diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/VERSIONS b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/VERSIONS
index da395f797881..deb940395e1e 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/VERSIONS
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/VERSIONS
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ _heapq: 3.0-
 _imp: 3.0-
 _json: 3.0-
 _locale: 3.0-
+_lsprof: 3.0-
 _markupbase: 3.0-
 _msi: 3.0-
 _operator: 3.4-
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/_ctypes.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/_ctypes.pyi
index ec3d86e41687..e0cc87814609 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/_ctypes.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/_ctypes.pyi
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ class _CData(metaclass=_CDataMeta):
     # Structure.from_buffer(...)  # valid at runtime
     # Structure(...).from_buffer(...)  # invalid at runtime
     #
+
     @classmethod
     def from_buffer(cls, source: WriteableBuffer, offset: int = ...) -> Self: ...
     @classmethod
@@ -106,14 +107,15 @@ class _CArgObject: ...
 
 def byref(obj: _CData, offset: int = ...) -> _CArgObject: ...
 
-_ECT: TypeAlias = Callable[[type[_CData] | None, CFuncPtr, tuple[_CData, ...]], _CData]
+_ECT: TypeAlias = Callable[[_CData | None, CFuncPtr, tuple[_CData, ...]], _CData]
 _PF: TypeAlias = tuple[int] | tuple[int, str | None] | tuple[int, str | None, Any]
 
 class CFuncPtr(_PointerLike, _CData):
     restype: type[_CData] | Callable[[int], Any] | None
     argtypes: Sequence[type[_CData]]
     errcheck: _ECT
-    _flags_: ClassVar[int]  # Abstract attribute that must be defined on subclasses
+    # Abstract attribute that must be defined on subclasses
+    _flags_: ClassVar[int]
     @overload
     def __init__(self) -> None: ...
     @overload
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/_dummy_thread.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/_dummy_thread.pyi
index 541096734a91..1182e53c66c3 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/_dummy_thread.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/_dummy_thread.pyi
@@ -1,13 +1,19 @@
 from collections.abc import Callable
 from types import TracebackType
-from typing import Any, NoReturn
+from typing import Any, NoReturn, overload
+from typing_extensions import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
 
 __all__ = ["error", "start_new_thread", "exit", "get_ident", "allocate_lock", "interrupt_main", "LockType", "RLock"]
 
+_Ts = TypeVarTuple("_Ts")
+
 TIMEOUT_MAX: int
 error = RuntimeError
 
-def start_new_thread(function: Callable[..., object], args: tuple[Any, ...], kwargs: dict[str, Any] = {}) -> None: ...
+@overload
+def start_new_thread(function: Callable[[Unpack[_Ts]], object], args: tuple[Unpack[_Ts]]) -> None: ...
+@overload
+def start_new_thread(function: Callable[..., object], args: tuple[Any, ...], kwargs: dict[str, Any]) -> None: ...
 def exit() -> NoReturn: ...
 def get_ident() -> int: ...
 def allocate_lock() -> LockType: ...
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/_lsprof.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/_lsprof.pyi
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8a6934162c92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/_lsprof.pyi
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import sys
+from _typeshed import structseq
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from types import CodeType
+from typing import Any, Final, final
+
+class Profiler:
+    def __init__(
+        self, timer: Callable[[], float] | None = None, timeunit: float = 0.0, subcalls: bool = True, builtins: bool = True
+    ) -> None: ...
+    def getstats(self) -> list[profiler_entry]: ...
+    def enable(self, subcalls: bool = True, builtins: bool = True) -> None: ...
+    def disable(self) -> None: ...
+    def clear(self) -> None: ...
+
+@final
+class profiler_entry(structseq[Any], tuple[CodeType | str, int, int, float, float, list[profiler_subentry]]):
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+        __match_args__: Final = ("code", "callcount", "reccallcount", "totaltime", "inlinetime", "calls")
+    code: CodeType | str
+    callcount: int
+    reccallcount: int
+    totaltime: float
+    inlinetime: float
+    calls: list[profiler_subentry]
+
+@final
+class profiler_subentry(structseq[Any], tuple[CodeType | str, int, int, float, float]):
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+        __match_args__: Final = ("code", "callcount", "reccallcount", "totaltime", "inlinetime")
+    code: CodeType | str
+    callcount: int
+    reccallcount: int
+    totaltime: float
+    inlinetime: float
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/_operator.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/_operator.pyi
index acc4a6fb59ca..9b24e086adff 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/_operator.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/_operator.pyi
@@ -95,16 +95,16 @@ def length_hint(__obj: object, __default: int = 0) -> int: ...
 @final
 class attrgetter(Generic[_T_co]):
     @overload
-    def __new__(cls, attr: str) -> attrgetter[Any]: ...
+    def __new__(cls, attr: str, /) -> attrgetter[Any]: ...
     @overload
-    def __new__(cls, attr: str, __attr2: str) -> attrgetter[tuple[Any, Any]]: ...
+    def __new__(cls, attr: str, attr2: str, /) -> attrgetter[tuple[Any, Any]]: ...
     @overload
-    def __new__(cls, attr: str, __attr2: str, __attr3: str) -> attrgetter[tuple[Any, Any, Any]]: ...
+    def __new__(cls, attr: str, attr2: str, attr3: str, /) -> attrgetter[tuple[Any, Any, Any]]: ...
     @overload
-    def __new__(cls, attr: str, __attr2: str, __attr3: str, __attr4: str) -> attrgetter[tuple[Any, Any, Any, Any]]: ...
+    def __new__(cls, attr: str, attr2: str, attr3: str, attr4: str, /) -> attrgetter[tuple[Any, Any, Any, Any]]: ...
     @overload
-    def __new__(cls, attr: str, *attrs: str) -> attrgetter[tuple[Any, ...]]: ...
-    def __call__(self, obj: Any) -> _T_co: ...
+    def __new__(cls, attr: str, /, *attrs: str) -> attrgetter[tuple[Any, ...]]: ...
+    def __call__(self, obj: Any, /) -> _T_co: ...
 
 @final
 class itemgetter(Generic[_T_co]):
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/_thread.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/_thread.pyi
index ff9bd1a12eb1..e69f9d2359aa 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/_thread.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/_thread.pyi
@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@ from _typeshed import structseq
 from collections.abc import Callable
 from threading import Thread
 from types import TracebackType
-from typing import Any, Final, NoReturn, final
+from typing import Any, Final, NoReturn, final, overload
+from typing_extensions import TypeVarTuple, Unpack
+
+_Ts = TypeVarTuple("_Ts")
 
 error = RuntimeError
 
@@ -18,7 +21,10 @@ class LockType:
         self, type: type[BaseException] | None, value: BaseException | None, traceback: TracebackType | None
     ) -> None: ...
 
