test_ops.py

import logging
import math
import os
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
from functools import lru_cache
from itertools import product
from typing import Callable, List, Tuple

import numpy as np
import pytest
import scipy.ndimage
import torch
import torch.fx
import torch.nn.functional as F
import torch.testing._internal.optests as optests
from common_utils import assert_equal, cpu_and_cuda, cpu_and_cuda_and_mps, needs_cuda, needs_mps
from PIL import Image, ImageDraw
from torch import nn, Tensor
from torch._dynamo.utils import is_compile_supported
from torch.autograd import gradcheck
from torch.nn.modules.utils import _pair
from torchvision import models, ops
from torchvision.models.feature_extraction import get_graph_node_names


OPTESTS = [
    "test_schema",
    "test_autograd_registration",
    "test_faketensor",
    "test_aot_dispatch_dynamic",
]


# Context manager for setting deterministic flag and automatically
# resetting it to its original value
class DeterministicGuard:
    def __init__(self, deterministic, *, warn_only=False):
        self.deterministic = deterministic
        self.warn_only = warn_only

    def __enter__(self):
        self.deterministic_restore = torch.are_deterministic_algorithms_enabled()
        self.warn_only_restore = torch.is_deterministic_algorithms_warn_only_enabled()
        torch.use_deterministic_algorithms(self.deterministic, warn_only=self.warn_only)

    def __exit__(self, exception_type, exception_value, traceback):
        torch.use_deterministic_algorithms(self.deterministic_restore, warn_only=self.warn_only_restore)


class RoIOpTesterModuleWrapper(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, obj):
        super().__init__()
        self.layer = obj
        self.n_inputs = 2

    def forward(self, a, b):
        self.layer(a, b)


class MultiScaleRoIAlignModuleWrapper(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, obj):
        super().__init__()
        self.layer = obj
        self.n_inputs = 3

    def forward(self, a, b, c):
        self.layer(a, b, c)


class DeformConvModuleWrapper(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, obj):
        super().__init__()
        self.layer = obj
        self.n_inputs = 3

    def forward(self, a, b, c):
        self.layer(a, b, c)


class StochasticDepthWrapper(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, obj):
        super().__init__()
        self.layer = obj
        self.n_inputs = 1

    def forward(self, a):
        self.layer(a)


class DropBlockWrapper(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, obj):
        super().__init__()
        self.layer = obj
        self.n_inputs = 1

    def forward(self, a):
        self.layer(a)


class PoolWrapper(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, pool: nn.Module):
        super().__init__()
        self.pool = pool

    def forward(self, imgs: Tensor, boxes: List[Tensor]) -> Tensor:
        return self.pool(imgs, boxes)


class RoIOpTester(ABC):
    dtype = torch.float64
    mps_dtype = torch.float32
    mps_backward_atol = 2e-2

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("device", cpu_and_cuda_and_mps())
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("contiguous", (True, False))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
        "x_dtype",
        (
            torch.float16,
            torch.float32,
            torch.float64,
        ),
        ids=str,
    )
    def test_forward(self, device, contiguous, x_dtype, rois_dtype=None, deterministic=False, **kwargs):
        if device == "mps" and x_dtype is torch.float64:
            pytest.skip("MPS does not support float64")

        rois_dtype = x_dtype if rois_dtype is None else rois_dtype

        tol = 1e-5
        if x_dtype is torch.half:
            if device == "mps":
                tol = 5e-3
            else:
                tol = 4e-3
        elif x_dtype == torch.bfloat16:
            tol = 5e-3

        pool_size = 5
        # n_channels % (pool_size ** 2) == 0 required for PS operations.
        n_channels = 2 * (pool_size**2)
        x = torch.rand(2, n_channels, 10, 10, dtype=x_dtype, device=device)
        if not contiguous:
            x = x.permute(0, 1, 3, 2)
        rois = torch.tensor(
            [[0, 0, 0, 9, 9], [0, 0, 5, 4, 9], [0, 5, 5, 9, 9], [1, 0, 0, 9, 9]],  # format is (xyxy)
            dtype=rois_dtype,
            device=device,
        )

        pool_h, pool_w = pool_size, pool_size
        with DeterministicGuard(deterministic):
            y = self.fn(x, rois, pool_h, pool_w, spatial_scale=1, sampling_ratio=-1, **kwargs)
        # the following should be true whether we're running an autocast test or not.
        assert y.dtype == x.dtype
        gt_y = self.expected_fn(
            x, rois, pool_h, pool_w, spatial_scale=1, sampling_ratio=-1, device=device, dtype=x_dtype, **kwargs
        )

        torch.testing.assert_close(gt_y.to(y), y, rtol=tol, atol=tol)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("device", cpu_and_cuda())
    def test_is_leaf_node(self, device):
        op_obj = self.make_obj(wrap=True).to(device=device)
        graph_node_names = get_graph_node_names(op_obj)

        assert len(graph_node_names) == 2
        assert len(graph_node_names[0]) == len(graph_node_names[1])
        assert len(graph_node_names[0]) == 1 + op_obj.n_inputs

