFunc2 = new function whatever() {} // whatever is not a variable here A function statement is something like this:

function myFunc3() {} You can read about function expressions and function statements on MDN.

Question 3. What is the drawback of having private methods in a JavaScript object? Answer One of the drawback of creating a private method in JavaScript is that they are very memory inefficient because a new copy of the method would be created for each instance.

var Employee = function (name, company, salary) { this.name = name || "";
this.company = company || ""; this.salary = salary || 5000;

// Private method var increaseSalary = function () { this.salary = this.salary + 1000; };

};

// adding the method to Employee's prototype Employee.prototype.displayIncreasedSalary = function() { increaseSalary(); console.log(this.salary); };

// Creating three Employee objects var emp1 = new Employee("John","Pluto",3000); var emp2 = new Employee("Merry","Pluto",2000); var emp3 = new Employee("Ren","Pluto",2500); Here each instance variable emp1, emp2, emp3 has own copy of increaseSalary private method. However the displayIncreasedSalary will only be added once to an object Employee.prototype.

So as recommendation don't go for a private method unless it's necessary.

Question 4. What is “closure” in javascript? Can you provide an example? Answer A closure is a function defined inside another function (called parent function) and has access to the variable which is declared and defined in parent function scope.

The closure has access to the variable in three scopes:

Variable declared in his own scope Variable declared in parent function scope Variable declared in the global namespace var globalVar = "abc";

// Parent self invoking function (function outerFunction (outerArg) { // begin of scope outerFunction // Variable declared in outerFunction function scope var outerFuncVar = 'x';
// Closure self-invoking function (function innerFunction (innerArg) { // begin of scope innerFunction // variable declared in innerFunction function scope var innerFuncVar = "y"; console.log(
"outerArg = " + outerArg + "\n" + "outerFuncVar = " + outerFuncVar + "\n" + "innerArg = " + innerArg + "\n" + "innerFuncVar = " + innerFuncVar + "\n" + "globalVar = " + globalVar); // end of scope innerFunction })(5); // Pass 5 as parameter // end of scope outerFunction })(7); // Pass 7 as parameter innerFunction is closure which is defined inside outerFunction and has access to all variable which is declared and defined in outerFunction scope. In addition to this function defined inside the function as closure has access to the variable which is declared in global namespace.

Output of above code would be:

outerArg = 7 outerFuncVar = x innerArg = 5 innerFuncVar = y globalVar = abc Question 5. Write a mul function which will properly when invoked as below syntax. console.log(mul(2)(3)(4)); // output : 24 console.log(mul(4)(3)(4)); // output : 48 Answer Below is the code followed by the explanation of how it works:

In Javascript function defined inside has access to outer function variable and function is the first class object so it can be returned by the function as well and passed as an argument in another function.

A function is an instance of the Object type A function can have properties and has a link back to its constructor method A function can be stored as variable A function can be pass as a parameter to another function A function can be returned from another function Question 6. How to empty an array in JavaScript? For instance:

var arrayList = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']; How can we empty the array above?

Answer There are a couple of ways by which we can empty an array, So let's discuss all the possible way by which we can empty an array.

Method 1 arrayList = []; The code above will set the variable arrayList to a new empty array. This is recommended if you don't have references to the original array arrayList anywhere else because It will actually create a new empty array. You should be careful with this way of empty the array, because if you have referenced this array from another variable, then the original reference array will remain unchanged, Only use this way if you have only referenced the array by its original variable arrayList.

For Instance:

var arrayList = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']; // Created array var anotherArrayList = arrayList; // Referenced arrayList by another variable arrayList = []; // Empty the array console.log(anotherArrayList); // Output ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'] Method 2 arrayList.length = 0; The code above will clear the existing array by setting its length to 0. This way of emptying an array will also update all the reference variables that point to the original array.

For Instance:

var arrayList = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']; // Created array var anotherArrayList = arrayList; // Referenced arrayList by another variable arrayList.length = 0; // Empty the array by setting length to 0 console.log(anotherArrayList); // Output [] Method 3 arrayList.splice(0, arrayList.length); Above implementation will also work perfectly. This way of empty the array will also update all the references of the original array.

var arrayList = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']; // Created array var anotherArrayList = arrayList; // Referenced arrayList by another variable arrayList.splice(0, arrayList.length); // Empty the array by setting length to 0 console.log(anotherArrayList); // Output [] Method 4 while(arrayList.length) { arrayList.pop(); } Above implementation can also empty the array. But not recommended to use often.

Question 7. How to check if an object is an array or not? Answer The best way to find whether an object is instance of a particular class or not using toString method from Object.prototype

var arrayList = [1 , 2, 3]; One of the best use cases of type checking of an object is when we do method overloading in JavaScript. To understand this, let's say we have a method called greet which can take a single string and also a list of strings. To make our greet method workable in both situation we need to know what kind of parameter is being passed: is it single value or list of values?

function greet(param) { if() { // here have to check whether param is array or not } else { } } However, in the above implementation it might not necessary to check the type of the array, we can check for single value string and put array logic code in else block, let see below code for the same.

function greet(param) { if(typeof param === 'string') { } else { // If param is of type array then this block of code would execute } } Now it's fine we can go with the previous two implementations, but when we have a situation like a parameter can be single value, array, and object type then we will be in trouble.

Coming back to checking the type of an object, As we mentioned that we can use Object.prototype.toString

if(Object.prototype.toString.call(arrayList) === '[object Array]') { console.log('Array!'); } If you are using jQuery then you can also used jQuery isArray method:

if($.isArray(arrayList)) { console.log('Array'); } else { console.log('Not an array'); } FYI jQuery uses Object.prototype.toString.call internally to check whether an object is an array or not.

In modern browser, you can also use:

Array.isArray(arrayList); Array.isArray is supported by Chrome 5, Firefox 4.0, IE 9, Opera 10.5 and Safari 5

Question 8. What will be the output of the following code? var output = (function(x) { delete x; return x; })(0);

console.log(output); Answer The code above will output 0 as output. delete operator is used to delete a property from an object. Here x is not an object it's local variable. delete operator doesn't affect local variables.

Question 9. What will be the output of the following code? var x = 1; var output = (function() { delete x; return x; })();

console.log(output); Answer The code above will output 1 as output. delete operator is used to delete a property from an object. Here x is not an object it's global variable of type number.

Question 10. What will be the output of the following code? var x = { foo : 1}; var output = (function() { delete x.foo; return x.foo; })();

console.log(output); Answer The code above will output undefined as output. delete operator is used to delete a property from an object. Here x is an object which has foo as a property and from a self-invoking function, we are deleting the foo property of object x and after deletion, we are trying to reference deleted property foo which result undefined.

Question 11. What will be the output of the following code? var Employee = { company: 'xyz' } var emp1 = Object.create(Employee); delete emp1.company console.log(emp1.company); Answer The code above will output xyz as output. Here emp1 object got company as prototype property. delete operator doesn't delete prototype property.

emp1 object doesn't have company as its own property. you can test it console.log(emp1.hasOwnProperty('company')); //output : false However, we can delete company property directly from Employee object using delete Employee.company or we can also delete from emp1 object using proto property delete emp1.proto.company.

Question 12. What is undefined x 1 in JavaScript var trees = ["redwood", "bay", "cedar", "oak", "maple"]; delete trees[3]; Answer When you run the code above and do console.log(trees); in chrome developer console then you will get ["redwood", "bay", "cedar", undefined × 1, "maple"]. In the recent versions of Chrome you will see the word empty of undefined x 1. When you run the same code in Firefox browser console then you will get ["redwood", "bay", "cedar", undefined, "maple"] Clearly we can see that Chrome has its own way of displaying uninitialized index in arrays. However when you check trees[3] === undefined in any browser you will get similar output as true.

Note: Please remember that you need not check for the uninitialized index of the array in trees[3] === 'undefined × 1' it will give an error because 'undefined × 1' this is just way of displaying an uninitialized index of an array in chrome.