-def start_new_thread(function: Callable[..., object], args: tuple[Any, ...], kwargs: dict[str, Any] = ...) -> int: ...
+@overload
+def start_new_thread(function: Callable[[Unpack[_Ts]], object], args: tuple[Unpack[_Ts]]) -> int: ...
+@overload
+def start_new_thread(function: Callable[..., object], args: tuple[Any, ...], kwargs: dict[str, Any]) -> int: ...
 def interrupt_main() -> None: ...
 def exit() -> NoReturn: ...
 def allocate_lock() -> LockType: ...
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/abc.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/abc.pyi
index c642f8b9f123..e4e7f59b58ca 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/abc.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/abc.pyi
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import sys
 from _typeshed import SupportsWrite
 from collections.abc import Callable
 from typing import Any, Literal, TypeVar
-from typing_extensions import Concatenate, ParamSpec
+from typing_extensions import Concatenate, ParamSpec, deprecated
 
 _T = TypeVar("_T")
 _R_co = TypeVar("_R_co", covariant=True)
@@ -28,15 +28,17 @@ class ABCMeta(type):
     def register(cls: ABCMeta, subclass: type[_T]) -> type[_T]: ...
 
 def abstractmethod(funcobj: _FuncT) -> _FuncT: ...
-
+@deprecated("Deprecated, use 'classmethod' with 'abstractmethod' instead")
 class abstractclassmethod(classmethod[_T, _P, _R_co]):
     __isabstractmethod__: Literal[True]
     def __init__(self, callable: Callable[Concatenate[type[_T], _P], _R_co]) -> None: ...
 
+@deprecated("Deprecated, use 'staticmethod' with 'abstractmethod' instead")
 class abstractstaticmethod(staticmethod[_P, _R_co]):
     __isabstractmethod__: Literal[True]
     def __init__(self, callable: Callable[_P, _R_co]) -> None: ...
 
+@deprecated("Deprecated, use 'property' with 'abstractmethod' instead")
 class abstractproperty(property):
     __isabstractmethod__: Literal[True]
 
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/argparse.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/argparse.pyi
index 489cc6b16634..c34aca1f8c20 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/argparse.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/argparse.pyi
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from _typeshed import sentinel
 from collections.abc import Callable, Generator, Iterable, Sequence
 from re import Pattern
 from typing import IO, Any, Generic, Literal, NewType, NoReturn, Protocol, TypeVar, overload
-from typing_extensions import Self, TypeAlias
+from typing_extensions import Self, TypeAlias, deprecated
 
 __all__ = [
     "ArgumentParser",
@@ -339,11 +339,23 @@ class Action(_AttributeHolder):
 
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
     class BooleanOptionalAction(Action):
+        @overload
         def __init__(
             self,
             option_strings: Sequence[str],
             dest: str,
-            default: _T | str | None = None,
+            default: bool | None = None,
+            *,
+            required: bool = False,
+            help: str | None = None,
+        ) -> None: ...
+        @overload
+        @deprecated("The `type`, `choices`, and `metavar` parameters are ignored and will be removed in Python 3.14.")
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            option_strings: Sequence[str],
+            dest: str,
+            default: _T | bool | None = None,
             type: Callable[[str], _T] | FileType | None = sentinel,
             choices: Iterable[_T] | None = sentinel,
             required: bool = False,
@@ -353,11 +365,23 @@ if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
 
 elif sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
     class BooleanOptionalAction(Action):
+        @overload
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            option_strings: Sequence[str],
+            dest: str,
+            default: bool | None = None,
+            *,
+            required: bool = False,
+            help: str | None = None,
+        ) -> None: ...
+        @overload
+        @deprecated("The `type`, `choices`, and `metavar` parameters are ignored and will be removed in Python 3.14.")
         def __init__(
             self,
             option_strings: Sequence[str],
             dest: str,
-            default: _T | str | None = None,
+            default: _T | bool | None = None,
             type: Callable[[str], _T] | FileType | None = None,
             choices: Iterable[_T] | None = None,
             required: bool = False,
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/asyncio/events.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/asyncio/events.pyi
index 649771df8bf1..16f5296e2125 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/asyncio/events.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/asyncio/events.pyi
@@ -543,10 +543,18 @@ class AbstractEventLoopPolicy:
     @abstractmethod
     def new_event_loop(self) -> AbstractEventLoop: ...
     # Child processes handling (Unix only).
-    @abstractmethod
-    def get_child_watcher(self) -> AbstractChildWatcher: ...
-    @abstractmethod
-    def set_child_watcher(self, watcher: AbstractChildWatcher) -> None: ...
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+        @abstractmethod
+        @deprecated("Deprecated as of Python 3.12; will be removed in Python 3.14")
+        def get_child_watcher(self) -> AbstractChildWatcher: ...
+        @abstractmethod
+        @deprecated("Deprecated as of Python 3.12; will be removed in Python 3.14")
+        def set_child_watcher(self, watcher: AbstractChildWatcher) -> None: ...
+    else:
+        @abstractmethod
+        def get_child_watcher(self) -> AbstractChildWatcher: ...
+        @abstractmethod
+        def set_child_watcher(self, watcher: AbstractChildWatcher) -> None: ...
 
 class BaseDefaultEventLoopPolicy(AbstractEventLoopPolicy, metaclass=ABCMeta):
     def get_event_loop(self) -> AbstractEventLoop: ...
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/asyncio/tasks.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/asyncio/tasks.pyi
index 23447ba27aa5..028a7571bb79 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/asyncio/tasks.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/asyncio/tasks.pyi
@@ -375,6 +375,8 @@ else:
 
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
     _TaskCompatibleCoro: TypeAlias = Coroutine[Any, Any, _T_co]
+elif sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
+    _TaskCompatibleCoro: TypeAlias = Generator[_TaskYieldType, None, _T_co] | Coroutine[Any, Any, _T_co]
 else:
     _TaskCompatibleCoro: TypeAlias = Generator[_TaskYieldType, None, _T_co] | Awaitable[_T_co]
 
@@ -382,7 +384,7 @@ else:
 # While this is true in general, here it's sort-of okay to have a covariant subclass,
 # since the only reason why `asyncio.Future` is invariant is the `set_result()` method,
 # and `asyncio.Task.set_result()` always raises.
-class Task(Future[_T_co]):  # type: ignore[type-var]  # pyright: ignore[reportGeneralTypeIssues]
+class Task(Future[_T_co]):  # type: ignore[type-var]  # pyright: ignore[reportInvalidTypeArguments]
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
         def __init__(
             self,
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/builtins.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/builtins.pyi
index 09f082f2fe48..02e128234dc1 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/builtins.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/builtins.pyi
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ class str(Sequence[str]):
     def capitalize(self) -> str: ...  # type: ignore[misc]
     def casefold(self) -> str: ...  # type: ignore[misc]
     def center(self, __width: SupportsIndex, __fillchar: str = " ") -> str: ...  # type: ignore[misc]
-    def count(self, x: str, __start: SupportsIndex | None = ..., __end: SupportsIndex | None = ...) -> int: ...
+    def count(self, __sub: str, __start: SupportsIndex | None = ..., __end: SupportsIndex | None = ...) -> int: ...
     def encode(self, encoding: str = "utf-8", errors: str = "strict") -> bytes: ...
     def endswith(
         self, __suffix: str | tuple[str, ...], __start: SupportsIndex | None = ..., __end: SupportsIndex | None = ...
@@ -1130,7 +1130,7 @@ class property:
 class _NotImplementedType(Any):
     # A little weird, but typing the __call__ as NotImplemented makes the error message
     # for NotImplemented() much better
-    __call__: NotImplemented  # type: ignore[valid-type]  # pyright: ignore[reportGeneralTypeIssues]
+    __call__: NotImplemented  # type: ignore[valid-type]  # pyright: ignore[reportInvalidTypeForm]
 
 NotImplemented: _NotImplementedType
 
@@ -1544,9 +1544,9 @@ def quit(code: sys._ExitCode = None) -> NoReturn: ...
 
