diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 5d6b734..c43a737 100755
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
     keywords="unification logic-programming dispatch",
     packages=["unification"],
     install_requires=[
-        "toolz",
         "multipledispatch",
     ],
     long_description=(open("README.md").read() if exists("README.md") else ""),
diff --git a/unification/_version.py b/unification/_version.py
index bff98d1..e103428 100644
--- a/unification/_version.py
+++ b/unification/_version.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-
 # This file helps to compute a version number in source trees obtained from
 # git-archive tarball (such as those provided by githubs download-from-tag
 # feature). Distribution tarballs (built by setup.py sdist) and build
@@ -59,17 +58,18 @@ class NotThisMethod(Exception):
 
 def register_vcs_handler(vcs, method):  # decorator
     """Create decorator to mark a method as the handler of a VCS."""
+
     def decorate(f):
         """Store f in HANDLERS[vcs][method]."""
         if vcs not in HANDLERS:
             HANDLERS[vcs] = {}
         HANDLERS[vcs][method] = f
         return f
+
     return decorate
 
 
-def run_command(commands, args, cwd=None, verbose=False, hide_stderr=False,
-                env=None):
+def run_command(commands, args, cwd=None, verbose=False, hide_stderr=False, env=None):
     """Call the given command(s)."""
     assert isinstance(commands, list)
     process = None
@@ -77,10 +77,13 @@ def run_command(commands, args, cwd=None, verbose=False, hide_stderr=False,
         try:
             dispcmd = str([command] + args)
             # remember shell=False, so use git.cmd on windows, not just git
-            process = subprocess.Popen([command] + args, cwd=cwd, env=env,
-                                       stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
-                                       stderr=(subprocess.PIPE if hide_stderr
-                                               else None))
+            process = subprocess.Popen(
+                [command] + args,
+                cwd=cwd,
+                env=env,
+                stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
+                stderr=(subprocess.PIPE if hide_stderr else None),
+            )
             break
         except OSError:
             e = sys.exc_info()[1]
@@ -115,15 +118,21 @@ def versions_from_parentdir(parentdir_prefix, root, verbose):
     for _ in range(3):
         dirname = os.path.basename(root)
         if dirname.startswith(parentdir_prefix):
-            return {"version": dirname[len(parentdir_prefix):],
-                    "full-revisionid": None,
-                    "dirty": False, "error": None, "date": None}
+            return {
+                "version": dirname[len(parentdir_prefix) :],
+                "full-revisionid": None,
+                "dirty": False,
+                "error": None,
+                "date": None,
+            }
         rootdirs.append(root)
         root = os.path.dirname(root)  # up a level
 
     if verbose:
-        print("Tried directories %s but none started with prefix %s" %
-              (str(rootdirs), parentdir_prefix))
+        print(
+            "Tried directories %s but none started with prefix %s"
+            % (str(rootdirs), parentdir_prefix)
+        )
     raise NotThisMethod("rootdir doesn't start with parentdir_prefix")
 
 
@@ -182,7 +191,7 @@ def git_versions_from_keywords(keywords, tag_prefix, verbose):
     # starting in git-1.8.3, tags are listed as "tag: foo-1.0" instead of
     # just "foo-1.0". If we see a "tag: " prefix, prefer those.
     TAG = "tag: "
-    tags = {r[len(TAG):] for r in refs if r.startswith(TAG)}
+    tags = {r[len(TAG) :] for r in refs if r.startswith(TAG)}
     if not tags:
         # Either we're using git < 1.8.3, or there really are no tags. We use
         # a heuristic: assume all version tags have a digit. The old git %d
@@ -191,7 +200,7 @@ def git_versions_from_keywords(keywords, tag_prefix, verbose):
         # between branches and tags. By ignoring refnames without digits, we
         # filter out many common branch names like "release" and
         # "stabilization", as well as "HEAD" and "master".
-        tags = {r for r in refs if re.search(r'\d', r)}
+        tags = {r for r in refs if re.search(r"\d", r)}
         if verbose:
             print("discarding '%s', no digits" % ",".join(refs - tags))
     if verbose:
@@ -199,24 +208,31 @@ def git_versions_from_keywords(keywords, tag_prefix, verbose):
     for ref in sorted(tags):
         # sorting will prefer e.g. "2.0" over "2.0rc1"
         if ref.startswith(tag_prefix):
-            r = ref[len(tag_prefix):]
+            r = ref[len(tag_prefix) :]
             # Filter out refs that exactly match prefix or that don't start
             # with a number once the prefix is stripped (mostly a concern
             # when prefix is '')
-            if not re.match(r'\d', r):
+            if not re.match(r"\d", r):
                 continue
             if verbose:
                 print("picking %s" % r)
-            return {"version": r,
-                    "full-revisionid": keywords["full"].strip(),
-                    "dirty": False, "error": None,
-                    "date": date}
+            return {
+                "version": r,
+                "full-revisionid": keywords["full"].strip(),
+                "dirty": False,
+                "error": None,
+                "date": date,
+            }
     # no suitable tags, so version is "0+unknown", but full hex is still there
     if verbose:
         print("no suitable tags, using unknown + full revision id")
-    return {"version": "0+unknown",
-            "full-revisionid": keywords["full"].strip(),
-            "dirty": False, "error": "no suitable tags", "date": None}
+    return {
+        "version": "0+unknown",
+        "full-revisionid": keywords["full"].strip(),
+        "dirty": False,
+        "error": "no suitable tags",
+        "date": None,
+    }
 