Question 13. What will be the output of the following code? var trees = ["xyz", "xxxx", "test", "ryan", "apple"]; delete trees[3]; console.log(trees.length); Answer The code above will output 5 as output. When we used delete operator for deleting an array element then, the array length is not affected by this. This holds even if you deleted all elements of an array using delete operator.

So when delete operator removes an array element that deleted element is no longer present in the array. In place of value at deleted index undefined x 1 in chrome and undefined is placed at the index. If you do console.log(trees) output ["xyz", "xxxx", "test", undefined × 1, "apple"] in Chrome and in Firefox ["xyz", "xxxx", "test", undefined, "apple"].

Question 14. What will be the output of the following code? var bar = true; console.log(bar + 0);
console.log(bar + "xyz");
console.log(bar + true);
console.log(bar + false); Answer The code above will output 1, "truexyz", 2, 1 as output. Here's a general guideline for the plus operator:

Number + Number -> Addition Boolean + Number -> Addition Number + String -> Concatenation String + Boolean -> Concatenation String + String -> Concatenation Question 15. What will be the output of the following code? var z = 1, y = z = typeof y; console.log(y); Answer The code above will print string "undefined" as output. According to associativity rule operator with the same precedence are processed based on their associativity property of operator. Here associativity of the assignment operator is Right to Left so first typeof y will evaluate first which is string "undefined" and assigned to z and then y would be assigned the value of z. The overall sequence will look like that:

var z; z = 1; var y; z = typeof y; y = z; Question 16. What will be the output of the following code? // NFE (Named Function Expression) var foo = function bar() { return 12; }; typeof bar(); Answer The output will be Reference Error. To fix the bug we can try to rewrite the code a little bit:

Sample 1

var bar = function() { return 12; }; typeof bar(); or

Sample 2

function bar() { return 12; }; typeof bar(); The function definition can have only one reference variable as a function name, In sample 1 bar is reference variable which is pointing to anonymous function and in sample 2 we have function statement and bar is the function name.

// Run-Time function declaration

// Parse-Time function declaration

Another advantage of declaring the function using function expressions is that you can declare function based on certain condition, for example:

But If you try to run similar code in the following format, it would result in an error

Question 18. what is function hoisting in JavaScript? Function Expression

var foo = function foo() { return 12; }; Answer In JavaScript var-declared variables and functions are hoisted. Let's take function hoisting first. Basically, the JavaScript interpreter looks ahead to find all the variable declaration and hoists them to the top of the function where it's declared. For Example:

foo(); // Here foo is still undefined var foo = function foo() { return 12; }; The code above behind the scene look something like below code:

var foo = undefined; foo(); // Here foo is undefined foo = function foo() { // Some code stuff } var foo = undefined; foo = function foo() { // Some code stuff } foo(); // Now foo is defined here Question 19. What will be the output of the following code? var salary = "1000$";

(function () { console.log("Original salary was " + salary);

var salary = "5000$";

console.log("My New Salary " + salary); })(); Answer The code above will output: undefined, 5000$ because of hoisting. In the code presented above, you might be expecting salary to retain it values from outer scope until the point that salary was re-declared in the inner scope. But due to hoisting salary value was undefined instead. To understand it better have a look of the following code, here salary variable is hoisted and declared at the top in function scope. When we print its value using console.log the result is undefined. Afterwards the variable is redeclared and the new value "5000$" is assigned to it.

var salary = "1000$";

(function () { var salary = undefined; console.log("Original salary was " + salary);

salary = "5000$";

console.log("My New Salary " + salary); })(); Question 20. What’s the difference between typeof and instanceof? Answer typeof is an operator that returns a string with the type of whatever you pass.

The typeof operator checks if a value belongs to one of the six basic types: number, string, boolean, object, function or undefined.

typeof(null) will return object.

instanceof is much more intelligent: it works on the level of prototypes. In particular, it tests to see if the right operand appears anywhere in the prototype chain of the left. instanceof doesn’t work with primitive types. It instanceof operator checks the current object and returns true if the object is of the specified type, for example:

var dog = new Animal(); dog instanceof Animal; // Output : true Here dog instanceof Animal is true since dog inherits from Animal.prototype

var name = new String("xyz"); name instanceof String; // Output : true Ref Link: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2449254/what-is-the-instanceof-operator-in-javascript

Question 21. Calculate the lengh of the associative array var counterArray = { A : 3, B : 4 }; counterArray["C"] = 1; Answer First of all, in case of JavaScript an associative array is the same as an object. Secondly, even though is no built-in function or property available to calculate the length/size an object, we can write such function ourselves.

Method 1 Object has keys method which can we used to calculate the length of object.

Object.keys(counterArray).length; // Output 3 Method 2 We can also calculate the length of object by iterating through the object and by doing a count of own property of object. This way we will ignoge the properties that came from the object's prototype chain:

function getLength(object) { var count = 0; for(key in object) { // hasOwnProperty method check own property of object if(object.hasOwnProperty(key)) count++; } return count; } Method 3 All modern browsers (including IE9+) support the getOwnPropertyNames method, so we can calculate the length using the following code:

Object.getOwnPropertyNames(counterArray).length; // Output 3 Method 4 Underscore and lodash libraries have the method size dedicated to calculate the object length. We don't recommend to include one of these libraries just to use the size method, but if it's already used in your project - why not?

_.size({one: 1, two: 2, three: 3}); => 3 Question 22. Difference between Function, Method and Constructor calls in JavaScript. If your are familiar with Object-oriented programming, More likely familiar to thinking of functions, methods, and class constructors as three separate things. But In JavaScript, these are just three different usage patterns of one single construct.

functions : The simplest usages of function call:

function helloWorld(name) { return "hello world, " + name; }

helloWorld("JS Geeks"); // "hello world JS Geeks" Methods in JavaScript are nothing more than object properties that are functions.

var obj = { helloWorld : function() { return "hello world, " + this.name; }, name: 'John Carter' } obj.helloWorld(); // // "hello world John Carter" Notice how helloWorld refer to this properties of obj. Here it's clear or you might have already understood that this gets bound to obj. But the interesting point that we can copy a reference to the same function helloWorld in another object and get a difference answer. Let see:

var obj2 = { helloWorld : obj.helloWorld, name: 'John Doe' } obj2.helloWorld(); // "hello world John Doe" You might be wonder what exactly happens in a method call here. Here we call the expression itself determine the binding of this this, The expression obj2.helloWorld() looks up the helloWorld property of obj and calls it with receiver object obj2.

The third use of functions is as constructors. Like function and method, constructors are defined with function.

function Employee(name, age) { this.name = name; this.age = age; }

var emp1 = new Employee('John Doe', 28); emp1.name; // "John Doe" emp1.age; // 28 Unlike function calls and method calls, a constructor call new Employee('John Doe', 28) creates a brand new object and passes it as the value of this, and implicitly returns the new object as its result.

The primary role of the constructor function is to initialize the object.

Question 23. What would be the output of the following code? function User(name) { this.name = name || "JsGeeks"; }

var person = new User("xyz")["location"] = "USA"; console.log(person); Answer The output of above code would be "USA". Here new User("xyz") creates a brand new object and created property location on that and USA has been assigned to object property location and that has been referenced by the person.

Let say new User("xyz") created a object called foo. The value "USA" will be assigned to foo["location"], but according to ECMAScript Specification , pt 12.14.4 the assignment will itself return the rightmost value: in our case it's "USA". Then it will be assigned to person.

To better understand what's going on here, try to execute this code in console, line by line:

function User(name) { this.name = name || "JsGeeks"; }

var person; var foo = User("xyz"); foo["location"] = "USA"; // the console will show you that the result of this is "USA" Question 24. What are Service Workers and when can you use them? Answer It’s a technology that allows your web application to use cached resources first, and provide default experience offline, before getting more data from the network later. This principle is commonly known as Offline First.

