diff --git a/spaces/S000072/README.md b/spaces/S000072/README.md index 58b8222437..eeb8c1dea3 100644 --- a/spaces/S000072/README.md +++ b/spaces/S000072/README.md @@ -6,15 +6,21 @@ refs: - doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-6290-9 name: Counterexamples in Topology --- -Let $S=((0,1)\setminus\{\frac{1}{2}\})\times(0,1)$ and $X=S\cup\{\langle 0,0\rangle,\langle 1,0\rangle\}\cup\{\langle\frac{1}{2},r\sqrt{2}\rangle:r\in(0,\frac{1}{\sqrt 2})\cap\mathbb Q)\}$. -This space is $X$ where $S$ has its subspace topology from {S176}. Then let +Let $S=\big((0,1)_{\mathbb Q}\setminus\{\frac{1}{2}\}\big)\times(0,1)_{\mathbb Q}$ and +$X=S\cup\{\langle 0,0\rangle,\langle 1,0\rangle\}\cup\{\langle\frac{1}{2},r\sqrt{2}\rangle:r\in(0,\frac{1}{\sqrt 2})_{\mathbb Q}\}$ +(where $I_{\mathbb Q}=I\cap\mathbb Q$). -- $U_n(0,0) = \{(0,0)\} \cup \{(x,y): 00$ +the set $A=\{x\in U: \|x\|=1-\epsilon\}$ is infinite (actually of cardinality continuum). +Moreover, $A$ is closed and discrete by definition of $X$, hence $U\supset A$ cannot be compact. diff --git a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000038.md b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000038.md deleted file mode 100644 index 91637fd739..0000000000 --- a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000038.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10 +0,0 @@ ---- -space: S000129 -property: P000038 -value: true -refs: -- doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-6290-9_6 - name: Counterexamples in Topology ---- - -See item #2 for space #132 in {{doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-6290-9_6}}. diff --git a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000043.md b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000043.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5cdb88f767 --- /dev/null +++ b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000043.md @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +--- +space: S000129 +property: P000043 +value: true +refs: + - doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-6290-9 + name: Counterexamples in Topology +--- + +The balls with respect to the metric provided in item #3 for space #132 in {{doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-6290-9}} are arc connected. diff --git a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000053.md b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000053.md deleted file mode 100644 index 033caf5c04..0000000000 --- a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000053.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10 +0,0 @@ ---- -space: S000129 -property: P000053 -value: true -refs: -- doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-6290-9_6 - name: Counterexamples in Topology ---- - -See item #3 for space #132 in {{doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-6290-9_6}}. diff --git a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000055.md b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000055.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ecef4d7e81 --- /dev/null +++ b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000055.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +--- +space: S000129 +property: P000055 +value: true +refs: +- doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-6290-9_6 + name: Counterexamples in Topology +--- + +Define $h:X\to[0,+\infty)$ as $h(x)=\frac{1}{\|x\|}-1$ and $r:X\to \mathbb S^1$ as $r(x):=\frac{1}{\|x\|}x$. These are clearly continuous maps on $X$ (the topology is finer than Euclidian). Then consider a metric $d$ given by: +- $d(p,q)=|h(p)-h(q)|$, if $r(p)=r(q)$; +- $d(p,q)=h(p)+h(q)+\|r(p)-r(q)\|$, otherwise. + +Symmetry and reflexivity of $d$ is immediate. Triangle inequality requires consideration of few cases but is elementary as well. + +By continuity of $r$ and $h$ we obtain that convergence in the topology on $X$ implies convergence with respect to $d$. + +Assume $d(x_n,x)\to 0$ for some $x\in X$ and $(x_n)\subset X$. If $h(x)>0$, then clearly $r(x_n)=r(x)$ for sufficeintly large $n$ and $\|x_n\|\to \|x\|$, +implying convergence $x_n \to x$ in $X$. +For $h(x)=0$, we have $h(x_n)\to 0$ and $r(x_n)\to r(x)=x$ in the Euclidean topology. But since $x$ inherits Euclidean Neihgbourhoods we obtain convergence $x_n\to x$ in this case as well. +Hence $d$ is indeed a metric providing the topology on $X$. + +To prove completeness of $d$, observe that +a Cauchy sequence $(x_n)\subset X$ with