 class reversed(Iterator[_T]):
     @overload
-    def __init__(self, __sequence: Reversible[_T]) -> None: ...
+    def __new__(cls, __sequence: Reversible[_T]) -> Iterator[_T]: ...  # type: ignore[misc]
     @overload
-    def __init__(self, __sequence: SupportsLenAndGetItem[_T]) -> None: ...
+    def __new__(cls, __sequence: SupportsLenAndGetItem[_T]) -> Iterator[_T]: ...  # type: ignore[misc]
     def __iter__(self) -> Self: ...
     def __next__(self) -> _T: ...
     def __length_hint__(self) -> int: ...
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/cProfile.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/cProfile.pyi
index 7d97fa22c394..c212f0383eaf 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/cProfile.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/cProfile.pyi
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import _lsprof
 from _typeshed import StrOrBytesPath, Unused
 from collections.abc import Callable
 from types import CodeType
@@ -15,13 +16,8 @@ _T = TypeVar("_T")
 _P = ParamSpec("_P")
 _Label: TypeAlias = tuple[str, int, str]
 
-class Profile:
+class Profile(_lsprof.Profiler):
     stats: dict[_Label, tuple[int, int, int, int, dict[_Label, tuple[int, int, int, int]]]]  # undocumented
-    def __init__(
-        self, timer: Callable[[], float] = ..., timeunit: float = ..., subcalls: bool = ..., builtins: bool = ...
-    ) -> None: ...
-    def enable(self) -> None: ...
-    def disable(self) -> None: ...
     def print_stats(self, sort: str | int = -1) -> None: ...
     def dump_stats(self, file: StrOrBytesPath) -> None: ...
     def create_stats(self) -> None: ...
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/datetime.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/datetime.pyi
index 54ecddec3a9a..852208cd83a1 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/datetime.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/datetime.pyi
@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
 import sys
 from abc import abstractmethod
 from time import struct_time
-from typing import ClassVar, Literal, NamedTuple, NoReturn, SupportsIndex, TypeVar, final, overload
-from typing_extensions import Self, TypeAlias
+from typing import ClassVar, Literal, NamedTuple, NoReturn, SupportsIndex, final, overload
+from typing_extensions import Self, TypeAlias, deprecated
 
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
     __all__ = ("date", "datetime", "time", "timedelta", "timezone", "tzinfo", "MINYEAR", "MAXYEAR", "UTC")
 elif sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
     __all__ = ("date", "datetime", "time", "timedelta", "timezone", "tzinfo", "MINYEAR", "MAXYEAR")
 
-_D = TypeVar("_D", bound=date)
-
 MINYEAR: Literal[1]
 MAXYEAR: Literal[9999]
 
@@ -90,11 +88,11 @@ class date:
     def __add__(self, __value: timedelta) -> Self: ...
     def __radd__(self, __value: timedelta) -> Self: ...
     @overload
-    def __sub__(self, __value: timedelta) -> Self: ...
-    @overload
     def __sub__(self, __value: datetime) -> NoReturn: ...
     @overload
-    def __sub__(self: _D, __value: _D) -> timedelta: ...
+    def __sub__(self, __value: Self) -> timedelta: ...
+    @overload
+    def __sub__(self, __value: timedelta) -> Self: ...
     def __hash__(self) -> int: ...
     def weekday(self) -> int: ...
     def isoweekday(self) -> int: ...
@@ -251,10 +249,12 @@ class datetime(date):
         def fromtimestamp(cls, __timestamp: float, tz: _TzInfo | None = ...) -> Self: ...
 
     @classmethod
+    @deprecated("Use timezone-aware objects to represent datetimes in UTC; e.g. by calling .fromtimestamp(datetime.UTC)")
     def utcfromtimestamp(cls, __t: float) -> Self: ...
     @classmethod
     def now(cls, tz: _TzInfo | None = None) -> Self: ...
     @classmethod
+    @deprecated("Use timezone-aware objects to represent datetimes in UTC; e.g. by calling .now(datetime.UTC)")
     def utcnow(cls) -> Self: ...
     @classmethod
     def combine(cls, date: _Date, time: _Time, tzinfo: _TzInfo | None = ...) -> Self: ...
@@ -290,6 +290,6 @@ class datetime(date):
     def __eq__(self, __value: object) -> bool: ...
     def __hash__(self) -> int: ...
     @overload  # type: ignore[override]
-    def __sub__(self, __value: timedelta) -> Self: ...
+    def __sub__(self, __value: Self) -> timedelta: ...
     @overload
-    def __sub__(self: _D, __value: _D) -> timedelta: ...
+    def __sub__(self, __value: timedelta) -> Self: ...
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/difflib.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/difflib.pyi
index 894ebaaeca98..d5b77b8f0e2c 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/difflib.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/difflib.pyi
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 import sys
 from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Iterator, Sequence
-from typing import Any, AnyStr, Generic, NamedTuple, TypeVar, overload
+from typing import Any, AnyStr, Generic, Literal, NamedTuple, TypeVar, overload
 
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
     from types import GenericAlias
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class SequenceMatcher(Generic[_T]):
         def find_longest_match(self, alo: int, ahi: int, blo: int, bhi: int) -> Match: ...
 
     def get_matching_blocks(self) -> list[Match]: ...
-    def get_opcodes(self) -> list[tuple[str, int, int, int, int]]: ...
+    def get_opcodes(self) -> list[tuple[Literal["replace", "delete", "insert", "equal"], int, int, int, int]]: ...
     def get_grouped_opcodes(self, n: int = 3) -> Iterable[list[tuple[str, int, int, int, int]]]: ...
     def ratio(self) -> float: ...
     def quick_ratio(self) -> float: ...
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/distutils/sysconfig.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/distutils/sysconfig.pyi
index 464cfb639c6d..e2399a6cf36b 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/distutils/sysconfig.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/distutils/sysconfig.pyi
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import sys
 from collections.abc import Mapping
 from distutils.ccompiler import CCompiler
+from typing import Literal, overload
+from typing_extensions import deprecated
 
 PREFIX: str
 EXEC_PREFIX: str
@@ -10,8 +12,15 @@ project_base: str
 python_build: bool
 
 def expand_makefile_vars(s: str, vars: Mapping[str, str]) -> str: ...
+@overload
+@deprecated("SO is deprecated, use EXT_SUFFIX. Support is removed in Python 3.11")
+def get_config_var(name: Literal["SO"]) -> int | str | None: ...
+@overload
 def get_config_var(name: str) -> int | str | None: ...
-def get_config_vars(*args: str) -> Mapping[str, int | str]: ...
+@overload
+def get_config_vars() -> dict[str, str | int]: ...
+@overload
+def get_config_vars(arg: str, /, *args: str) -> list[str | int]: ...
 def get_config_h_filename() -> str: ...
 def get_makefile_filename() -> str: ...
 def get_python_inc(plat_specific: bool = ..., prefix: str | None = None) -> str: ...
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/email/utils.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/email/utils.pyi
index 186e768050be..0b62647532db 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/email/utils.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/email/utils.pyi
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from _typeshed import Unused
 from email import _ParamType
 from email.charset import Charset
 from typing import overload
-from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias, deprecated
 
 __all__ = [
     "collapse_rfc2231_value",
@@ -54,6 +54,10 @@ def formatdate(timeval: float | None = None, localtime: bool = False, usegmt: bo
 def format_datetime(dt: datetime.datetime, usegmt: bool = False) -> str: ...
 