Service Workers actively use promises. A Service Worker has to be installed,activated and then it can react on fetch, push and sync events.

As of 2017, Service Workers are not supported in IE and Safari.

Question 25. What is the difference between a method and a function in javascript? In JS, that difference is quite subtle. A function is a piece of code that is called by name and function itself not associated with any object and not defined inside any object. It can be passed data to operate on (i.e. parameter) and can optionally return data (the return value).

// Function statement function myFunc() { // Do some stuff; }

// Calling the function myFunc(); Here myFunc() function call is not associated with object hence not invoked through any object.

A function can take a form of immediately invoked function expression (IIFE):

// Anonymous Self-invoking Function (function() { // Do some stuff; })(); Finally there are also arrow functions:

const myFunc (arg) => { console.log("hello", arg) } A method is a piece of code that is called by its name and that is associated with the object. Methods are functions. When you call a method like this obj1.myMethod(), the reference to obj1 gets assigned (bound) to this variable. In other words, the value of this will be obj1 inside myMethod.

Here are some examples of methods:

Example 1 var obj1 = { attribute: "xyz", myMethod: function () { // Method console.log(this.attribute); } };

// Call the method obj1.display(); Here obj1 is an object and myMethod is a method which is associated with obj1.

Example 2 In ES6 we have classes. There the methods will look like this:

class MyAwesomeClass { myMethod() { console.log("hi there"); } }

const obj1 = new MyAwesomeClass(); obj1.myMethod(); Understand: the method is not some kind of special type of a function, and it's not about how you declare a function. It's the way we call a function. Look at that:

var obj1 = { prop1: "buddy" }; var myFunc = function () { console.log("Hi there", this); }; // let's call myFunc as a function: myFunc(); // will output "Hi there undefined" or "Hi there Window"

obj1.myMethod = myFunc; //now we're calling myFunc as a method of obj1, so this will point to obj1 obj1.myMethod(); // will print "Hi there" following with obj1. Question 26. What is IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression) and how it can be useful? Answer Definition IIFE a function that runs as soon as it's defined. Usually it's anonymous (doesn't have a function name), but it also can be named. Here's an exmaple of IIFE:

(function() { console.log("Hi, I'm IIFE!"); })(); // outputs "Hi, I'm IIFE!" Explanation So, here's how it works. Remember the difference between function statements (function a () {}) and function expressions (var a = function() {})? So, IIFE is a function expression. To make it an expression we surround our function declaration into the parens. We do it to explicitly tell the parser that it's an expression, not a statement (JS doesn't allow statements in parens).

After the function you can see the two () braces, this is how we run the function we just declared.

That's it. The rest is details.

The function inside IIFE doesn't have to be anonymous. This one will work perfectly fine and will help to detect your function in a stacktrace during debugging:

(function myIIFEFunc() { console.log("Hi, I'm IIFE!"); })(); // outputs "Hi, I'm IIFE!" It can take some parameters:

(function myIIFEFunc(param1) { console.log("Hi, I'm IIFE, " + param1); })("Yuri"); // outputs "Hi, I'm IIFE, Yuri!" Here there value "Yuri" is passed to the param1 of the function.

It can return a value:

var result = (function myIIFEFunc(param1) { console.log("Hi, I'm IIFE, " + param1); return 1; })("Yuri"); // outputs "Hi, I'm IIFE, Yuri!" // result variable will contain 1 You don't have to surround the function declaration into parens, although it's the most common way to define IIFE. Instead you can use any of the following forms:

~function(){console.log("hi I'm IIFE")}() !function(){console.log("hi I'm IIFE")}() +function(){console.log("hi I'm IIFE")}() -function(){console.log("hi I'm IIFE")}() (function(){console.log("hi I'm IIFE")}()); var i = function(){console.log("hi I'm IIFE")}(); true && function(){ console.log("hi I'm IIFE") }(); 0, function(){ console.log("hi I'm IIFE") }(); new function(){ console.log("hi I'm IIFE") } new function(){ console.log("hi I'm IIFE") }() Please don't use all these forms to impress colleagues, but be prepared that you can encounter them in someone's code.

Applications and usefulness Variables and functions that you declare inside an IIFE are not visible to the outside world, so you can:

Use the IIFE for isolating parts of the code to hide details of implementation. Specify the input interface of your code by passing commonly used global objects (window, document, jQuery, etc.) IIFE’s parameters, and then reference these global objects within the IIFE via a local scope. Use it in closures, when you use closures in loops. IIFE is the basis of in the module pattern in ES5 code, it helps to prevent polluting the global scope and provide the module interface to the outside. Question 27. Describe Singleton Pattern In JavaScript Answer The singleton pattern is an often used JavaScript design pattern. It provides a way to wrap the code into a logical unit that can be accessed through a single variable. The Singleton design pattern is used when only one instance of an object is needed throughout the lifetime of an application. In JavaScript, Singleton pattern have many uses, they can be used for NameSpacing, which reduce the number of global variables in your page (prevent from polluting global space), organizing the code in a consistent manner, which increase the readability and maintainability of your pages.

There are two important points in the traditional definition of Singleton pattern:

There should be only one instance allowed for a class and We should allow global point of access to that single instance Let me define singleton pattern in JavaScript context:

It is an object that is used to create namespace and group together a related set of methods and attributes (encapsulation) and if we allow to initiate then it can be initiated only once.

In JavaScript, we can create singleton though object literal. However, there is some another way but that I will cover in next post.

A singleton object consists of two parts: The object itself, containing the members (Both methods and attributes) within it, and global variable used to access it. The variable is global so that object can be accessed anywhere in the page, this is a key feature of the singleton pattern.

JavaScript: A Singleton as a Namespace

As I have already stated above that singleton can be used to declare Namespace in JavaScript. NameSpacing is a large part of responsible programming in JavaScript. Because everything can be overwritten, and it is very easy to wipe out variable by mistake or a function, or even a class without even knowing it. A common example which happens frequently when you are working with another team member parallel,

function findUserName(id) {

}

/* Later in the page another programmer added code */ var findUserName = $('#user_list');

/* You are trying to call :( */ console.log(findUserName()) One of the best ways to prevent accidentally overwriting variable is to namespace your code within a singleton object.

/* Using Namespace */

var MyNameSpace = { findUserName : function(id) {}, // Other methods and attribute go here as well }

/* Later in the page another programmer added code */ var findUserName = $('#user_list');

/* You are trying to call and you make this time workable / console.log(MyNameSpace.findUserName()); Singleton Design Pattern Implementation / Lazy Instantiation skeleton for a singleton pattern */

var MyNameSpace = {}; MyNameSpace.Singleton = (function() {

// Private attribute that holds the single instance var singletonInstance;

// All of the normal code goes here function constructor() { // Private members var privateVar1 = "Nishant"; var privateVar2 = [1,2,3,4,5];

function privateMethod1() {
  // code stuff
}

function privateMethod1() {
  // code stuff
}

return {
  attribute1 : "Nishant",
  publicMethod: function() {
    alert("Nishant");// some code logic
  }
}

}

return { // public method (Global access point to Singleton object) getInstance: function() { //instance already exist then return
if(!singletonInstance) { singletonInstance = constructor(); } return singletonInstance;
}
}

})();

// getting access of publicMethod console.log(MyNamespace.Singleton.getInstance().publicMethod()); The singleton implemented above is easy to understand. The singleton class maintains a static reference to the lone singleton instance and return that reference from the static getInstance() method.