respect to $d$ either satisfies $h(x_n)\to 0$ or is eventually contained in one of the +open radii. Since any radius (i.e. $(0,1]\cdot p$ with $p\in \mathbb S^1$) is isometric with $[0,+\infty)$, a Cauchy sequence contained therein has a limit. +Now focus on the case $h(x_n)\to 0$. Clearly, +also $(r(x_n))$ has to be a Cauchy sequence. +Since Euclidean metric on $\mathbb S^1$ is complete, there exists $z:=\lim_{n\to \infty} r(x_n)$. Since also $h(x_n)\to 0$, we obtain +$d(x_n,z)\to 0$, which ends the proof. diff --git a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000065.md b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000065.md deleted file mode 100644 index 454c1917c8..0000000000 --- a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000065.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7 +0,0 @@ ---- -space: S000129 -property: P000065 -value: true ---- - -By construction. diff --git a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000068.md b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000068.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4d3212c1c9..0000000000 --- a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000068.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8 +0,0 @@ ---- -space: S000129 -property: P000068 -value: false ---- - -It is easy to check being {P68} passes to closed subspaces. Since $\{(x,y) \in \mathbb{R}^2: x^2 + y^2 = 1\}$ is a closed subspace which is -homeomorphic to {S170} and {S170|P68}, the result follows. diff --git a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000086.md b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000086.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6aa4afaff1 --- /dev/null +++ b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000086.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +--- +space: S000129 +property: P000086 +value: false +--- + +{S129|P23}) +but the point $(0,1/2)$ has a neighbourhood which is a (compact) segment. diff --git a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000089.md b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000089.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1e0383604c --- /dev/null +++ b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000089.md @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +--- +space: S000129 +property: P000089 +value: false +--- + +The map $(x,y)\mapsto (-x,-y)$ is a homeomorphism and has no fixed point. diff --git a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000129.md b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000129.md deleted file mode 100644 index c549b08a34..0000000000 --- a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000129.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7 +0,0 @@ ---- -space: S000129 -property: P000129 -value: false ---- - -The space is non-trivial by definition. diff --git a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000133.md b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000133.md deleted file mode 100644 index efc6c4e8bb..0000000000 --- a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000133.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10 +0,0 @@ ---- -space: S000129 -property: P000133 -value: false -refs: -- doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-6290-9_6 - name: Counterexamples in Topology ---- - -See item #5 for space #132 in {{doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-6290-9_6}}. diff --git a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000166.md b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000166.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e0f554866c --- /dev/null +++ b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000166.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +--- +space: S000129 +property: P000166 +value: true +--- + +The topology on $X$ is clearly finer than the Euclidean topology. The set $X$ with +the Euclidean topology is separable. diff --git a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000198.md b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000198.md index e0d9d00bf9..0cd05ae324 100644 --- a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000198.md +++ b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000198.md @@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ property: P000198 value: false --- -The circle $C = \left\{ (x, y) \in \mathbb R^2 \middle| x^2 + y^2 = \frac 12 \right\}$ is a closed discrete subset with cardinality $\mathfrak c$. +$A=\{x\in X: \|x\|=1/2\}$ is a closed discrete and uncountable subset of $X$. diff --git a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000200.md b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000200.