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+    @overload
+    def localtime(dt: datetime.datetime | None = None) -> datetime.datetime: ...
+    @overload
+    @deprecated("The `isdst` parameter does nothing and will be removed in Python 3.14.")
     def localtime(dt: datetime.datetime | None = None, isdst: Unused = None) -> datetime.datetime: ...
 
 else:
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/functools.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/functools.pyi
index 0f1666024f84..991182486113 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/functools.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/functools.pyi
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
 _AnyCallable: TypeAlias = Callable[..., object]
 
 _T = TypeVar("_T")
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", covariant=True)
 _S = TypeVar("_S")
 
 @overload
@@ -171,17 +172,17 @@ class singledispatchmethod(Generic[_T]):
     def register(self, cls: type[Any], method: Callable[..., _T]) -> Callable[..., _T]: ...
     def __get__(self, obj: _S, cls: type[_S] | None = None) -> Callable[..., _T]: ...
 
-class cached_property(Generic[_T]):
-    func: Callable[[Any], _T]
+class cached_property(Generic[_T_co]):
+    func: Callable[[Any], _T_co]
     attrname: str | None
-    def __init__(self, func: Callable[[Any], _T]) -> None: ...
+    def __init__(self, func: Callable[[Any], _T_co]) -> None: ...
     @overload
     def __get__(self, instance: None, owner: type[Any] | None = None) -> Self: ...
     @overload
-    def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: type[Any] | None = None) -> _T: ...
+    def __get__(self, instance: object, owner: type[Any] | None = None) -> _T_co: ...
     def __set_name__(self, owner: type[Any], name: str) -> None: ...
     # __set__ is not defined at runtime, but @cached_property is designed to be settable
-    def __set__(self, instance: object, value: _T) -> None: ...
+    def __set__(self, instance: object, value: _T_co) -> None: ...  # type: ignore[misc]  # pyright: ignore[reportGeneralTypeIssues]
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 9):
         def __class_getitem__(cls, item: Any) -> GenericAlias: ...
 
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/importlib/metadata/__init__.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/importlib/metadata/__init__.pyi
index eb4db39ebf40..b2fe14777056 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/importlib/metadata/__init__.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/importlib/metadata/__init__.pyi
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ from os import PathLike
 from pathlib import Path
 from re import Pattern
 from typing import Any, ClassVar, Generic, NamedTuple, TypeVar, overload
-from typing_extensions import Self
+from typing_extensions import Self, TypeAlias
 
 _T = TypeVar("_T")
 _KT = TypeVar("_KT")
@@ -33,9 +33,17 @@ if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
     __all__ += ["PackageMetadata", "packages_distributions"]
 
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
-    from importlib.metadata._meta import PackageMetadata as PackageMetadata
+    from importlib.metadata._meta import PackageMetadata as PackageMetadata, SimplePath
     def packages_distributions() -> Mapping[str, list[str]]: ...
 
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+        # It's generic but shouldn't be
+        _SimplePath: TypeAlias = SimplePath[Any]
+    else:
+        _SimplePath: TypeAlias = SimplePath
+else:
+    _SimplePath: TypeAlias = Path
+
 class PackageNotFoundError(ModuleNotFoundError):
     @property
     def name(self) -> str: ...  # type: ignore[override]
@@ -184,7 +192,7 @@ class Distribution(_distribution_parent):
     @abc.abstractmethod
     def read_text(self, filename: str) -> str | None: ...
     @abc.abstractmethod
-    def locate_file(self, path: StrPath) -> PathLike[str]: ...
+    def locate_file(self, path: StrPath) -> _SimplePath: ...
     @classmethod
     def from_name(cls, name: str) -> Distribution: ...
     @overload
@@ -233,14 +241,14 @@ class MetadataPathFinder(DistributionFinder):
     @classmethod
     def find_distributions(cls, context: DistributionFinder.Context = ...) -> Iterable[PathDistribution]: ...
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
-        # Yes, this is an instance method that has argumend named "cls"
+        # Yes, this is an instance method that has a parameter named "cls"
         def invalidate_caches(cls) -> None: ...
 
 class PathDistribution(Distribution):
-    _path: Path
-    def __init__(self, path: Path) -> None: ...
-    def read_text(self, filename: StrPath) -> str: ...
-    def locate_file(self, path: StrPath) -> PathLike[str]: ...
+    _path: _SimplePath
+    def __init__(self, path: _SimplePath) -> None: ...
+    def read_text(self, filename: StrPath) -> str | None: ...
+    def locate_file(self, path: StrPath) -> _SimplePath: ...
 
 def distribution(distribution_name: str) -> Distribution: ...
 @overload
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/importlib/metadata/_meta.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/importlib/metadata/_meta.pyi
index 64fefa9a84e2..3eac226b7065 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/importlib/metadata/_meta.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/importlib/metadata/_meta.pyi
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ from collections.abc import Iterator
 from typing import Any, Protocol, TypeVar, overload
 
 _T = TypeVar("_T")
+_T_co = TypeVar("_T_co", covariant=True)
 
 class PackageMetadata(Protocol):
     def __len__(self) -> int: ...
@@ -22,19 +23,27 @@ class PackageMetadata(Protocol):
         def get(self, name: str, failobj: _T) -> _T | str: ...
 
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
-    class SimplePath(Protocol[_T]):
-        def joinpath(self) -> _T: ...
+    class SimplePath(Protocol[_T_co]):
+        # At runtime this is defined as taking `str | _T`, but that causes trouble.
+        # See #11436.
+        def joinpath(self, other: str, /) -> _T_co: ...
         @property
-        def parent(self) -> _T: ...
+        def parent(self) -> _T_co: ...
         def read_text(self) -> str: ...
-        def __truediv__(self, other: _T | str) -> _T: ...
+        # As with joinpath(), this is annotated as taking `str | _T` at runtime.
+        def __truediv__(self, other: str, /) -> _T_co: ...
 
 else:
     class SimplePath(Protocol):
-        def joinpath(self) -> SimplePath: ...
-        def parent(self) -> SimplePath: ...
+        # Actually takes only self at runtime, but that's clearly wrong
+        def joinpath(self, other: Any, /) -> SimplePath: ...
+        # Not defined as a property at runtime, but it should be
+        @property
+        def parent(self) -> Any: ...
         def read_text(self) -> str: ...
         # There was a bug in `SimplePath` definition in cpython, see #8451
         #  Strictly speaking `__div__` was defined in 3.10, not __truediv__,
         # but it should have always been `__truediv__`.
-        def __truediv__(self) -> SimplePath: ...
+        # Also, the runtime defines this method as taking no arguments,
+        # which is obviously wrong.
+        def __truediv__(self, other: Any, /) -> SimplePath: ...
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/itertools.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/itertools.pyi
index 1fa76399444a..0e501e1ade4d 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/itertools.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/itertools.pyi
@@ -220,21 +220,7 @@ class product(Iterator[_T_co]):
         __iter6: Iterable[_T6],
     ) -> product[tuple[_T1, _T2, _T3, _T4, _T5, _T6]]: ...
     @overload
-    def __new__(
-        cls,
-        __iter1: Iterable[Any],
-        __iter2: Iterable[Any],
-        __iter3: Iterable[Any],
-        __iter4: Iterable[Any],
-        __iter5: Iterable[Any],
-        __iter6: Iterable[Any],
-        __iter7: Iterable[Any],
-        *iterables: Iterable[Any],
-    ) -> product[tuple[Any, ...]]: ...
-    @overload
-    def __new__(cls, *iterables: Iterable[_T1], repeat: int) -> product[tuple[_T1, ...]]: ...
-    @overload
-    def __new__(cls, *iterables: Iterable[Any], repeat: int = ...) -> product[tuple[Any, ...]]: ...
+    def __new__(cls, *iterables: Iterable[_T1], repeat: int = 1) -> product[tuple[_T1, ...]]: ...
     def __iter__(self) -> Self: ...
     def __next__(self) -> _T_co: ...
 