Question 28. What are the ways of creating objects in JavaScript ? Answer Method 1: Function based This method is useful if we want to create several similar objects. In the code sample below, we wrote the function Employee and used it as a constructor by calling it with the new operator.

function Employee(fName, lName, age, salary){ this.firstName = fName; this.lastName = lName; this.age = age; this.salary = salary; }

// Creating multiple object which have similar property but diff value assigned to object property. var employee1 = new Employee('John', 'Moto', 24, '5000$'); var employee1 = new Employee('Ryan', 'Jor', 26, '3000$'); var employee1 = new Employee('Andre', 'Salt', 26, '4000$'); Method 2: Object Literal Object Literal is best way to create an object and this is used frequently. Below is code sample for create employee object which contains property as well as method.

var employee = { name : 'Nishant', salary : 245678, getName : function(){ return this.name; } } The code sample below is Nested Object Literal, Here address is an object inside employee object.

var employee = { name : 'Nishant', salary : 245678, address : { addressLine1 : 'BITS Pilani', addressLine2 : 'Vidya Vihar'. phoneNumber: { workPhone: 7098889765, homePhone: 1234567898 } } } Method 3: From Object using new keyword In the code below, a sample object has been created using Object's constructor function.

var employee = new Object(); // Created employee object using new keywords and Object() employee.name = 'Nishant'; employee.getName = function(){ return this.name; } Method 4:** Using Object.create Object.create(obj) will create a new object and set the obj as its prototype. It’s a modern way to create objects that inherit properties from other objects. Object.create function doesn’t run the constructor. You can use Object.create(null) when you don’t want your object to inherit the properties of Object.

Question 29. Write a function called deepClone which takes an object and creates a object copy of it. var newObject = deepClone(obj); Solution:

var personalDetail = { name : 'Nishant', address : { location: 'xyz', zip : '123456', phoneNumber : { homePhone: 8797912345, workPhone : 1234509876 } } } So when we do deep clone then we should copy every property (including the nested object).

Question 30. Best way to detect undefined object property in JavaScript. Suppose we have given an object person

var person = { name: 'Nishant', age : 24 } Here the person object has a name and age property. Now we are trying to access the salary property which we haven't declared on the person object so while accessing it will return undefined. So how we will ensure whether property is undefined or not before performing some operation over it?

Explanation:

We can use typeof operator to check undefined

if(typeof someProperty === 'undefined'){ console.log('something is undefined here'); } Now we are trying to access salary property of person object.

if(typeof person.salary === 'undefined'){ console.log("salary is undefined here because we haven't declared"); } Question 31. Write a function called Clone which takes an object and creates a object copy of it but not copy deep property of object. var objectLit = {foo : 'Bar'}; var cloneObj = Clone(obj); // Clone is the function which you have to write console.log(cloneObj === Clone(objectLit)); // this should return false console.log(cloneObj == Clone(objectLit)); // this should return true solution:

A promise object has then method, where you can specify what to do when the promise is fulfilled or rejected.

You can chain then() blocks, thus avoiding the callback hell. You can handle errors in the catch() block. After a promise is set to fulfilled or rejected state, it becomes immutable.

Also mention that you know about more sophisticated concepts:

async/await which makes the code appear even more linear RxJS observables can be viewed as the recyclable promises Be sure that you can implement the promise, read one of the articles on a topic, and learn the source code of the simplest promise implementation.

Question 33. How to check whether a key exist in a JavaScript object or not. Let say we have person object with property name and age

var person = { name: 'Nishant', age: 24 } Now we want to check whether name property exist in person object or not ?

In JavaScript object can have own property, in above example name and age is own property of person object. Object also have some of inherited property of base object like toString is inherited property of person object.

So how we will check whether property is own property or inherited property.

Method 1: We can use in operator on objet to check own property or inherited property.

console.log('name' in person); // checking own property print true console.log('salary' in person); // checking undefined property print false in operator also look into inherited property if it doesn't find property defined as own property. For instance If I check existence of toString property as we know that we haven't declared this property on person object so in operator look into there base property.

Here

console.log('toString' in person); // Will print true If we want to test property of object instance not inherited properties then we will use hasOwnProperty method of object instance.

console.log(person.hasOwnProperty('toString')); // print false console.log(person.hasOwnProperty('name')); // print true console.log(person.hasOwnProperty('salary')); // print false Question 34. What is NaN, why do we need it, and when can it break the page? NaN stands for “not a number.” and it can break your table of numbers when it has an arithmetic operation that is not allowed. Here are some examples of how you can get NaN:

Math.sqrt(-5); Math.log(-1); parseFloat("foo"); /* this is common: you get JSON from the server, convert some strings from JSON to a number and end up with NaN in your UI. */ NaN is not equal to any number, it’s not less or more than any number, also it's not equal to itself:

NaN !== NaN NaN < 2 // false NaN > 2 // false NaN === 2 // false To check if the current value of the variable is NaN, you have to use the isNaN function. This is why we can often see NaN in the webpages: it requires special check which a lot of developers forget to do.

Further reading: great blogpost on ariya.io

Question 35. Fix the bug using ES5 only var arr = [10, 32, 65, 2]; for (var i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) { setTimeout(function() { console.log('The index of this number is: ' + i); }, 3000); } For ES6, you can just replace var i with let i.

For ES5, you need to create a function scope like here:

For Instance : Below code perform some operation based value type

function(value){ if("value is an array"){ // Then perform some operation }else{ // otherwise } } Let's discuss some way to detect an array in JavaScript.

Method 1 :

Duck typing test for array type detection

// Duck typing arrays function isArray(value){ return typeof value.sort === 'function'; } As we can see above isArray method will return true if value object have sort method of type function. Now assume you have created a object with sort method

var bar = {
	sort: function(){
		// Some code 
	}
}

Now when you check isArray(bar) then it will return true because bar object has sort method, But the fact is bar is not an array.

So method 1 is not a best way to detect an array as you can see it's not handle the case when some object has sort method.

Method 2:

Juriy Zaytsev (Also known as kangax) proposed an elegant solution to this.

function isArray(value){
	return Object.prototype.toString.call(value) === '[object Array]';
}

This approach is most popular way to detecting a value of type array in JavaScript and recommended to use. This approach relies on the fact that, native toString() method on a given value produce a standard string in all browser.

ECMAScript 5 has introduced Array.isArray() method to detect an array type value. The sole purpose of this method is accurately detecting whether a value is an array or not.

In many JavaScript libraries you may see below code for detecting an value of type array.

function(value){ // ECMAScript 5 feature if(typeof Array.isArray === 'function'){ return Array.isArray(value); }else{ return Object.prototype.toString.call(value) === '[object Array]'; } } Question 37. Best way to detect reference values of any type in JavaScript ? In Javascript Object are called as reference type, Any value other then primitive is definitely a reference type. There are several built-in reference type such as Object, Array, Function, Date, null and Error.

Detecting object using typeof operator

console.log(typeof {}); // object console.log(typeof []); // object console.log(typeof new Array()); // object console.log(typeof null); // object console.log(typeof new RegExp()); // object console.log(typeof new Date()); // object But the downside of using typeof operator to detect an object is that typeof returns object for null (However this is fact that null is an object in JavaScript).

The best way to detect an object of specific reference type using instanceof operator.

Syntax : value instanceof constructor

//Detecting an array if(value instanceof Array){ console.log("value is type of array"); } // Employee constructor function function Employee(name){ this.name = name; // Public property }

var emp1 = new Employee('John');

console.log(emp1 instanceof Employee); // true instanceof not only check the constructor which is used to create an object but also check it's prototype chain see below example.

console.log(emp1 instanceof Object); // true Question 38. Describe Object-Based inheritance in JavaScript. Object-based inheritance also called prototypal inheritance in which we one object inherit from another object without invoking a constructor function.

The ECMAScript 5 Object.create() method is the easiest way for one object to inherit from another.

For Instance:

var employee = { name: 'Nishant', displayName: function () { console.log(this.name); } };

var emp1 = Object.create(employee); console.log(emp1.displayName()); // output "Nishant" Above example create a new object emp1 that inherits from employee. Here the inheritance occur as emp1's prototype is set to employee. After this emp1 is able to access the same properties and method on employee until new properties or method with the same name are defined.

For Instance: Defining displayName() method on emp1 will not automatically override the employee displayName.

emp1.displayName = function() { console.log('xyz-Anonymous'); };

employee.displayName(); //Nishant emp1.displayName();//xyz-Anonymous In addition to this Object.create() method also allows to specify a second argument which is an object containing additional properties and methods to add to the new object.