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5da5673da0 --- /dev/null +++ b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000200.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +--- +space: S000129 +property: P000200 +value: false +--- + +The map $X\ni p\mapsto \frac{1}{\|p\|}p \in \mathbb S^1$ is clearly a retraction of $X$ onto the unit circle. +Hence the fundamental group of $X$ contains a subgroup isomorphic to $\pi_1(\mathbb S^1)\simeq\mathbb Z$ and therefore is nontrivial. diff --git a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000205.md b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000205.md index 17b7d52ebc..2c5678fdbb 100644 --- a/spaces/S000129/properties/P000205.md +++ b/spaces/S000129/properties/P000205.md @@ -7,4 +7,6 @@ refs: name: Counterexamples in Topology --- -See item #4 for space #132 in {{doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-6290-9_6}}. +The space is {P36}; see item #2 for space #132 in {{doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-6290-9_6}}. + +And for every $p\in X$ the open segment (radius) $\{\lambda p: 0< \lambda < 1 \}$ is both a closed and open subset of $X\setminus\{p\}$. Hence $p$ is a cut point. diff --git a/spaces/S000132/properties/P000023.md b/spaces/S000132/properties/P000023.md deleted file mode 100644 index aafe2d4d7b..0000000000 --- a/spaces/S000132/properties/P000023.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10 +0,0 @@ ---- -space: S000132 -property: P000023 -value: false -refs: -- doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-6290-9_6 - name: Counterexamples in Topology ---- - -See item #3 for space #136 in {{doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-6290-9_6}}. diff --git a/spaces/S000132/properties/P000048.md b/spaces/S000132/properties/P000048.md deleted file mode 100644 index 029618ab57..0000000000 --- a/spaces/S000132/properties/P000048.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,11 +0,0 @@ ---- -space: S000132 -property: P000048 -value: true -refs: -- doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-6290-9_6 - name: Counterexamples in Topology ---- - -Asserted in the General Reference Chart for space #136 in -{{doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-6290-9_6}}. diff --git a/spaces/S000132/properties/P000056.md b/spaces/S000132/properties/P000056.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1daebbcd3b --- /dev/null +++ b/spaces/S000132/properties/P000056.md @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +--- +space: S000132 +property: P000056 +value: true +refs: +- doi: 10.2307/2309171 + name: A Topology for Sequences of Integers II +--- + +See Section 3 of {{doi:10.2307/2309171}. diff --git a/spaces/S000132/properties/P000129.md b/spaces/S000132/properties/P000129.md deleted file mode 100644 index e2df9f992f..0000000000 --- a/spaces/S000132/properties/P000129.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,7 +0,0 @@ ---- -space: S000132 -property: P000129 -value: false ---- - -The space is non-trivial by definition. diff --git a/spaces/S000139/README.md b/spaces/S000139/README.md index 769f2d3a3b..7403b26b13 100644 --- a/spaces/S000139/README.md +++ b/spaces/S000139/README.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ name: Countable bouquet of circles aliases: - $\mathbb R$ with $\mathbb Z$ collapsed to a point - Countable wedge sum of circles -- Rose with countably infinite petals +- Rose with countably many petals refs: - mathse: 4844916 name: Answer to "Can a Fréchet-Urysohn hemicompact Hausdorff space fail to be locally compact?" @@ -19,4 +19,5 @@ Let $X=\mathbb R/\mathbb Z$ to be the quotient of $\mathbb R$ (with its Euclidea Alternatively, this space can be characterized as the *wedge sum* (see {{wikipedia:Wedge_sum}}) of countably-many circles, also known as a *bouquet of countably many circles*. + Not to be confused with {S201}, which has a coarser topology. diff --git a/spaces/S000145/properties/P000044.md b/spaces/S000145/properties/P000044.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..997d1def45 --- /dev/null +++ b/spaces/S000145/properties/P000044.