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/numbers.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/numbers.pyi
index 9f507d8335cf..e129de2cdc67 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/numbers.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/numbers.pyi
@@ -1,27 +1,62 @@
 # Note: these stubs are incomplete. The more complex type
 # signatures are currently omitted.
 #
-# Use SupportsComplex, SupportsFloat and SupportsIndex for return types in this module
+# Use _ComplexLike, _RealLike and _IntegralLike for return types in this module
 # rather than `numbers.Complex`, `numbers.Real` and `numbers.Integral`,
 # to avoid an excessive number of `type: ignore`s in subclasses of these ABCs
 # (since type checkers don't see `complex` as a subtype of `numbers.Complex`,
 # nor `float` as a subtype of `numbers.Real`, etc.)
 
-import sys
 from _typeshed import Incomplete
 from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
-from typing import Literal, SupportsFloat, SupportsIndex, overload
-from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+from typing import Literal, Protocol, overload
 
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
-    from typing import SupportsComplex as _SupportsComplex
-else:
-    # builtins.complex didn't have a __complex__ method on older Pythons
-    import typing
+__all__ = ["Number", "Complex", "Real", "Rational", "Integral"]
 
-    _SupportsComplex: TypeAlias = typing.SupportsComplex | complex
+############################
+# Protocols for return types
+############################
 
-__all__ = ["Number", "Complex", "Real", "Rational", "Integral"]
+# `_ComplexLike` is a structural-typing approximation
+# of the `Complex` ABC, which is not (and cannot be) a protocol
+#
+# NOTE: We can't include `__complex__` here,
+# as we want `int` to be seen as a subtype of `_ComplexLike`,
+# and `int.__complex__` does not exist :(
+class _ComplexLike(Protocol):
+    def __neg__(self) -> _ComplexLike: ...
+    def __pos__(self) -> _ComplexLike: ...
+    def __abs__(self) -> _RealLike: ...
+
+# _RealLike is a structural-typing approximation
+# of the `Real` ABC, which is not (and cannot be) a protocol
+class _RealLike(_ComplexLike, Protocol):
+    def __trunc__(self) -> _IntegralLike: ...
+    def __floor__(self) -> _IntegralLike: ...
+    def __ceil__(self) -> _IntegralLike: ...
+    def __float__(self) -> float: ...
+    # Overridden from `_ComplexLike`
+    # for a more precise return type:
+    def __neg__(self) -> _RealLike: ...
+    def __pos__(self) -> _RealLike: ...
+
+# _IntegralLike is a structural-typing approximation
+# of the `Integral` ABC, which is not (and cannot be) a protocol
+class _IntegralLike(_RealLike, Protocol):
+    def __invert__(self) -> _IntegralLike: ...
+    def __int__(self) -> int: ...
+    def __index__(self) -> int: ...
+    # Overridden from `_ComplexLike`
+    # for a more precise return type:
+    def __abs__(self) -> _IntegralLike: ...
+    # Overridden from `RealLike`
+    # for a more precise return type:
+    def __neg__(self) -> _IntegralLike: ...
+    def __pos__(self) -> _IntegralLike: ...
+
+#################
+# Module "proper"
+#################
 
 class Number(metaclass=ABCMeta):
     @abstractmethod
@@ -29,126 +64,146 @@ class Number(metaclass=ABCMeta):
 
 # See comment at the top of the file
 # for why some of these return types are purposefully vague
-class Complex(Number):
+class Complex(Number, _ComplexLike):
     @abstractmethod
     def __complex__(self) -> complex: ...
     def __bool__(self) -> bool: ...
     @property
     @abstractmethod
-    def real(self) -> SupportsFloat: ...
+    def real(self) -> _RealLike: ...
     @property
     @abstractmethod
-    def imag(self) -> SupportsFloat: ...
+    def imag(self) -> _RealLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __add__(self, other) -> _SupportsComplex: ...
+    def __add__(self, other) -> _ComplexLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __radd__(self, other) -> _SupportsComplex: ...
+    def __radd__(self, other) -> _ComplexLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __neg__(self) -> _SupportsComplex: ...
+    def __neg__(self) -> _ComplexLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __pos__(self) -> _SupportsComplex: ...
-    def __sub__(self, other) -> _SupportsComplex: ...
-    def __rsub__(self, other) -> _SupportsComplex: ...
+    def __pos__(self) -> _ComplexLike: ...
+    def __sub__(self, other) -> _ComplexLike: ...
+    def __rsub__(self, other) -> _ComplexLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __mul__(self, other) -> _SupportsComplex: ...
+    def __mul__(self, other) -> _ComplexLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __rmul__(self, other) -> _SupportsComplex: ...
+    def __rmul__(self, other) -> _ComplexLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __truediv__(self, other) -> _SupportsComplex: ...
+    def __truediv__(self, other) -> _ComplexLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __rtruediv__(self, other) -> _SupportsComplex: ...
+    def __rtruediv__(self, other) -> _ComplexLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __pow__(self, exponent) -> _SupportsComplex: ...
+    def __pow__(self, exponent) -> _ComplexLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __rpow__(self, base) -> _SupportsComplex: ...
+    def __rpow__(self, base) -> _ComplexLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __abs__(self) -> SupportsFloat: ...
+    def __abs__(self) -> _RealLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def conjugate(self) -> _SupportsComplex: ...
+    def conjugate(self) -> _ComplexLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
     def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool: ...
 
 # See comment at the top of the file
 # for why some of these return types are purposefully vague
-class Real(Complex, SupportsFloat):
+class Real(Complex, _RealLike):
     @abstractmethod
     def __float__(self) -> float: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __trunc__(self) -> SupportsIndex: ...
+    def __trunc__(self) -> _IntegralLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __floor__(self) -> SupportsIndex: ...
+    def __floor__(self) -> _IntegralLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __ceil__(self) -> SupportsIndex: ...
+    def __ceil__(self) -> _IntegralLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
     @overload
-    def __round__(self, ndigits: None = None) -> SupportsIndex: ...
+    def __round__(self, ndigits: None = None) -> _IntegralLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
     @overload
-    def __round__(self, ndigits: int) -> SupportsFloat: ...
-    def __divmod__(self, other) -> tuple[SupportsFloat, SupportsFloat]: ...
-    def __rdivmod__(self, other) -> tuple[SupportsFloat, SupportsFloat]: ...
+    def __round__(self, ndigits: int) -> _RealLike: ...
+    def __divmod__(self, other) -> tuple[_RealLike, _RealLike]: ...
+    def __rdivmod__(self, other) -> tuple[_RealLike, _RealLike]: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __floordiv__(self, other) -> SupportsFloat: ...
+    def __floordiv__(self, other) -> _RealLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __rfloordiv__(self, other) -> SupportsFloat: ...
+    def __rfloordiv__(self, other) -> _RealLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __mod__(self, other) -> SupportsFloat: ...
+    def __mod__(self, other) -> _RealLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __rmod__(self, other) -> SupportsFloat: ...
+    def __rmod__(self, other) -> _RealLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
     def __lt__(self, other) -> bool: ...
     @abstractmethod
     def __le__(self, other) -> bool: ...
     def __complex__(self) -> complex: ...
     @property
-    def real(self) -> SupportsFloat: ...
+    def real(self) -> _RealLike: ...
     @property
     def imag(self) -> Literal[0]: ...
-    def conjugate(self) -> SupportsFloat: ...  # type: ignore[override]
+    def conjugate(self) -> _RealLike: ...
+    # Not actually overridden at runtime,
+    # but we override these in the stub to give them more precise return types:
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __pos__(self) -> _RealLike: ...
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __neg__(self) -> _RealLike: ...
 