For Example

var emp1 = Object.create(employee, { name: { value: "John" } });

emp1.displayName(); // "John" employee.displayName(); // "Nishant" In above example, emp1 is created with it's own value for name, so calling displayName() method display "John" instead of "Nishant".

Object created in this manner give you full control over newly created object. You are free to add, remove any properties and method you want.

Question 39. Describe Type-Based inheritance in JavaScript. Type-based inheritance works with constructor function instead of object, It means we need to call constructor function of the object from which you want to inherit.

Let say we have Person class which has name, age, salary properties and incrementSalary() method.

function Person(name, age, salary) { this.name = name; this.age = age; this.salary = salary; this.incrementSalary = function (byValue) { this.salary = this.salary + byValue; }; } Now we wish to create Employee class which contains all the properties of Person class and wanted to add some additional properties into Employee class.

function Employee(company){ this.company = company; }

//Prototypal Inheritance Employee.prototype = new Person("Nishant", 24,5000); In above example, Employee type inherits from Person, which is called super types. It does so by assigning a new instance of Person to Employee prototype. After that, every instance of Employee inherits it's properties and methods from Person.

//Prototypal Inheritance Employee.prototype = new Person("Nishant", 24,5000);

var emp1 = new Employee("Google");

console.log(emp1 instanceof Person); // true console.log(emp1 instanceof Employee); // true Let's understand Constructor inheritance

//Defined Person class function Person(name){ this.name = name || "Nishant"; }

var obj = {};

// obj inherit Person class properties and method Person.call(obj); // constructor inheritance

console.log(obj); // Object {name: "Nishant"} Here we saw calling Person.call(obj) define the name properties from Person to obj.

console.log(name in obj); // true Type-based inheritance is best used with developer defined constructor function rather than natively in JavaScript. In addition to this also allows flexibility in how we create similar type of object.

Question 40. How we can prevent modification of object in JavaScript ?. ECMAScript 5 introduce several methods to prevent modification of object which lock down object to ensure that no one, accidentally or otherwise, change functionality of Object.

There are three levels of preventing modification:

1: Prevent extensions :

No new properties or methods can be added to the object, but one can change the existing properties and method.

For Example:

var employee = { name: "Nishant" };

// lock the object Object.preventExtensions(employee);

// Now try to change the employee object property name employee.name = "John"; // work fine

//Now try to add some new property to the object employee.age = 24; // fails silently unless it's inside the strict mode 2: Seal :

It is same as prevent extension, in addition to this also prevent existing properties and methods from being deleted.

To seal an object, we use Object.seal() method. you can check whether an object is sealed or not using Object.isSealed();

var employee = { name: "Nishant" };

// Seal the object Object.seal(employee);

console.log(Object.isExtensible(employee)); // false console.log(Object.isSealed(employee)); // true

delete employee.name // fails silently unless it's in strict mode

// Trying to add new property will give an error employee.age = 30; // fails silently unless in strict mode when an object is sealed, its existing properties and methods can't be removed. Sealed object are also non-extensible.

3: Freeze :

Same as seal, In addition to this prevent existing properties methods from being modified (All properties and methods are read only).

To freeze an object, use Object.freeze() method. We can also determine whether an object is frozen using Object.isFrozen();

var employee = { name: "Nishant" };

//Freeze the object Object.freeze(employee);

// Seal the object Object.seal(employee);

console.log(Object.isExtensible(employee)); // false console.log(Object.isSealed(employee)); // true console.log(Object.isFrozen(employee)); // true

employee.name = "xyz"; // fails silently unless in strict mode employee.age = 30; // fails silently unless in strict mode delete employee.name // fails silently unless it's in strict mode Frozen objects are considered both non-extensible and sealed.

Recommended:

If you are decided to prevent modification, sealed, freeze the object then use in strict mode so that you can catch the error.

For Example:

"use strict";

var employee = { name: "Nishant" };

//Freeze the object Object.freeze(employee);

// Seal the object Object.seal(employee);

console.log(Object.isExtensible(employee)); // false console.log(Object.isSealed(employee)); // true console.log(Object.isFrozen(employee)); // true

employee.name = "xyz"; // fails silently unless in strict mode employee.age = 30; // fails silently unless in strict mode delete employee.name; // fails silently unless it's in strict mode Question 44. Write a log function which will add prefix (your message) to every message you log using console.log ? For example, If you log console.log("Some message") then output should be (your message) Some message

Logging error message or some informative message is always required when you dealing with client side JavaScript using console.log method. Some time you want to add some prefix to identify message generated log from your application hence you would like to prefix your app name in every console.log.

A general way to do this keep adding your app name in every console.log message like

console.log('your app name' + 'some error message'); But doing in this way you have to write your app name everytime when you log message using console.

There are some best way we can achieve this

function appLog() { var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments); args.unshift('your app name'); console.log.apply(console, args); }

console.log(appLog("Some error message")); //output of above console: 'your app name Some error message' Question 45 . Write a function which will test string as a literal and as an object ? For example: We can create string using string literal and using String constructor function.

// using string literal var ltrlStr = "Hi I am string literal"; // using String constructor function var objStr = new String("Hi I am string object"); We can use typeof operator to test string literal and instanceof operator to test String object.

function isString(str) { return typeof(str) == 'string' || str instanceof String; }

var ltrlStr = "Hi I am string literal"; var objStr = new String("Hi I am string object"); console.log(isString(ltrlStr)); // true console.log(isString(objStr)); // true Question 46 . What is typical use case for anonymous function in JavaScript ? Anonymous functions basically used in following scenario.

No name is needed if function is only used in one place, then there is no need to add a name to function.

Let's take the example of setTimeout function

setTimeout(function(){ alert("Hello"); },1000); Here there is no need of using named function when we are sure that function which will alert hello would use only once in application.

Anonymous functions are declared inline and inline functions have advantages in the case that they can access variable in the parent scopes.

Let's take a example of event handler. Notify event of particular type (such as click) for a given object.

Let say we have HTML element (button) on which we want to add click event and when user do click on button we would like to execute some logic.

Add Event Listener

var btn = document.getElementById('myBtn'); btn.addEventListener('click', function () { alert('button clicked'); }); Above example shows used of anonymous function as a callback function in event handler.

Passing anonymous function as a parameter to calling function.

Example:

// Function which will execute callback function function processCallback(callback){ if(typeof callback === 'function'){ callback(); } }

// Call function and pass anonymous function as callback processCallback(function(){ alert("Hi I am anonymous callback function"); }); The best way to take decision for using anonymous function is to asked.

Will the function which I am going to define will use anywhere else.

If your answer is yes then go and create named function rather anonymous function.

Advantage of using anonymous function:

It can reduce a bit of code, particularly in recursive function and in callback function. Avoid needless global namespace pollutions. Question 47 . How to set a default parameter value ? If you are coming from python/c# you might be using default value for function parameter incase value(formal parameter) has not been passed. For Instance :

// Define sentEmail function // configuration : Configuration object // provider : Email Service provider, Default would be gmail def sentEmail(configuration, provider = 'Gmail'): # Your code logic In Pre ES6/ES2015

There are a lot of ways by which you can achieve this in pre ES2015.

Let's understand below code by which we achieved setting default parameter value.

