This benchmark is a cycle-accurate NES emulator, running a real, homebrew NES game. (source code)
These benchmarks measure the end-to-end time that it takes to run the program a single time, including compilation and initialization.
| VM | Time | vs fastest |
|---|---|---|
| (bare metal) | 33.007ms ± 0.014ms | 1.00x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler) | 55.408ms ± 0.051ms | 1.68x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler) | 57.264ms ± 0.025ms | 1.73x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler, async gas) | 63.773ms ± 0.878ms | 1.93x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler, async gas) | 63.897ms ± 0.099ms | 1.94x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler, sync gas) | 69.818ms ± 0.187ms | 2.12x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler, sync gas) | 70.208ms ± 0.755ms | 2.13x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift) | 116.002ms ± 0.329ms | 3.51x |
| Wasmtime (winch) | 117.121ms ± 2.528ms | 3.55x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift, epoch interruption) | 132.056ms ± 0.467ms | 4.00x |
| Wasmer (singlepass) | 137.832ms ± 0.287ms | 4.18x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift, fuel metering) | 161.383ms ± 0.569ms | 4.89x |
| Solana RBPF | 789.195ms ± 6.903ms | 23.91x |
| Wasm3 | 884.142ms ± 1.092ms | 26.79x |
| Wasmi (lazy translation, checked) | 1.021 s ± 0.001s | 30.92x |
| Wasmi (eager, checked) | 1.022 s ± 0.002s | 30.96x |
| Wasmi (lazy, checked) | 1.023 s ± 0.001s | 30.99x |
| CKB VM (ASM) | 1.357 s ± 0.001s | 41.11x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, interpreter) | 1.689 s ± 0.002s | 51.19x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, interpreter) | 1.877 s ± 0.002s | 56.87x |
| CKB VM (non-ASM) | 10.006 s ± 0.014s | 303.14x |
These benchmarks measure the execution time of the benchmark, without the time it takes to compile or initialize it.
| VM | Time | vs fastest |
|---|---|---|
| (bare metal) | 3.714ms ± 0.004ms | 1.00x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift) | 5.776ms ± 0.006ms | 1.56x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler) | 6.422ms ± 0.156ms | 1.73x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler) | 6.576ms ± 0.005ms | 1.77x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift, epoch interruption) | 6.577ms ± 0.022ms | 1.77x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler, async gas) | 7.177ms ± 0.002ms | 1.93x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler, async gas) | 7.345ms ± 0.148ms | 1.98x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler, sync gas) | 7.957ms ± 0.083ms | 2.14x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler, sync gas) | 8.188ms ± 0.156ms | 2.20x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift, fuel metering) | 8.324ms ± 0.072ms | 2.24x |
| Wasmtime (winch) | 10.773ms ± 0.086ms | 2.90x |
| Wasmer (singlepass) | 14.466ms ± 0.059ms | 3.89x |
| Solana RBPF | 80.809ms ± 0.539ms | 21.76x |
| Wasm3 | 96.046ms ± 0.159ms | 25.86x |
| Wasmi (lazy, checked) | 111.955ms ± 0.090ms | 30.14x |
| Wasmi (eager, checked) | 112.025ms ± 0.155ms | 30.16x |
| Wasmi (lazy translation, checked) | 112.193ms ± 0.104ms | 30.21x |
| CKB VM (ASM) | 144.825ms ± 1.254ms | 38.99x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, interpreter) | 190.510ms ± 7.636ms | 51.29x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, interpreter) | 203.905ms ± 0.117ms | 54.90x |
| CKB VM (non-ASM) | 1.106 s ± 0.024s | 297.84x |
These benchmarks measure the time it takes to compile a given program by the VM.