 # See comment at the top of the file
 # for why some of these return types are purposefully vague
 class Rational(Real):
     @property
     @abstractmethod
-    def numerator(self) -> SupportsIndex: ...
+    def numerator(self) -> _IntegralLike: ...
     @property
     @abstractmethod
-    def denominator(self) -> SupportsIndex: ...
+    def denominator(self) -> _IntegralLike: ...
     def __float__(self) -> float: ...
 
 # See comment at the top of the file
 # for why some of these return types are purposefully vague
-class Integral(Rational):
+class Integral(Rational, _IntegralLike):
     @abstractmethod
     def __int__(self) -> int: ...
     def __index__(self) -> int: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __pow__(self, exponent, modulus: Incomplete | None = None) -> SupportsIndex: ...  # type: ignore[override]
+    def __pow__(self, exponent, modulus: Incomplete | None = None) -> _IntegralLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __lshift__(self, other) -> SupportsIndex: ...
+    def __lshift__(self, other) -> _IntegralLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __rlshift__(self, other) -> SupportsIndex: ...
+    def __rlshift__(self, other) -> _IntegralLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __rshift__(self, other) -> SupportsIndex: ...
+    def __rshift__(self, other) -> _IntegralLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __rrshift__(self, other) -> SupportsIndex: ...
+    def __rrshift__(self, other) -> _IntegralLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __and__(self, other) -> SupportsIndex: ...
+    def __and__(self, other) -> _IntegralLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __rand__(self, other) -> SupportsIndex: ...
+    def __rand__(self, other) -> _IntegralLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __xor__(self, other) -> SupportsIndex: ...
+    def __xor__(self, other) -> _IntegralLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __rxor__(self, other) -> SupportsIndex: ...
+    def __rxor__(self, other) -> _IntegralLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __or__(self, other) -> SupportsIndex: ...
+    def __or__(self, other) -> _IntegralLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __ror__(self, other) -> SupportsIndex: ...
+    def __ror__(self, other) -> _IntegralLike: ...
     @abstractmethod
-    def __invert__(self) -> SupportsIndex: ...
+    def __invert__(self) -> _IntegralLike: ...
     def __float__(self) -> float: ...
     @property
-    def numerator(self) -> SupportsIndex: ...
+    def numerator(self) -> _IntegralLike: ...
     @property
     def denominator(self) -> Literal[1]: ...
+    # Not actually overridden at runtime,
+    # but we override these in the stub to give them more precise return types:
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __pos__(self) -> _IntegralLike: ...
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __neg__(self) -> _IntegralLike: ...
+    @abstractmethod
+    def __abs__(self) -> _IntegralLike: ...
+    @abstractmethod
+    @overload
+    def __round__(self, ndigits: None = None) -> _IntegralLike: ...
+    @abstractmethod
+    @overload
+    def __round__(self, ndigits: int) -> _IntegralLike: ...
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/os/__init__.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/os/__init__.pyi
index b57678635c07..eef52e7a8b3b 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/os/__init__.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/os/__init__.pyi
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ from typing import (
     overload,
     runtime_checkable,
 )
-from typing_extensions import Self, TypeAlias, Unpack
+from typing_extensions import Self, TypeAlias, Unpack, deprecated
 
 from . import path as _path
 
@@ -308,7 +308,8 @@ if sys.platform != "win32":
     EX_NOPERM: int
     EX_CONFIG: int
 
-if sys.platform != "win32" and sys.platform != "darwin":
+# Exists on some Unix platforms, e.g. Solaris.
+if sys.platform != "win32" and sys.platform != "darwin" and sys.platform != "linux":
     EX_NOTFOUND: int
 
 P_NOWAIT: int
@@ -361,8 +362,16 @@ class stat_result(structseq[float], tuple[int, int, int, int, int, int, int, flo
     @property
     def st_mtime(self) -> float: ...  # time of most recent content modification,
     # platform dependent (time of most recent metadata change on Unix, or the time of creation on Windows)
-    @property
-    def st_ctime(self) -> float: ...
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 12) and sys.platform == "win32":
+        @property
+        @deprecated(
+            "Use st_birthtime instead to retrieve the file creation time. In the future, this property will contain the last metadata change time."
+        )
+        def st_ctime(self) -> float: ...
+    else:
+        @property
+        def st_ctime(self) -> float: ...
+
     @property
     def st_atime_ns(self) -> int: ...  # time of most recent access, in nanoseconds
     @property
@@ -860,8 +869,8 @@ if sys.platform != "win32":
 def abort() -> NoReturn: ...
 
 # These are defined as execl(file, *args) but the first *arg is mandatory.
-def execl(file: StrOrBytesPath, __arg0: StrOrBytesPath, *args: StrOrBytesPath) -> NoReturn: ...
-def execlp(file: StrOrBytesPath, __arg0: StrOrBytesPath, *args: StrOrBytesPath) -> NoReturn: ...
+def execl(file: StrOrBytesPath, *args: Unpack[tuple[StrOrBytesPath, Unpack[tuple[StrOrBytesPath, ...]]]]) -> NoReturn: ...
+def execlp(file: StrOrBytesPath, *args: Unpack[tuple[StrOrBytesPath, Unpack[tuple[StrOrBytesPath, ...]]]]) -> NoReturn: ...
 
 # These are: execle(file, *args, env) but env is pulled from the last element of the args.
 def execle(
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/posix.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/posix.pyi
index 6cba003bbd5f..b31b8f3d3524 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/posix.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/posix.pyi
@@ -239,9 +239,11 @@ if sys.platform != "win32":
     if sys.platform != "linux":
         from os import chflags as chflags, lchflags as lchflags, lchmod as lchmod
 
+    if sys.platform != "linux" and sys.platform != "darwin":
+        from os import EX_NOTFOUND as EX_NOTFOUND
+
     if sys.platform != "darwin":
         from os import (
-            EX_NOTFOUND as EX_NOTFOUND,
             POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED as POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED,
             POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE as POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE,
             POSIX_FADV_NORMAL as POSIX_FADV_NORMAL,
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/queue.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/queue.pyi
index 3537e445ed97..d7cae5f2ac79 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/queue.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/queue.pyi
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@ _T = TypeVar("_T")
 class Empty(Exception): ...
 class Full(Exception): ...
 