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +space: S000145 +property: P000044 +value: true +--- + +Let $Y$ be a {P36} subset of $X$ with at least two points. +If $Y$ is closed in $X$, by the property of ultrafilters all subsets of $Y$ are closed, thus $Y$ is {P52}, which is not possible. +This implies that $Y$ is open, that is, every {P36} subsets of $X$ must be open. + +Now, because $X$ is {P36}, $X$ cannot be partitioned into two nonempty open subsets. +We conclude that $X$ cannot be partitioned into two {P36} subsets, each with at least two points. diff --git a/spaces/S000145/properties/P000086.md b/spaces/S000145/properties/P000086.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c3d3eed706 --- /dev/null +++ b/spaces/S000145/properties/P000086.md @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +--- +space: S000145 +property: P000086 +value: true +--- + +Let $p, q \in X$ be arbitrary distinct points. +Define $f(x) = \begin{cases} q & \text{if }x = p, \\ p & \text{if }x = q, \\ x & \text{otherwise}. \end{cases}$ + +Then $f(x)$ is involutary and continuous since for every open subset $U$ and every point $x \in X$, both $U \setminus \{x\} = U \cap \left( X \setminus \{x\} \right)$ and $U \cup \{x\}$ are open. diff --git a/spaces/S000145/properties/P000089.md b/spaces/S000145/properties/P000089.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5a357c595d --- /dev/null +++ b/spaces/S000145/properties/P000089.md @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +--- +space: S000145 +property: P000089 +value: true +refs: + - mathse: 5021484 + name: Does a free ultrafilter topology have the fixed point property? +--- + +See {{mathse:5021484}}. diff --git a/spaces/S000145/properties/P000101.md b/spaces/S000145/properties/P000101.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..415c941a77 --- /dev/null +++ b/spaces/S000145/properties/P000101.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +space: S000145 +property: P000101 +value: false +--- + +Let $p, q \in X$ be arbitrary distinct points. +Define $f(x) = \begin{cases} q & \text{if }x = p, \\ x & \text{otherwise}. \end{cases}$ + +Then $f(x)$ is continuous since for every open subset $U$ and every point $x \in X$, both $U \setminus \{x\} = U \cap \left( X \setminus \{x\} \right)$ and $U \cup \{x\}$ are open. + +Therefore, $f$ is a retract from $X$ to $X \setminus \{p\}$, which is not closed. diff --git a/spaces/S000145/properties/P000138.md b/spaces/S000145/properties/P000138.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..df317cd76f --- /dev/null +++ b/spaces/S000145/properties/P000138.md @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +--- +space: S000145 +property: P000138 +value: false +--- + +Let $A$ be an infinite closed proper subset of $X$, and take an arbitrary $p \in X \setminus A$. +For each $S \subseteq A$, the function $f_S:X\to X$ defined by +$$f_S(x) = \begin{cases} p & \text{if }x\in S, \\ x & \text{otherwise}, \end{cases}$$ +is continuous since for every nonempty open set $U$, its inverse image $f^{-1}(U)$ contains $U\setminus A$, which is open and nonempty; hence $f^{-1}(U)$ is open. + +And there are continuum many such functions $f_S$. diff --git a/spaces/S000201/README.md b/spaces/S000201/README.md index 56048c71cf..2ff4fa9ea6 100644 --- a/spaces/S000201/README.md +++ b/spaces/S000201/README.md @@ -9,6 +9,10 @@ refs: name: Hawaiian earring on Wikipedia - zb: "0951.54001" name: Topology (Munkres) +- zb: "1044.55001" + name: Algebraic Topology (Hatcher) +- doi: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4576-6 + name: An Introduction to Algebraic Topology (Rotman) --- The subspace of {S176} defined by @@ -20,5 +24,5 @@ integers $n$. Not to be confused with {S139}, which has a finer topology. -Defined as "infinite earring" in section 71 of {{zb:0951.54001}}. -Appears as Example 1.25 in {{zb:1044.55001}} (available [here](https://pi.math.cornell.edu/~hatcher/AT/ATpage.html)) under the name "Shrinking wedge of circles"; however, note that it is not actually an example of a "wedge sum" as defined in e.g. {{wikipedia:Wedge_sum}}, {{doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4576-6}}. +Defined as "infinite earring" in section 71 of {{zb:0951.54001}}; usually known in the literature as "Hawaiian earring". +Appears as Example 1.25 in {{zb:1044.55001}} (available [here](https://pi.math.cornell.edu/~hatcher/AT/ATpage.html)) under the name "Shrinking wedge of circles"; however, note that it is not actually an example of a "wedge sum" as defined in e.g. {{wikipedia:Wedge_sum}} or {{doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-4576-6}}.