 
 @register_vcs_handler("git", "pieces_from_vcs")
@@ -233,8 +249,7 @@ def git_pieces_from_vcs(tag_prefix, root, verbose, runner=run_command):
         GITS = ["git.cmd", "git.exe"]
         TAG_PREFIX_REGEX = r"\*"
 
-    _, rc = runner(GITS, ["rev-parse", "--git-dir"], cwd=root,
-                   hide_stderr=True)
+    _, rc = runner(GITS, ["rev-parse", "--git-dir"], cwd=root, hide_stderr=True)
     if rc != 0:
         if verbose:
             print("Directory %s not under git control" % root)
@@ -242,11 +257,19 @@ def git_pieces_from_vcs(tag_prefix, root, verbose, runner=run_command):
 
     # if there is a tag matching tag_prefix, this yields TAG-NUM-gHEX[-dirty]
     # if there isn't one, this yields HEX[-dirty] (no NUM)
-    describe_out, rc = runner(GITS, ["describe", "--tags", "--dirty",
-                                     "--always", "--long",
-                                     "--match",
-                                     "%s%s" % (tag_prefix, TAG_PREFIX_REGEX)],
-                              cwd=root)
+    describe_out, rc = runner(
+        GITS,
+        [
+            "describe",
+            "--tags",
+            "--dirty",
+            "--always",
+            "--long",
+            "--match",
+            "%s%s" % (tag_prefix, TAG_PREFIX_REGEX),
+        ],
+        cwd=root,
+    )
     # --long was added in git-1.5.5
     if describe_out is None:
         raise NotThisMethod("'git describe' failed")
@@ -261,8 +284,7 @@ def git_pieces_from_vcs(tag_prefix, root, verbose, runner=run_command):
     pieces["short"] = full_out[:7]  # maybe improved later
     pieces["error"] = None
 
-    branch_name, rc = runner(GITS, ["rev-parse", "--abbrev-ref", "HEAD"],
-                             cwd=root)
+    branch_name, rc = runner(GITS, ["rev-parse", "--abbrev-ref", "HEAD"], cwd=root)
     # --abbrev-ref was added in git-1.6.3
     if rc != 0 or branch_name is None:
         raise NotThisMethod("'git rev-parse --abbrev-ref' returned error")
@@ -302,17 +324,16 @@ def git_pieces_from_vcs(tag_prefix, root, verbose, runner=run_command):
     dirty = git_describe.endswith("-dirty")
     pieces["dirty"] = dirty
     if dirty:
-        git_describe = git_describe[:git_describe.rindex("-dirty")]
+        git_describe = git_describe[: git_describe.rindex("-dirty")]
 
     # now we have TAG-NUM-gHEX or HEX
 
     if "-" in git_describe:
         # TAG-NUM-gHEX
-        mo = re.search(r'^(.+)-(\d+)-g([0-9a-f]+)$', git_describe)
+        mo = re.search(r"^(.+)-(\d+)-g([0-9a-f]+)$", git_describe)
         if not mo:
             # unparsable. Maybe git-describe is misbehaving?
-            pieces["error"] = ("unable to parse git-describe output: '%s'"
-                               % describe_out)
+            pieces["error"] = "unable to parse git-describe output: '%s'" % describe_out
             return pieces
 
         # tag
@@ -321,10 +342,12 @@ def git_pieces_from_vcs(tag_prefix, root, verbose, runner=run_command):
             if verbose:
                 fmt = "tag '%s' doesn't start with prefix '%s'"
                 print(fmt % (full_tag, tag_prefix))
-            pieces["error"] = ("tag '%s' doesn't start with prefix '%s'"
-                               % (full_tag, tag_prefix))
+            pieces["error"] = "tag '%s' doesn't start with prefix '%s'" % (
+                full_tag,
+                tag_prefix,
+            )
             return pieces
-        pieces["closest-tag"] = full_tag[len(tag_prefix):]
+        pieces["closest-tag"] = full_tag[len(tag_prefix) :]
 