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
+    class ShutDown(Exception): ...
+
 class Queue(Generic[_T]):
     maxsize: int
 
@@ -20,6 +23,8 @@ class Queue(Generic[_T]):
     not_full: Condition  # undocumented
     all_tasks_done: Condition  # undocumented
     unfinished_tasks: int  # undocumented
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
+        is_shutdown: bool  # undocumented
     # Despite the fact that `queue` has `deque` type,
     # we treat it as `Any` to allow different implementations in subtypes.
     queue: Any  # undocumented
@@ -29,6 +34,9 @@ class Queue(Generic[_T]):
     def full(self) -> bool: ...
     def get(self, block: bool = True, timeout: float | None = None) -> _T: ...
     def get_nowait(self) -> _T: ...
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 13):
+        def shutdown(self, immediate: bool = False) -> None: ...
+
     def _get(self) -> _T: ...
     def put(self, item: _T, block: bool = True, timeout: float | None = None) -> None: ...
     def put_nowait(self, item: _T) -> None: ...
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/shlex.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/shlex.pyi
index 3fda03b5694a..daa8df439b26 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/shlex.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/shlex.pyi
@@ -1,13 +1,32 @@
+import sys
+from collections import deque
 from collections.abc import Iterable
-from typing import TextIO
-from typing_extensions import Self
+from io import TextIOWrapper
+from typing import Literal, Protocol, overload, type_check_only
+from typing_extensions import Self, deprecated
 
 __all__ = ["shlex", "split", "quote", "join"]
 
-def split(s: str, comments: bool = False, posix: bool = True) -> list[str]: ...
+@type_check_only
+class _ShlexInstream(Protocol):
+    def read(self, size: Literal[1], /) -> str: ...
+    def readline(self) -> object: ...
+    def close(self) -> object: ...
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+    def split(s: str | _ShlexInstream, comments: bool = False, posix: bool = True) -> list[str]: ...
+
+else:
+    @overload
+    def split(s: str | _ShlexInstream, comments: bool = False, posix: bool = True) -> list[str]: ...
+    @overload
+    @deprecated("Passing None for 's' to shlex.split() is deprecated and will raise an error in Python 3.12.")
+    def split(s: None, comments: bool = False, posix: bool = True) -> list[str]: ...
+
 def join(split_command: Iterable[str]) -> str: ...
 def quote(s: str) -> str: ...
 
+# TODO: Make generic over infile once PEP 696 is implemented.
 class shlex(Iterable[str]):
     commenters: str
     wordchars: str
@@ -17,17 +36,18 @@ class shlex(Iterable[str]):
     escapedquotes: str
     whitespace_split: bool
     infile: str | None
-    instream: TextIO
+    instream: _ShlexInstream
     source: str
     debug: int
     lineno: int
     token: str
+    filestack: deque[tuple[str | None, _ShlexInstream, int]]
     eof: str | None
     @property
     def punctuation_chars(self) -> str: ...
     def __init__(
         self,
-        instream: str | TextIO | None = None,
+        instream: str | _ShlexInstream | None = None,
         infile: str | None = None,
         posix: bool = False,
         punctuation_chars: bool | str = False,
@@ -35,8 +55,8 @@ class shlex(Iterable[str]):
     def get_token(self) -> str | None: ...
     def push_token(self, tok: str) -> None: ...
     def read_token(self) -> str | None: ...
-    def sourcehook(self, newfile: str) -> tuple[str, TextIO] | None: ...
-    def push_source(self, newstream: str | TextIO, newfile: str | None = None) -> None: ...
+    def sourcehook(self, newfile: str) -> tuple[str, TextIOWrapper] | None: ...
+    def push_source(self, newstream: str | _ShlexInstream, newfile: str | None = None) -> None: ...
     def pop_source(self) -> None: ...
     def error_leader(self, infile: str | None = None, lineno: int | None = None) -> str: ...
     def __iter__(self) -> Self: ...
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/shutil.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/shutil.pyi
index f6440aa27513..a06181ce876d 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/shutil.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/shutil.pyi
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from _typeshed import BytesPath, FileDescriptorOrPath, StrOrBytesPath, StrPath,
 from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Sequence
 from tarfile import _TarfileFilter
 from typing import Any, AnyStr, NamedTuple, Protocol, TypeVar, overload
-from typing_extensions import TypeAlias
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias, deprecated
 
 __all__ = [
     "copyfileobj",
@@ -78,24 +78,20 @@ class _RmtreeType(Protocol):
     avoids_symlink_attacks: bool
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
         @overload
+        def __call__(self, path: StrOrBytesPath, ignore_errors: bool = False, *, dir_fd: int | None = None) -> None: ...
+        @overload
+        @deprecated("The `onerror` parameter is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14. Use `onexc` instead.")
         def __call__(
             self,
             path: StrOrBytesPath,
             ignore_errors: bool = False,
             onerror: _OnErrorCallback | None = None,
             *,
-            onexc: None = None,
             dir_fd: int | None = None,
         ) -> None: ...
         @overload
         def __call__(
-            self,
-            path: StrOrBytesPath,
-            ignore_errors: bool = False,
-            onerror: None = None,
-            *,
-            onexc: _OnExcCallback,
-            dir_fd: int | None = None,
+            self, path: StrOrBytesPath, ignore_errors: bool = False, *, onexc: _OnExcCallback, dir_fd: int | None = None
         ) -> None: ...
     elif sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
         def __call__(
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/sqlite3/dbapi2.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/sqlite3/dbapi2.pyi
index 659545c50b41..7cf75bbc33c5 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/sqlite3/dbapi2.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/sqlite3/dbapi2.pyi
@@ -221,16 +221,32 @@ def adapt(__obj: Any, __proto: Any) -> Any: ...
 @overload
 def adapt(__obj: Any, __proto: Any, __alt: _T) -> Any | _T: ...
 def complete_statement(statement: str) -> bool: ...
-def connect(
-    database: StrOrBytesPath,
-    timeout: float = ...,
-    detect_types: int = ...,
-    isolation_level: str | None = ...,
-    check_same_thread: bool = ...,
-    factory: type[Connection] | None = ...,
-    cached_statements: int = ...,
-    uri: bool = ...,
-) -> Connection: ...
+
+if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+    def connect(
+        database: StrOrBytesPath,
+        timeout: float = ...,
+        detect_types: int = ...,
+        isolation_level: str | None = ...,
+        check_same_thread: bool = ...,
+        factory: type[Connection] | None = ...,
+        cached_statements: int = ...,
+        uri: bool = ...,
+        autocommit: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Connection: ...
+
+else:
+    def connect(
+        database: StrOrBytesPath,
+        timeout: float = ...,
+        detect_types: int = ...,
+        isolation_level: str | None = ...,
+        check_same_thread: bool = ...,
+        factory: type[Connection] | None = ...,
+        cached_statements: int = ...,
+        uri: bool = ...,
+    ) -> Connection: ...
+
 def enable_callback_tracebacks(__enable: bool) -> None: ...
 
 if sys.version_info < (3, 12):
@@ -300,17 +316,32 @@ class Connection:
         def autocommit(self, val: int) -> None: ...
     row_factory: Any
     text_factory: Any
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        database: StrOrBytesPath,
-        timeout: float = ...,
-        detect_types: int = ...,
-        isolation_level: str | None = ...,
-        check_same_thread: bool = ...,
-        factory: type[Connection] | None = ...,
-        cached_statements: int = ...,
-        uri: bool = ...,
-    ) -> None: ...
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 12):
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            database: StrOrBytesPath,
+            timeout: float = ...,
+            detect_types: int = ...,
+            isolation_level: str | None = ...,
+            check_same_thread: bool = ...,
+            factory: type[Connection] | None = ...,
+            cached_statements: int = ...,
+            uri: bool = ...,
+            autocommit: bool = ...,
+        ) -> None: ...
+    else:
+        def __init__(
+            self,
+            database: StrOrBytesPath,
+            timeout: float = ...,
+            detect_types: int = ...,
+            isolation_level: str | None = ...,
+            check_same_thread: bool = ...,
+            factory: type[Connection] | None = ...,
+            cached_statements: int = ...,
+            uri: bool = ...,
+        ) -> None: ...
+
     def close(self) -> None: ...
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 11):
         def blobopen(self, __table: str, __column: str, __row: int, *, readonly: bool = False, name: str = "main") -> Blob: ...
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/sysconfig.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/sysconfig.pyi
index 2edb71d78cdd..807a979050e8 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/sysconfig.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/sysconfig.pyi
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import sys
 from typing import IO, Any, Literal, overload
+from typing_extensions import deprecated
 