Method 1: Setting default parameter value

function sentEmail(configuration, provider) { // Set default value if user has not passed value for provider provider = typeof provider !== 'undefined' ? provider : 'Gmail'
// Your code logic ; } // In this call we are not passing provider parameter value sentEmail({ from: 'xyz@gmail.com', subject: 'Test Email' }); // Here we are passing Yahoo Mail as a provider value sentEmail({ from: 'xyz@gmail.com', subject: 'Test Email' }, 'Yahoo Mail'); Method 2: Setting default parameter value

function sentEmail(configuration, provider) { // Set default value if user has not passed value for provider provider = provider || 'Gmail'
// Your code logic ; } // In this call we are not passing provider parameter value sentEmail({ from: 'xyz@gmail.com', subject: 'Test Email' }); // Here we are passing Yahoo Mail as a provider value sentEmail({ from: 'xyz@gmail.com', subject: 'Test Email' }, 'Yahoo Mail'); Question 48. Write code for merge two JavaScript Object dynamically. Let say you have two object

var person = { name : 'John', age : 24 }

var address = { addressLine1 : 'Some Location x', addressLine2 : 'Some Location y', city : 'NewYork' } Write merge function which will take two object and add all the own property of second object into first object.

merge(person , address);

/* Now person should have 5 properties name , age , addressLine1 , addressLine2 , city */ Method 1: Using ES6, Object assign method

const merge = (toObj, fromObj) => Object.assign(toObj, fromObj); Method 2: Without using in-built function

function merge(toObj, fromObj) { // Make sure both of the parameter is an object if (typeof toObj === 'object' && typeof fromObj === 'object') { for (var pro in fromObj) { // Assign only own properties not inherited properties if (fromObj.hasOwnProperty(pro)) { // Assign property and value toObj[pro] = fromObj[pro]; } } }else{ throw "Merge function can apply only on object"; } } Question 49. What is non-enumerable property in JavaScript and how can create ? Object can have properties that don't show up when you iterate through object using for...in loop or using Object.keys() to get an array of property names. This properties is know as non-enumerable properties.

Let say we have following object

var person = { name: 'John' }; person.salary = '10000$'; person['country'] = 'USA';

console.log(Object.keys(person)); // ['name', 'salary', 'country'] As we know that person object properties name, salary ,country are enumerable hence it's shown up when we called Object.keys(person).

To create a non-enumerable property we have to use Object.defineProperty(). This is a special method for creating non-enumerable property in JavaScript.

var person = { name: 'John' }; person.salary = '10000$'; person['country'] = 'USA';

// Create non-enumerable property Object.defineProperty(person, 'phoneNo',{ value : '8888888888', enumerable: false })

Object.keys(person); // ['name', 'salary', 'country'] In above example phoneNo property didn't show up because we made it non-enumerable by setting enumerable:false

Now let's try to change value of phoneNo

person.phoneNo = '7777777777'; Changing non-enumerable property value will return error in strict mode. In non-strict mode it won't through any error but it won't change the value of phoneNo.

Bonus

Object.defineProperty() is also let you create read-only properties as we saw above, we are not able to modify phoneNo value of a person object.

Question 50. What is Function binding ? Function binding falls in advance JavaScript category and this is very popular technique to use in conjunction with event handler and callback function to preserve code execution context while passing function as a parameter.

Let's consider the following example:

var clickHandler = { message: 'click event handler', handleClick: function(event) { console.log(this.message); } };

var btn = document.getElementById('myBtn'); // Add click event to btn btn.addEventListener('click', clickHandler.handleClick); Here in this example clickHandler object is created which contain message properties and handleClick method.

We have assigned handleClick method to a DOM button, which will be executed in response of click. When the button is clicked, then handleClick method is being called and console message. Here console.log should log the click event handler message but it actually log undefined.

The problem of displaying undefined is because of the execution context of clickHandler.handleClick method is not being saved hence this pointing to button btn object. We can fix this issue using bind method.

var clickHandler = { message: 'click event handler', handleClick: function(event) { console.log(this.message); } };

var btn = document.getElementById('myBtn'); // Add click event to btn and bind the clickHandler object btn.addEventListener('click', clickHandler.handleClick.bind(clickHandler)); bind method is available to all the function similar to call and apply method which take argument value of this.

Coding Questions Hoisting

console.log(employeeId); Some Value Undefined Type Error ReferenceError: employeeId is not defined Answer: 4) ReferenceError: employeeId is not defined
What would be the output of following code? console.log(employeeId); var employeeId = '19000'; Some Value undefined Type Error ReferenceError: employeeId is not defined Answer: 2) undefined
What would be the output of following code? var employeeId = '1234abe'; (function(){ console.log(employeeId); var employeeId = '122345'; })(); '122345' undefined Type Error ReferenceError: employeeId is not defined Answer: 2) undefined
What would be the output of following code? var employeeId = '1234abe'; (function() { console.log(employeeId); var employeeId = '122345'; (function() { var employeeId = 'abc1234'; }()); }()); '122345' undefined '1234abe' ReferenceError: employeeId is not defined Answer: 2) undefined
What would be the output of following code? (function() { console.log(typeof displayFunc); var displayFunc = function(){ console.log("Hi I am inside displayFunc"); } }()); undefined function 'Hi I am inside displayFunc' ReferenceError: displayFunc is not defined Answer: 1) undefined
What would be the output of following code? var employeeId = 'abc123'; function foo(){ employeeId = '123bcd'; return; } foo(); console.log(employeeId); undefined '123bcd' 'abc123' ReferenceError: employeeId is not defined Answer: 2) '123bcd'
What would be the output of following code? var employeeId = 'abc123';

function foo() { employeeId = '123bcd'; return;

function employeeId() {}

} foo(); console.log(employeeId); undefined '123bcd' 'abc123' ReferenceError: employeeId is not defined Answer: 3) 'abc123'

What would be the output of following code? var employeeId = 'abc123';

function foo() { employeeId(); return;

function employeeId() {
	console.log(typeof employeeId);
}

} foo(); undefined function string ReferenceError: employeeId is not defined Answer: 2) 'function'

What would be the output of following code? function foo() { employeeId(); var product = 'Car'; return;

function employeeId() { console.log(product); } } foo(); undefined Type Error 'Car' ReferenceError: product is not defined Answer: 1) undefined
What would be the output of following code? (function foo() { bar();

function bar() { abc(); console.log(typeof abc); }

function abc() { console.log(typeof bar); } }()); undefined undefined Type Error function function ReferenceError: bar is not defined Answer: 3) function function

Object

What would be the output of following code ? (function() { 'use strict';

var person = { name: 'John' }; person.salary = '10000$'; person['country'] = 'USA';

Object.defineProperty(person, 'phoneNo', { value: '8888888888', enumerable: true })

console.log(Object.keys(person)); })(); Type Error undefined ["name", "salary", "country", "phoneNo"] ["name", "salary", "country"] Answer: 3) ["name", "salary", "country", "phoneNo"]
What would be the output of following code ? (function() { 'use strict';

var person = { name: 'John' }; person.salary = '10000$'; person['country'] = 'USA';

Object.defineProperty(person, 'phoneNo', { value: '8888888888', enumerable: false })

console.log(Object.keys(person)); })(); Type Error undefined ["name", "salary", "country", "phoneNo"] ["name", "salary", "country"] Answer: 4) ["name", "salary", "country"]
What would be the output of following code ? (function() { var objA = { foo: 'foo', bar: 'bar' }; var objB = { foo: 'foo', bar: 'bar' }; console.log(objA == objB); console.log(objA === objB); }()); false true false false true false true true Answer: 2) false false
What would be the output of following code ? (function() { var objA = new Object({foo: "foo"}); var objB = new Object({foo: "foo"}); console.log(objA == objB); console.log(objA === objB); }()); false true false false true false true true Answer: 2) false false
What would be the output of following code ? (function() { var objA = Object.create({ foo: 'foo' }); var objB = Object.create({ foo: 'foo' }); console.log(objA == objB); console.log(objA === objB); }()); false true false false true false true true Answer: 2) false false
What would be the output of following code ? (function() { var objA = Object.create({ foo: 'foo' }); var objB = Object.create(objA); console.log(objA == objB); console.log(objA === objB); }()); false true false false true false true true Answer: 2) false false
What would be the output of following code ? (function() { var objA = Object.create({ foo: 'foo' }); var objB = Object.create(objA); console.log(objA.toString() == objB.toString()); console.log(objA.toString() === objB.toString()); }()); false true false false true false true true Answer: 4) true true
What would be the output of following code ? (function() { var objA = Object.create({ foo: 'foo' }); var objB = objA; console.log(objA == objB); console.log(objA === objB); console.log(objA.toString() == objB.toString()); console.log(objA.toString() === objB.toString()); }()); true true true false true false true true true true true true true true false false Answer: 3) true true true true
What would be the output of following code ? (function() { var objA = Object.create({ foo: 'foo' }); var objB = objA; objB.foo = 'bar'; console.log(objA.foo); console.log(objB.foo); }()); foo bar bar bar foo foo bar foo Answer: 2) bar bar
What would be the output of following code ? (function() { var objA = Object.create({ foo: 'foo' }); var objB = objA; objB.foo = 'bar';

delete objA.foo; console.log(objA.foo); console.log(objB.foo); }()); foo bar bar bar foo foo bar foo Answer: 3) foo foo
What would be the output of following code ? (function() { var objA = { foo: 'foo' }; var objB = objA; objB.foo = 'bar';

delete objA.foo; console.log(objA.foo); console.log(objB.foo); }()); foo bar undefined undefined foo foo undefined bar Answer: 2) undefined undefined