| VM | Time | vs fastest |
|---|---|---|
| PolkaVM (32-bit, interpreter) | 1.323µs ± 0.001µs | 1.00x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, interpreter) | 1.358µs ± 0.001µs | 1.03x |
| Wasmi (lazy, checked) | 89.733µs ± 2.832µs | 67.80x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler) | 167.553µs ± 0.072µs | 126.61x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler, async gas) | 177.937µs ± 0.067µs | 134.45x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler, sync gas) | 180.046µs ± 0.044µs | 136.05x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler) | 181.955µs ± 0.062µs | 137.49x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler, async gas) | 192.550µs ± 0.026µs | 145.50x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler, sync gas) | 194.093µs ± 0.094µs | 146.66x |
| Wasmi (lazy translation, checked) | 384.444µs ± 4.764µs | 290.49x |
| Solana RBPF | 840.474µs ± 0.414µs | 635.08x |
| Wasmi (eager, checked) | 894.722µs ± 5.846µs | 676.07x |
| wazero | 2.543ms ± 0.108ms | 1921.70x |
| Wasmer (singlepass) | 3.946ms ± 0.006ms | 2982.04x |
| Wasmtime (winch) | 16.569ms ± 0.087ms | 12519.78x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift) | 62.212ms ± 0.024ms | 47008.50x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift, epoch interruption) | 70.161ms ± 0.029ms | 53014.87x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift, fuel metering) | 83.551ms ± 0.053ms | 63133.33x |
This benchmark is a prime sieve, searching for subsequent prime numbers. (source code)
These benchmarks measure the end-to-end time that it takes to run the program a single time, including compilation and initialization.
| VM | Time | vs fastest |
|---|---|---|
| (bare metal) | 10.932ms ± 0.020ms | 1.00x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler) | 14.390ms ± 0.031ms | 1.32x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler, async gas) | 17.682ms ± 0.030ms | 1.62x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler) | 19.469ms ± 0.061ms | 1.78x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler, sync gas) | 26.057ms ± 0.089ms | 2.38x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler, async gas) | 27.653ms ± 2.714ms | 2.53x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler, sync gas) | 27.803ms ± 0.052ms | 2.54x |
| Wasmtime (winch) | 54.295ms ± 0.013ms | 4.97x |
| Wasmer (singlepass) | 57.379ms ± 0.046ms | 5.25x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift, epoch interruption) | 108.176ms ± 0.097ms | 9.90x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift) | 125.107ms ± 0.361ms | 11.44x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift, fuel metering) | 157.072ms ± 0.097ms | 14.37x |
| Wasm3 | 238.356ms ± 1.702ms | 21.80x |
| CKB VM (ASM) | 289.706ms ± 0.570ms | 26.50x |
| Wasmi (lazy, checked) | 398.243ms ± 1.191ms | 36.43x |
| Wasmi (lazy translation, checked) | 399.351ms ± 0.858ms | 36.53x |
| Wasmi (eager, checked) | 399.988ms ± 0.821ms | 36.59x |
| Solana RBPF | 420.127ms ± 0.798ms | 38.43x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, interpreter) | 602.392ms ± 1.195ms | 55.10x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, interpreter) | 752.598ms ± 0.626ms | 68.84x |
| CKB VM (non-ASM) | 2.544 s ± 0.004s | 232.67x |
These benchmarks measure the execution time of the benchmark, without the time it takes to compile or initialize it.
| VM | Time | vs fastest |
|---|---|---|
| (bare metal) | 1.639ms ± 0.039ms | 1.00x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler) | 2.104ms ± 0.005ms | 1.28x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift) | 2.161ms ± 0.005ms | 1.32x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler, async gas) | 2.171ms ± 0.004ms | 1.33x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler, sync gas) | 2.193ms ± 0.004ms | 1.34x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler) | 2.403ms ± 0.005ms | 1.47x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift, epoch interruption) | 2.435ms ± 0.006ms | 1.49x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift, fuel metering) | 2.465ms ± 0.010ms | 1.50x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler, async gas) | 2.467ms ± 0.006ms | 1.51x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler, sync gas) | 2.482ms ± 0.004ms | 1.51x |
| Wasmtime (winch) | 5.081ms ± 0.004ms | 3.10x |
| Wasmer (singlepass) | 6.120ms ± 0.025ms | 3.73x |
| Wasm3 | 22.545ms ± 0.046ms | 13.76x |
| CKB VM (ASM) | 27.559ms ± 0.006ms | 16.82x |
| Wasmi (lazy, checked) | 46.514ms ± 0.024ms | 28.38x |
| Wasmi (lazy translation, checked) | 46.521ms ± 0.033ms | 28.39x |
| Wasmi (eager, checked) | 47.138ms ± 1.106ms | 28.76x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, interpreter) | 75.746ms ± 0.033ms | 46.22x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, interpreter) | 91.441ms ± 0.043ms | 55.80x |
| Solana RBPF | 166.772ms ± 0.511ms | 101.77x |
| CKB VM (non-ASM) | 374.649ms ± 0.691ms | 228.62x |
These benchmarks measure the time it takes to compile a given program by the VM.