 __all__ = [
     "get_config_h_filename",
@@ -15,11 +16,15 @@ __all__ = [
     "parse_config_h",
 ]
 
+@overload
+@deprecated("SO is deprecated, use EXT_SUFFIX. Support is removed in Python 3.11")
+def get_config_var(name: Literal["SO"]) -> Any: ...
+@overload
 def get_config_var(name: str) -> Any: ...
 @overload
 def get_config_vars() -> dict[str, Any]: ...
 @overload
-def get_config_vars(arg: str, *args: str) -> list[Any]: ...
+def get_config_vars(arg: str, /, *args: str) -> list[Any]: ...
 def get_scheme_names() -> tuple[str, ...]: ...
 
 if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/tarfile.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/tarfile.pyi
index 0bfd91ce2161..47c831190286 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/tarfile.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/tarfile.pyi
@@ -292,6 +292,8 @@ class TarFile:
     def getnames(self) -> _list[str]: ...
     def list(self, verbose: bool = True, *, members: _list[TarInfo] | None = None) -> None: ...
     def next(self) -> TarInfo | None: ...
+    # Calling this method without `filter` is deprecated, but it may be set either on the class or in an
+    # individual call, so we can't mark it as @deprecated here.
     def extractall(
         self,
         path: StrOrBytesPath = ".",
@@ -300,6 +302,7 @@ class TarFile:
         numeric_owner: bool = False,
         filter: _TarfileFilter | None = ...,
     ) -> None: ...
+    # Same situation as for `extractall`.
     def extract(
         self,
         member: str | TarInfo,
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/tkinter/__init__.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/tkinter/__init__.pyi
index 4733c31b5bae..3f65eb2c8fe4 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/tkinter/__init__.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/tkinter/__init__.pyi
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ class Wm:
     iconmask = wm_iconmask
     def wm_iconname(self, newName: Incomplete | None = None) -> str: ...
     iconname = wm_iconname
-    def wm_iconphoto(self, default: bool, __image1: _PhotoImageLike | str, *args: _PhotoImageLike | str) -> None: ...
+    def wm_iconphoto(self, default: bool, image1: _PhotoImageLike | str, /, *args: _PhotoImageLike | str) -> None: ...
     iconphoto = wm_iconphoto
     def wm_iconposition(self, x: int | None = None, y: int | None = None) -> tuple[int, int] | None: ...
     iconposition = wm_iconposition
@@ -1721,7 +1721,9 @@ class Canvas(Widget, XView, YView):
     def tag_raise(self, __first: str | int, __second: str | int | None = ...) -> None: ...
     def tkraise(self, __first: str | int, __second: str | int | None = ...) -> None: ...  # type: ignore[override]
     def lift(self, __first: str | int, __second: str | int | None = ...) -> None: ...  # type: ignore[override]
-    def scale(self, *args) -> None: ...
+    def scale(
+        self, __tagOrId: str | int, __xOrigin: _ScreenUnits, __yOrigin: _ScreenUnits, __xScale: float, __yScale: float
+    ) -> None: ...
     def scan_mark(self, x, y) -> None: ...
     def scan_dragto(self, x, y, gain: int = 10) -> None: ...
     def select_adjust(self, tagOrId, index) -> None: ...
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/types.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/types.pyi
index 05ffc2143233..05c5e85e4a9e 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/types.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/types.pyi
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ from importlib.machinery import ModuleSpec
 
 # pytype crashes if types.MappingProxyType inherits from collections.abc.Mapping instead of typing.Mapping
 from typing import Any, ClassVar, Literal, Mapping, Protocol, TypeVar, final, overload  # noqa: Y022
-from typing_extensions import ParamSpec, Self, TypeVarTuple
+from typing_extensions import ParamSpec, Self, TypeVarTuple, deprecated
 
 __all__ = [
     "FunctionType",
@@ -138,8 +138,14 @@ class CodeType:
     def co_name(self) -> str: ...
     @property
     def co_firstlineno(self) -> int: ...
-    @property
-    def co_lnotab(self) -> bytes: ...
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
+        @property
+        @deprecated("Will be removed in Python 3.14. Use the co_lines() method instead.")
+        def co_lnotab(self) -> bytes: ...
+    else:
+        @property
+        def co_lnotab(self) -> bytes: ...
+
     @property
     def co_freevars(self) -> tuple[str, ...]: ...
     @property
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/typing_extensions.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/typing_extensions.pyi
index ea5c7b21aa87..921c1334cfe4 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/typing_extensions.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/typing_extensions.pyi
@@ -182,6 +182,7 @@ __all__ = [
     "no_type_check",
     "no_type_check_decorator",
     "ReadOnly",
+    "TypeIs",
 ]
 
 _T = typing.TypeVar("_T")
@@ -220,10 +221,14 @@ def IntVar(name: str) -> Any: ...  # returns a new TypeVar
 class _TypedDict(Mapping[str, object], metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
     __required_keys__: ClassVar[frozenset[str]]
     __optional_keys__: ClassVar[frozenset[str]]
-    __readonly_keys__: ClassVar[frozenset[str]]
-    __mutable_keys__: ClassVar[frozenset[str]]
     __total__: ClassVar[bool]
     __orig_bases__: ClassVar[tuple[Any, ...]]
+    # PEP 705
+    __readonly_keys__: ClassVar[frozenset[str]]
+    __mutable_keys__: ClassVar[frozenset[str]]
+    # PEP 728
+    __closed__: ClassVar[bool]
+    __extra_items__: ClassVar[Any]
     def copy(self) -> Self: ...
     # Using Never so that only calls using mypy plugin hook that specialize the signature
     # can go through.
@@ -501,3 +506,4 @@ class Doc:
     def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool: ...
 
 ReadOnly: _SpecialForm
+TypeIs: _SpecialForm
diff --git a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/xml/etree/ElementTree.pyi b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/xml/etree/ElementTree.pyi
index c508f72892c1..2a363a504dec 100644
--- a/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/xml/etree/ElementTree.pyi
+++ b/mypy/typeshed/stdlib/xml/etree/ElementTree.pyi
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ from _collections_abc import dict_keys
 from _typeshed import FileDescriptorOrPath, ReadableBuffer, SupportsRead, SupportsWrite
 from collections.abc import Callable, Generator, ItemsView, Iterable, Iterator, Mapping, Sequence
 from typing import Any, Literal, SupportsIndex, TypeVar, overload
-from typing_extensions import TypeAlias, TypeGuard
+from typing_extensions import TypeAlias, TypeGuard, deprecated
 
 __all__ = [
     "C14NWriterTarget",
@@ -121,6 +121,10 @@ class Element:
     def __setitem__(self, __key: SupportsIndex, __value: Element) -> None: ...
     @overload
     def __setitem__(self, __key: slice, __value: Iterable[Element]) -> None: ...
+
+    # Doesn't really exist in earlier versions, where __len__ is called implicitly instead
+    @deprecated("Testing an element's truth value is deprecated.")
+    def __bool__(self) -> bool: ...
     if sys.version_info < (3, 9):
         def getchildren(self) -> list[Element]: ...
         def getiterator(self, tag: str | None = None) -> list[Element]: ...