         # distance: number of commits since tag
         pieces["distance"] = int(mo.group(2))
@@ -373,8 +396,7 @@ def render_pep440(pieces):
                 rendered += ".dirty"
     else:
         # exception #1
-        rendered = "0+untagged.%d.g%s" % (pieces["distance"],
-                                          pieces["short"])
+        rendered = "0+untagged.%d.g%s" % (pieces["distance"], pieces["short"])
         if pieces["dirty"]:
             rendered += ".dirty"
     return rendered
@@ -403,8 +425,7 @@ def render_pep440_branch(pieces):
         rendered = "0"
         if pieces["branch"] != "master":
             rendered += ".dev0"
-        rendered += "+untagged.%d.g%s" % (pieces["distance"],
-                                          pieces["short"])
+        rendered += "+untagged.%d.g%s" % (pieces["distance"], pieces["short"])
         if pieces["dirty"]:
             rendered += ".dirty"
     return rendered
@@ -432,7 +453,7 @@ def render_pep440_pre(pieces):
             tag_version, post_version = pep440_split_post(pieces["closest-tag"])
             rendered = tag_version
             if post_version is not None:
-                rendered += ".post%d.dev%d" % (post_version+1, pieces["distance"])
+                rendered += ".post%d.dev%d" % (post_version + 1, pieces["distance"])
             else:
                 rendered += ".post0.dev%d" % (pieces["distance"])
         else:
@@ -565,11 +586,13 @@ def render_git_describe_long(pieces):
 def render(pieces, style):
     """Render the given version pieces into the requested style."""
     if pieces["error"]:
-        return {"version": "unknown",
-                "full-revisionid": pieces.get("long"),
-                "dirty": None,
-                "error": pieces["error"],
-                "date": None}
+        return {
+            "version": "unknown",
+            "full-revisionid": pieces.get("long"),
+            "dirty": None,
+            "error": pieces["error"],
+            "date": None,
+        }
 
     if not style or style == "default":
         style = "pep440"  # the default
@@ -593,9 +616,13 @@ def render(pieces, style):
     else:
         raise ValueError("unknown style '%s'" % style)
 
-    return {"version": rendered, "full-revisionid": pieces["long"],
-            "dirty": pieces["dirty"], "error": None,
-            "date": pieces.get("date")}
+    return {
+        "version": rendered,
+        "full-revisionid": pieces["long"],
+        "dirty": pieces["dirty"],
+        "error": None,
+        "date": pieces.get("date"),
+    }
 
 
 def get_versions():
@@ -609,8 +636,7 @@ def get_versions():
     verbose = cfg.verbose
 
     try:
-        return git_versions_from_keywords(get_keywords(), cfg.tag_prefix,
-                                          verbose)
+        return git_versions_from_keywords(get_keywords(), cfg.tag_prefix, verbose)
     except NotThisMethod:
         pass
 
@@ -619,13 +645,16 @@ def get_versions():
         # versionfile_source is the relative path from the top of the source
         # tree (where the .git directory might live) to this file. Invert
         # this to find the root from __file__.
-        for _ in cfg.versionfile_source.split('/'):
+        for _ in cfg.versionfile_source.split("/"):
             root = os.path.dirname(root)
     except NameError:
-        return {"version": "0+unknown", "full-revisionid": None,
-                "dirty": None,
-                "error": "unable to find root of source tree",
-                "date": None}
+        return {
+            "version": "0+unknown",
+            "full-revisionid": None,
+            "dirty": None,
+            "error": "unable to find root of source tree",
+            "date": None,
+        }
 
     try:
         pieces = git_pieces_from_vcs(cfg.tag_prefix, root, verbose)
@@ -639,6 +668,10 @@ def get_versions():
     except NotThisMethod:
         pass
 
-    return {"version": "0+unknown", "full-revisionid": None,
-            "dirty": None,
-            "error": "unable to compute version", "date": None}
+    return {
+        "version": "0+unknown",
+        "full-revisionid": None,
+        "dirty": None,
+        "error": "unable to compute version",
+        "date": None,
+    }
diff --git a/unification/core.py b/unification/core.py
index cfd827b..ef31f17 100644
--- a/unification/core.py
+++ b/unification/core.py
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 from collections import OrderedDict, deque
 from collections.abc import Generator, Iterator, Mapping, Set
-from copy import copy
 from functools import partial
 from operator import length_hint
 