Array

What would be the output of following code? (function() { var array = new Array('100'); console.log(array); console.log(array.length); }()); undefined undefined [undefined × 100] 100 ["100"] 1 ReferenceError: array is not defined Answer: 3) ["100"] 1
What would be the output of following code? (function() { var array1 = []; var array2 = new Array(100); var array3 = new Array(['1',2,'3',4,5.6]); console.log(array1); console.log(array2); console.log(array3); console.log(array3.length); }()); [] [] [Array[5]] 1 [] [undefined × 100] Array[5] 5 [] [] ['1',2,'3',4,5.6] 5 [] [] [Array[5]] 5 Answer: 1) [] [] [Array[5]] 1
What would be the output of following code? (function () { var array = new Array('a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'); array[10] = 'f'; delete array[10]; console.log(array.length); }()); 11 5 6 undefined Answer: 1) 11
What would be the output of following code? (function(){ var animal = ['cow','horse']; animal.push('cat'); animal.push('dog','rat','goat'); console.log(animal.length); })(); 4 5 6 undefined Answer: 3) 6
What would be the output of following code? (function(){ var animal = ['cow','horse']; animal.push('cat'); animal.unshift('dog','rat','goat'); console.log(animal); })(); [ 'dog', 'rat', 'goat', 'cow', 'horse', 'cat' ] [ 'cow', 'horse', 'cat', 'dog', 'rat', 'goat' ] Type Error undefined Answer: 1) [ 'dog', 'rat', 'goat', 'cow', 'horse', 'cat' ]
What would be the output of following code? (function(){ var array = [1,2,3,4,5]; console.log(array.indexOf(2)); console.log([{name: 'John'},{name : 'John'}].indexOf({name:'John'})); console.log([[1],[2],[3],[4]].indexOf([3])); console.log("abcdefgh".indexOf('e')); })(); 1 -1 -1 4 1 0 -1 4 1 -1 -1 -1 1 undefined -1 4 Answer: 1) 1 -1 -1 4
What would be the output of following code? (function(){ var array = [1,2,3,4,5,1,2,3,4,5,6]; console.log(array.indexOf(2)); console.log(array.indexOf(2,3)); console.log(array.indexOf(2,10)); })(); 1 -1 -1 1 6 -1 1 1 -1 1 undefined undefined Answer: 2) 1 6 -1
What would be the output of following code? (function(){ var numbers = [2,3,4,8,9,11,13,12,16]; var even = numbers.filter(function(element, index){ return element % 2 === 0; }); console.log(even);

var containsDivisibleby3 = numbers.some(function(element, index){ return element % 3 === 0; });

console.log(containsDivisibleby3); })(); [ 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 ] [ 0, 3, 0, 0, 9, 0, 12] [ 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 ] [ 3, 9, 12] [ 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 ] true [ 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 ] false Answer: 3) [ 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 ] true
What would be the output of following code? (function(){ var containers = [2,0,false,"", '12', true]; var containers = containers.filter(Boolean); console.log(containers); var containers = containers.filter(Number); console.log(containers); var containers = containers.filter(String); console.log(containers); var containers = containers.filter(Object); console.log(containers); })(); [ 2, '12', true ] [ 2, '12', true ] [ 2, '12', true ] [ 2, '12', true ] [false, true] [ 2 ] ['12'] [ ] [2,0,false,"", '12', true] [2,0,false,"", '12', true] [2,0,false,"", '12', true] [2,0,false,"", '12', true] [ 2, '12', true ] [ 2, '12', true, false ] [ 2, '12', true,false ] [ 2, '12', true,false] Answer: 1) [ 2, '12', true ] [ 2, '12', true ] [ 2, '12', true ] [ 2, '12', true ]
What would be the output of following code? (function(){ var list = ['foo','bar','john','ritz']; console.log(list.slice(1)); console.log(list.slice(1,3)); console.log(list.slice()); console.log(list.slice(2,2)); console.log(list); })(); [ 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ] [ 'bar', 'john' ] [ 'foo', 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ] [] [ 'foo', 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ] [ 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ] [ 'bar', 'john','ritz ] [ 'foo', 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ] [] [ 'foo', 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ] [ 'john', 'ritz' ] [ 'bar', 'john' ] [ 'foo', 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ] [] [ 'foo', 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ] [ 'foo' ] [ 'bar', 'john' ] [ 'foo', 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ] [] [ 'foo', 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ] Answer: 1) [ 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ] [ 'bar', 'john' ] [ 'foo', 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ] [] [ 'foo', 'bar', 'john', 'ritz' ]
What would be the output of following code? (function(){ var list = ['foo','bar','john']; console.log(list.splice(1)); console.log(list.splice(1,2)); console.log(list); })(); [ 'bar', 'john' ] [] [ 'foo' ] [ 'bar', 'john' ] [] [ 'bar', 'john' ] [ 'bar', 'john' ] [ 'bar', 'john' ] [ 'bar', 'john' ] [ 'bar', 'john' ] [] [] Answer: 1. [ 'bar', 'john' ] [] [ 'foo' ]
What would be the output of following code? (function(){ var arrayNumb = [2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42]; arrayNumb.sort(); console.log(arrayNumb); })(); [2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42] [42, 23, 26, 15, 8, 2] [ 15, 16, 2, 23, 42, 8 ] [ 2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42 ] Answer: 3. [ 15, 16, 2, 23, 42, 8 ]

Function:

What would be the output of following code ? function funcA(){ console.log("funcA ", this); (function innerFuncA1(){ console.log("innerFunc1", this); (function innerFunA11(){ console.log("innerFunA11", this); })(); })(); }

console.log(funcA()); funcA Window {...} innerFunc1 Window {...} innerFunA11 Window {...} undefined Type Error ReferenceError: this is not defined Answer: 1)

What would be the output of following code ? var obj = { message: "Hello", innerMessage: !(function() { console.log(this.message); })() };

console.log(obj.innerMessage); ReferenceError: this.message is not defined undefined Type Error undefined true Answer: 4) undefined true

What would the output of following code ? var obj = { message: "Hello", innerMessage: function() { console.log(this.message); } };

console.log(obj.innerMessage()); Hello undefined Type Error ReferenceError: this.message is not defined Answer: 1) Hello

What would the output of following code ? var obj = { message: 'Hello', innerMessage: function () { (function () { console.log(this.message); }()); } }; console.log(obj.innerMessage()); Type Error Hello undefined ReferenceError: this.message is not defined Answer: 3) undefined
What would the output of following code ? var obj = { message: 'Hello', innerMessage: function () { var self = this; (function () { console.log(self.message); }()); } }; console.log(obj.innerMessage()); Type Error 'Hello' undefined ReferenceError: self.message is not defined Answer: 2) 'Hello'
What would the output of following code ? function myFunc(){ console.log(this.message); } myFunc.message = "Hi John";

console.log(myFunc()); Type Error 'Hi John' undefined ReferenceError: this.message is not defined Answer: 3) undefined