| VM | Time | vs fastest |
|---|---|---|
| PolkaVM (64-bit, interpreter) | 0.581µs ± 0.000µs | 1.00x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, interpreter) | 0.582µs ± 0.000µs | 1.00x |
| Wasmi (lazy, checked) | 77.007µs ± 2.521µs | 132.53x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler) | 434.055µs ± 0.191µs | 747.03x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler) | 442.354µs ± 0.369µs | 761.31x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler, async gas) | 456.789µs ± 0.204µs | 786.16x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler, sync gas) | 464.064µs ± 0.187µs | 798.68x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler, async gas) | 465.916µs ± 0.201µs | 801.86x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler, sync gas) | 473.516µs ± 0.243µs | 814.94x |
| Wasmi (lazy translation, checked) | 598.222µs ± 2.895µs | 1029.57x |
| Wasmi (eager, checked) | 1.668ms ± 0.004ms | 2870.28x |
| Solana RBPF | 2.252ms ± 0.001ms | 3876.33x |
| wazero | 4.049ms ± 0.423ms | 6969.12x |
| Wasmtime (winch) | 8.510ms ± 0.004ms | 14645.59x |
| Wasmer (singlepass) | 9.421ms ± 0.016ms | 16213.84x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift) | 76.662ms ± 0.101ms | 131939.72x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift, epoch interruption) | 84.835ms ± 0.047ms | 146004.53x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift, fuel metering) | 130.264ms ± 0.052ms | 224191.07x |
This benchmark is a tiny, minimal program which doesn't do much work; it just increments a global variable and returns immediately. It is a good test case for measuring constant-time overhead. (source code)
These benchmarks measure the end-to-end time that it takes to run the program a single time, including compilation and initialization.
| VM | Time | vs fastest |
|---|---|---|
| PolkaVM (64-bit, interpreter) | 2.533µs ± 0.002µs | 1.00x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, interpreter) | 2.563µs ± 0.006µs | 1.01x |
| CKB VM (non-ASM) | 7.198µs ± 0.006µs | 2.84x |
| Wasm3 | 23.486µs ± 0.034µs | 9.27x |
| Wasmi (lazy, checked) | 25.833µs ± 0.226µs | 10.20x |
| Wasmi (lazy translation, checked) | 26.224µs ± 0.321µs | 10.35x |
| Wasmi (eager, checked) | 27.169µs ± 0.442µs | 10.73x |
| Solana RBPF | 30.957µs ± 0.035µs | 12.22x |
| (bare metal) | 42.610µs ± 0.127µs | 16.82x |
| CKB VM (ASM) | 65.851µs ± 0.128µs | 26.00x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler) | 113.521µs ± 0.339µs | 44.82x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler, sync gas) | 113.633µs ± 0.367µs | 44.87x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler, async gas) | 113.685µs ± 0.302µs | 44.89x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler) | 113.743µs ± 0.298µs | 44.91x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler, async gas) | 113.778µs ± 0.340µs | 44.92x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler, sync gas) | 113.916µs ± 0.280µs | 44.98x |
| Wasmer (singlepass) | 128.467µs ± 1.983µs | 50.72x |
| Wasmtime (winch) | 644.160µs ± 1.746µs | 254.34x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift) | 935.241µs ± 2.305µs | 369.27x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift, epoch interruption) | 1.089ms ± 0.001ms | 430.12x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift, fuel metering) | 1.144ms ± 0.001ms | 451.51x |
These benchmarks measure the execution time of the benchmark, without the time it takes to compile or initialize it.