@@ -16,10 +15,7 @@
 @dispatch(Mapping, object, object)
 def assoc(s, u, v):
     """Add an entry to a `Mapping` and return it."""
-    if hasattr(s, "copy"):
-        s = s.copy()
-    else:
-        s = copy(s)  # pragma: no cover
+    s = dict(s)
     s[u] = v
     return s
 
@@ -35,27 +31,27 @@ def stream_eval(z, res_filter=None):
     if not isinstance(z, Generator):
         return z
 
-    stack = deque()
+    stack = deque([z])
     z_args, z_out = None, None
-    stack.append(z)
 
     while stack:
         z = stack[-1]
         try:
             z_out = z.send(z_args)
 
-            if res_filter:
-                _ = res_filter(z, z_out)
+            if res_filter is not None:
+                res_filter(z, z_out)
+
+        except StopIteration:
+            stack.pop()
 
+        else:
             if isinstance(z_out, Generator):
                 stack.append(z_out)
                 z_args = None
             else:
                 z_args = z_out
 
-        except StopIteration:
-            _ = stack.pop()
-
     return z_out
 
 
diff --git a/unification/dispatch.py b/unification/dispatch.py
index 4a5606e..b815c15 100644
--- a/unification/dispatch.py
+++ b/unification/dispatch.py
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-from functools import partial
+from functools import partial as _partial
 
 from multipledispatch import dispatch
 
-namespace = dict()
+namespace = {}
 
-dispatch = partial(dispatch, namespace=namespace)
+_partial = _partial(dispatch, namespace=namespace)
diff --git a/unification/match.py b/unification/match.py
index 8833ee5..f6722d5 100644
--- a/unification/match.py
+++ b/unification/match.py
@@ -1,14 +1,12 @@
-from toolz import first, groupby
-
 from .core import reify, unify
 from .utils import _toposort, freeze
 from .variable import isvar
 
 
-class Dispatcher(object):
+class Dispatcher:
     def __init__(self, name):
         self.name = name
-        self.funcs = dict()
+        self.funcs = {}
         self.ordering = []
 
     def add(self, signature, func):
@@ -65,29 +63,25 @@ class VarDispatcher(Dispatcher):
 
     def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
         func, s = self.resolve(args)
-        d = dict((k.token, v) for k, v in s.items())
+        d = {k.token: v for k, v in s.items()}
         return func(**d)
 
 
-global_namespace = dict()
+global_namespace = {}
 
 
 def match(*signature, **kwargs):
     namespace = kwargs.get("namespace", global_namespace)
     dispatcher = kwargs.get("Dispatcher", Dispatcher)
 
-    def _(func):
+    def _match(func):
         name = func.__name__
 
-        if name not in namespace:
-            namespace[name] = dispatcher(name)
-        d = namespace[name]
-
+        d = namespace.setdefault(name, dispatcher(name))
         d.add(signature, func)
-
         return d
 
-    return _
+    return _match
 
 
 def supercedes(a, b):
@@ -97,11 +91,8 @@ def supercedes(a, b):
     s = unify(a, b)
     if s is False:
         return False
-    s = dict((k, v) for k, v in s.items() if not isvar(k) or not isvar(v))
-    if reify(a, s) == a:
-        return True
-    if reify(b, s) == b:
-        return False
+    s = {k: v for k, v in s.items() if not isvar(k) or not isvar(v)}
+    return reify(a, s) == a
 
 
 def edge(a, b, tie_breaker=hash):
@@ -122,11 +113,6 @@ def ordering(signatures):
 
     Topological sort of edges as given by ``edge`` and ``supercedes``
     """
-    signatures = list(map(tuple, signatures))
-    edges = [(a, b) for a in signatures for b in signatures if edge(a, b)]
-    edges = groupby(first, edges)
-    for s in signatures:
-        if s not in edges:
-            edges[s] = []
-    edges = dict((k, [b for a, b in v]) for k, v in edges.items())
-    return _toposort(edges)
+    return _toposort(
+        {s: [t for t in signatures if edge(s, t)] for s in map(tuple, signatures)}
+    )
diff --git a/unification/more.py b/unification/more.py
index 071e638..1872bd0 100644
--- a/unification/more.py
+++ b/unification/more.py
@@ -100,11 +100,9 @@ def _unify_object(u, v, s):
     >>> unify_object(f, g, {})
     {~x: 2}
     """
-    if type(u) != type(v):
+    if type(u) is not type(v):
         yield False
-        return
-
-    if hasattr(u, "__slots__"):
+    elif hasattr(u, "__slots__"):
         yield _unify(
             tuple(getattr(u, slot) for slot in u.__slots__),
             tuple(getattr(v, slot) for slot in v.__slots__),
diff --git a/unification/utils.py b/unification/utils.py
index 34735f4..91ae974 100644
--- a/unification/utils.py
+++ b/unification/utils.py
@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
-from collections.abc import Mapping, Set
-from contextlib import suppress
+import sys
+from collections import deque
+from collections.abc import Mapping, Sequence, Set
+
+__PY37 = sys.version_info >= (3, 7)
 