What would the output of following code ? function myFunc(){ console.log(myFunc.message); } myFunc.message = "Hi John";

console.log(myFunc()); Type Error 'Hi John' undefined ReferenceError: this.message is not defined Answer: 2) 'Hi John'

What would the output of following code ? function myFunc() { myFunc.message = 'Hi John'; console.log(myFunc.message); } console.log(myFunc()); Type Error 'Hi John' undefined ReferenceError: this.message is not defined Answer: 2) 'Hi John'
What would the output of following code ? function myFunc(param1,param2) { console.log(myFunc.length); } console.log(myFunc()); console.log(myFunc("a","b")); console.log(myFunc("a","b","c","d")); 2 2 2 0 2 4 undefined ReferenceError Answer: a) 2 2 2
What would the output of following code ? function myFunc() { console.log(arguments.length); } console.log(myFunc()); console.log(myFunc("a","b")); console.log(myFunc("a","b","c","d")); 2 2 2 0 2 4 undefined ReferenceError Answer: 2) 0 2 4

Object Oriented

What would the output of following code ? function Person(name, age){ this.name = name || "John"; this.age = age || 24; this.displayName = function(){ console.log(this.name); } }

Person.name = "John"; Person.displayName = function(){ console.log(this.name); }

var person1 = new Person('John'); person1.displayName(); Person.displayName(); John Person John John John undefined John John Answer: 1) John Person

Scopes

What would the output of following code ? function passWordMngr() { var password = '12345678'; this.userName = 'John'; return { pwd: password }; } // Block End var userInfo = passWordMngr(); console.log(userInfo.pwd); console.log(userInfo.userName); 12345678 Window 12345678 John 12345678 undefined undefined undefined Answer: 3) 12345678 undefined
What would the output of following code ? var employeeId = 'aq123'; function Employee() { this.employeeId = 'bq1uy'; } console.log(Employee.employeeId); Reference Error aq123 bq1uy undefined Answer: 4) undefined
What would the output of following code ? var employeeId = 'aq123';

function Employee() { this.employeeId = 'bq1uy'; } console.log(new Employee().employeeId); Employee.prototype.employeeId = 'kj182'; Employee.prototype.JobId = '1BJKSJ'; console.log(new Employee().JobId); console.log(new Employee().employeeId); bq1uy 1BJKSJ bq1uy undefined bq1uy 1BJKSJ bq1uy bq1uy 1BJKSJ kj182 undefined 1BJKSJ kj182 Answer: 2) bq1uy 1BJKSJ bq1uy

What would the output of following code ? var employeeId = 'aq123'; (function Employee() { try { throw 'foo123'; } catch (employeeId) { console.log(employeeId); } console.log(employeeId); }()); foo123 aq123 foo123 foo123 aq123 aq123 foo123 undefined Answer: 1) foo123 aq123

Call, Apply, Bind

What would the output of following code ? (function() { var greet = 'Hello World'; var toGreet = [].filter.call(greet, function(element, index) { return index > 5; }); console.log(toGreet); }()); Hello World undefined World [ 'W', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd' ] Answer: 4) [ 'W', 'o', 'r', 'l', 'd' ]
What would the output of following code ? (function() { var fooAccount = { name: 'John', amount: 4000, deductAmount: function(amount) { this.amount -= amount; return 'Total amount left in account: ' + this.amount; } }; var barAccount = { name: 'John', amount: 6000 }; var withdrawAmountBy = function(totalAmount) { return fooAccount.deductAmount.bind(barAccount, totalAmount); }; console.log(withdrawAmountBy(400)()); console.log(withdrawAmountBy(300)()); }()); Total amount left in account: 5600 Total amount left in account: 5300 undefined undefined Total amount left in account: 3600 Total amount left in account: 3300 Total amount left in account: 5600 Total amount left in account: 5600 Answer: 1) Total amount left in account: 5600 Total amount left in account: 5300
What would the output of following code ? (function() { var fooAccount = { name: 'John', amount: 4000, deductAmount: function(amount) { this.amount -= amount; return this.amount; } }; var barAccount = { name: 'John', amount: 6000 }; var withdrawAmountBy = function(totalAmount) { return fooAccount.deductAmount.apply(barAccount, [totalAmount]); }; console.log(withdrawAmountBy(400)); console.log(withdrawAmountBy(300)); console.log(withdrawAmountBy(200)); }()); 5600 5300 5100 3600 3300 3100 5600 3300 5100 undefined undefined undefined Answer: 1) 5600 5300 5100
What would the output of following code ? (function() { var fooAccount = { name: 'John', amount: 6000, deductAmount: function(amount) { this.amount -= amount; return this.amount; } }; var barAccount = { name: 'John', amount: 4000 }; var withdrawAmountBy = function(totalAmount) { return fooAccount.deductAmount.call(barAccount, totalAmount); }; console.log(withdrawAmountBy(400)); console.log(withdrawAmountBy(300)); console.log(withdrawAmountBy(200)); }()); 5600 5300 5100 3600 3300 3100 5600 3300 5100 undefined undefined undefined Answer: 2) 3600 3300 3100
What would the output of following code ? (function greetNewCustomer() { console.log('Hello ' + this.name); }.bind({ name: 'John' })()); Hello John Reference Error Window undefined Answer: 1) Hello John
Suggest your question! Callback Function
What would the output of following code ? function getDataFromServer(apiUrl){ var name = "John"; return { then : function(fn){ fn(name); } } }

getDataFromServer('www.google.com').then(function(name){ console.log(name); }); John undefined Reference Error fn is not defined Answer: 1) John

What would the output of following code ? (function(){ var arrayNumb = [2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42]; Array.prototype.sort = function(a,b){ return a - b; }; arrayNumb.sort(); console.log(arrayNumb); })();

(function(){ var numberArray = [2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42]; numberArray.sort(function(a,b){ if(a == b){ return 0; }else{ return a < b ? -1 : 1; } }); console.log(numberArray); })();

(function(){ var numberArray = [2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42]; numberArray.sort(function(a,b){ return a-b; }); console.log(numberArray); })(); [ 2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42 ] [ 2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42 ] [ 2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42 ] undefined undefined undefined [42, 23, 16, 15, 8, 2] [42, 23, 16, 15, 8, 2] [42, 23, 16, 15, 8, 2] Reference Error Answer: 1) [ 2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42 ] [ 2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42 ] [ 2, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42 ]

Return Statement

What would the output of following code ? (function(){ function sayHello(){ var name = "Hi John"; return { fullName: name } } console.log(sayHello().fullName); })(); Hi John undefined Reference Error Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read property 'fullName' of undefined Answer: 4) Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read property 'fullName' of undefined
What would the output of following code ? function getNumber(){ return (2,4,5); }

var numb = getNumber(); console.log(numb); 5 undefined 2 (2,4,5) Answer: 1) 5

What would the output of following code ? function getNumber(){ return; }

var numb = getNumber(); console.log(numb); null undefined "" 0 Answer: 2) undefined

4**. What would the output of following code ? function mul(x){ return function(y){ return [xy, function(z){ return xy + z; }]; } }

console.log(mul(2)(3)[0]); console.log(mul(2)(3)1); 6, 10 undefined undefined Reference Error 10, 6 Answer: 1) 6, 10

5**. What would the output of following code ? function mul(x) { return function(y) { return { result: x * y, sum: function(z) { return x * y + z; } }; }; } console.log(mul(2)(3).result); console.log(mul(2)(3).sum(4)); 6, 10 undefined undefined Reference Error 10, 6 Answer: 1) 6, 10

What would the output of following code ? function mul(x) { return function(y) { return function(z) { return function(w) { return function(p) { return x * y * z * w * p; }; }; }; }; } console.log(mul(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)); 720 undefined Reference Error Type Error Answer: 1) 720

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