| VM | Time | vs fastest |
|---|---|---|
| (bare metal) | 0.050µs ± 0.003µs | 1.00x |
| Wasmer (singlepass) | 0.139µs ± 0.002µs | 2.79x |
| Wasm3 | 0.144µs ± 0.001µs | 2.90x |
| Wasmi (lazy translation, checked) | 0.151µs ± 0.000µs | 3.03x |
| Wasmi (lazy, checked) | 0.152µs ± 0.000µs | 3.05x |
| Wasmi (eager, checked) | 0.154µs ± 0.000µs | 3.09x |
| Solana RBPF | 0.167µs ± 0.000µs | 3.35x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, interpreter) | 0.203µs ± 0.000µs | 4.07x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, interpreter) | 0.203µs ± 0.000µs | 4.07x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift, epoch interruption) | 0.247µs ± 0.004µs | 4.96x |
| Wasmtime (winch) | 0.249µs ± 0.003µs | 4.99x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift, fuel metering) | 0.250µs ± 0.003µs | 5.02x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift) | 0.252µs ± 0.006µs | 5.06x |
| CKB VM (ASM) | 2.708µs ± 0.002µs | 54.35x |
| CKB VM (non-ASM) | 3.501µs ± 0.001µs | 70.28x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler) | 4.852µs ± 0.040µs | 97.39x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler, async gas) | 4.893µs ± 0.049µs | 98.21x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler) | 4.918µs ± 0.034µs | 98.72x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler, sync gas) | 4.929µs ± 0.024µs | 98.94x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler, async gas) | 4.937µs ± 0.031µs | 99.09x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler, sync gas) | 4.943µs ± 0.046µs | 99.22x |
These benchmarks measure the time it takes to compile a given program by the VM.
| VM | Time | vs fastest |
|---|---|---|
| PolkaVM (64-bit, interpreter) | 0.589µs ± 0.001µs | 1.00x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, interpreter) | 0.599µs ± 0.001µs | 1.02x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler) | 1.810µs ± 0.001µs | 3.07x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler) | 1.823µs ± 0.002µs | 3.09x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler, async gas) | 1.830µs ± 0.001µs | 3.11x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler, async gas) | 1.832µs ± 0.001µs | 3.11x |
| PolkaVM (64-bit, recompiler, sync gas) | 1.852µs ± 0.002µs | 3.14x |
| PolkaVM (32-bit, recompiler, sync gas) | 1.854µs ± 0.002µs | 3.15x |
| Wasmi (lazy, checked) | 5.734µs ± 0.074µs | 9.73x |
| Wasmi (lazy translation, checked) | 6.572µs ± 0.112µs | 11.15x |
| Wasmi (eager, checked) | 8.331µs ± 0.020µs | 14.14x |
| Solana RBPF | 25.867µs ± 0.034µs | 43.90x |
| Wasmer (singlepass) | 85.955µs ± 5.566µs | 145.87x |
| wazero | 197.802µs ± 0.387µs | 335.69x |
| Wasmtime (winch) | 575.089µs ± 2.634µs | 975.98x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift) | 858.096µs ± 9.056µs | 1456.27x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift, epoch interruption) | 1.021ms ± 0.004ms | 1732.84x |
| Wasmtime (cranelift, fuel metering) | 1.068ms ± 0.010ms | 1812.18x |
CPU: AMD Ryzen Threadripper 3970X 32-Core Processor
Platform: x86_64-linux
Commit: 190ea5ac10344714b914230974bb9cb12bef56d6
Timestamp: 2024-11-24 03:45:40 UTC
You can replicate these benchmarks as follows:
$ git clone https://github.com/koute/polkavm.git
$ cd polkavm
$ git checkout 190ea5ac10344714b914230974bb9cb12bef56d6
$ cd tools/benchtool
$ ./01-build-benchmarks.sh
$ ./02-run-benchmarks.rb
$ ./03-analyze-benchmarks.rb
Only running the benchmarks on Linux is officially supported.
WARNING: The 02-run-benchmarks.rb script uses a couple of system-level tricks to make benchmarking more consistent and requires 'sudo' and 'schedtool' to be installed. If you're uncomfortable with that or if you're running a non-Linux OS you can also run the benchmarks with cargo run --release instead.