 
 def transitive_get(key, d):
@@ -11,9 +14,16 @@ def transitive_get(key, d):
     >>> transitive_get(1, d)
     4
     """
-    with suppress(TypeError):
-        while key in d:
+    for _ in range(len(d) + 1):
+        try:
+            if key not in d:
+                break
             key = d[key]
+        except TypeError:
+            break
+    else:
+        raise RecursionError("dict contains a loop")
+
     return key
 
 
@@ -36,21 +46,23 @@ def _toposort(edges):
     Communications of the ACM
     [2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toposort#Algorithms
     """
-    incoming_edges = reverse_dict(edges)
-    incoming_edges = dict((k, set(val)) for k, val in incoming_edges.items())
-    S = set((v for v in edges if v not in incoming_edges))
+    incoming_edges = {k: set(val) for k, val in reverse_dict(edges).items()}
+
+    S = deque(v for v in edges if v not in incoming_edges)
     L = []
 
     while S:
-        n = S.pop()
-        L.append(n)
+        n = S.popleft()
         for m in edges.get(n, ()):
-            assert n in incoming_edges[m]
-            incoming_edges[m].remove(n)
-            if not incoming_edges[m]:
-                S.add(m)
-    if any(incoming_edges.get(v, None) for v in edges):
+            edges_m = incoming_edges[m]
+            edges_m.remove(n)
+            if not edges_m:
+                S.append(m)
+        L.append(n)
+
+    if any(incoming_edges.get(v) for v in edges):
         raise ValueError("Input has cycles")
+
     return L
 
 
@@ -70,7 +82,7 @@ def reverse_dict(d):
     result = {}
     for key in d:
         for val in d[key]:
-            result[val] = result.get(val, tuple()) + (key,)
+            result[val] = result.get(val, ()) + (key,)
     return result
 
 
@@ -86,10 +98,16 @@ def freeze(d):
     >>> freeze({1: 2}) # doctest: +SKIP
     ((1, 2),)
     """
+    if isinstance(d, (str, bytes)):
+        return d
     if isinstance(d, Mapping):
-        return tuple(map(freeze, sorted(d.items(), key=lambda x: hash(x[0]))))
+        if __PY37:
+            items = d.items()
+        else:
+            items = sorted(d.items(), key=lambda x: hash(x[0]))
+        return tuple(map(freeze, items))
     if isinstance(d, Set):
         return tuple(map(freeze, sorted(d, key=hash)))
-    if isinstance(d, (tuple, list)):
+    if isinstance(d, Sequence):
         return tuple(map(freeze, d))
     return d
diff --git a/unification/variable.py b/unification/variable.py
index c7b3710..6d3ad43 100644
--- a/unification/variable.py
+++ b/unification/variable.py
@@ -1,15 +1,19 @@
 import weakref
 from abc import ABCMeta
-from contextlib import contextmanager, suppress
+from contextlib import contextmanager
 
-_global_logic_variables = set()
-_glv = _global_logic_variables
+_glv = _global_logic_variables = set()
 
 
 class LVarType(ABCMeta):
     def __instancecheck__(self, o):
-        with suppress(TypeError):
-            return issubclass(type(o), (Var, LVarType)) or o in _glv
+        if issubclass(type(o), Var):
+            return True
+
+        try:
+            return o in _glv
+        except TypeError:
+            return False
 
 
 class Var(metaclass=LVarType):
@@ -44,7 +48,7 @@ def __new__(cls, token=None, prefix=""):
             output.
         """
         if token is None:
-            token = f"{prefix}_{Var._id}"
+            token = f"{prefix}_{cls._id}"
             cls._id += 1
 
         obj = cls._refs.get(token, None)
@@ -62,7 +66,7 @@ def __str__(self):
     __repr__ = __str__
 
     def __eq__(self, other):
-        if type(self) == type(other):
+        if type(self) is type(other):
             return self.token == other.token
         return NotImplemented