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("device", cpu_and_cuda())
    def test_torch_fx_trace(self, device, x_dtype=torch.float, rois_dtype=torch.float):
        op_obj = self.make_obj().to(device=device)
        graph_module = torch.fx.symbolic_trace(op_obj)
        pool_size = 5
        n_channels = 2 * (pool_size**2)
        x = torch.rand(2, n_channels, 5, 5, dtype=x_dtype, device=device)
        rois = torch.tensor(
            [[0, 0, 0, 9, 9], [0, 0, 5, 4, 9], [0, 5, 5, 9, 9], [1, 0, 0, 9, 9]],  # format is (xyxy)
            dtype=rois_dtype,
            device=device,
        )
        output_gt = op_obj(x, rois)
        assert output_gt.dtype == x.dtype
        output_fx = graph_module(x, rois)
        assert output_fx.dtype == x.dtype
        tol = 1e-5
        torch.testing.assert_close(output_gt, output_fx, rtol=tol, atol=tol)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("seed", range(10))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("device", cpu_and_cuda_and_mps())
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("contiguous", (True, False))
    def test_backward(self, seed, device, contiguous, deterministic=False):
        atol = self.mps_backward_atol if device == "mps" else 1e-05
        dtype = self.mps_dtype if device == "mps" else self.dtype

        torch.random.manual_seed(seed)
        pool_size = 2
        x = torch.rand(1, 2 * (pool_size**2), 5, 5, dtype=dtype, device=device, requires_grad=True)
        if not contiguous:
            x = x.permute(0, 1, 3, 2)
        rois = torch.tensor(
            [[0, 0, 0, 4, 4], [0, 0, 2, 3, 4], [0, 2, 2, 4, 4]], dtype=dtype, device=device  # format is (xyxy)
        )

        def func(z):
            return self.fn(z, rois, pool_size, pool_size, spatial_scale=1, sampling_ratio=1)

        script_func = self.get_script_fn(rois, pool_size)

        with DeterministicGuard(deterministic):
            gradcheck(func, (x,), atol=atol)

        gradcheck(script_func, (x,), atol=atol)

    @needs_mps
    def test_mps_error_inputs(self):
        pool_size = 2
        x = torch.rand(1, 2 * (pool_size**2), 5, 5, dtype=torch.float16, device="mps", requires_grad=True)
        rois = torch.tensor(
            [[0, 0, 0, 4, 4], [0, 0, 2, 3, 4], [0, 2, 2, 4, 4]], dtype=torch.float16, device="mps"  # format is (xyxy)
        )

        def func(z):
            return self.fn(z, rois, pool_size, pool_size, spatial_scale=1, sampling_ratio=1)

        with pytest.raises(
            RuntimeError, match="MPS does not support (?:ps_)?roi_(?:align|pool)? backward with float16 inputs."
        ):
            gradcheck(func, (x,))

    @needs_cuda
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("x_dtype", (torch.float, torch.half))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("rois_dtype", (torch.float, torch.half))
    def test_autocast(self, x_dtype, rois_dtype):
        with torch.cuda.amp.autocast():
            self.test_forward(torch.device("cuda"), contiguous=False, x_dtype=x_dtype, rois_dtype=rois_dtype)

    def _helper_boxes_shape(self, func):
        # test boxes as Tensor[N, 5]
        with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
            a = torch.linspace(1, 8 * 8, 8 * 8).reshape(1, 1, 8, 8)
            boxes = torch.tensor([[0, 0, 3, 3]], dtype=a.dtype)
            func(a, boxes, output_size=(2, 2))

        # test boxes as List[Tensor[N, 4]]
        with pytest.raises(AssertionError):
            a = torch.linspace(1, 8 * 8, 8 * 8).reshape(1, 1, 8, 8)
            boxes = torch.tensor([[0, 0, 3]], dtype=a.dtype)
            ops.roi_pool(a, [boxes], output_size=(2, 2))

    def _helper_jit_boxes_list(self, model):
        x = torch.rand(2, 1, 10, 10)
        roi = torch.tensor([[0, 0, 0, 9, 9], [0, 0, 5, 4, 9], [0, 5, 5, 9, 9], [1, 0, 0, 9, 9]], dtype=torch.float).t()
        rois = [roi, roi]
        scriped = torch.jit.script(model)
        y = scriped(x, rois)
        assert y.shape == (10, 1, 3, 3)

    @abstractmethod
    def fn(*args, **kwargs):
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def make_obj(*args, **kwargs):
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def get_script_fn(*args, **kwargs):
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def expected_fn(*args, **kwargs):
        pass


class TestRoiPool(RoIOpTester):
    def fn(self, x, rois, pool_h, pool_w, spatial_scale=1, sampling_ratio=-1, **kwargs):
        return ops.RoIPool((pool_h, pool_w), spatial_scale)(x, rois)

    def make_obj(self, pool_h=5, pool_w=5, spatial_scale=1, wrap=False):
        obj = ops.RoIPool((pool_h, pool_w), spatial_scale)
        return RoIOpTesterModuleWrapper(obj) if wrap else obj

    def get_script_fn(self, rois, pool_size):
        scriped = torch.jit.script(ops.roi_pool)
        return lambda x: scriped(x, rois, pool_size)

    def expected_fn(
        self, x, rois, pool_h, pool_w, spatial_scale=1, sampling_ratio=-1, device=None, dtype=torch.float64
    ):
        if device is None:
            device = torch.device("cpu")

        n_channels = x.size(1)
        y = torch.zeros(rois.size(0), n_channels, pool_h, pool_w, dtype=dtype, device=device)

        def get_slice(k, block):
            return slice(int(np.floor(k * block)), int(np.ceil((k + 1) * block)))

        for roi_idx, roi in enumerate(rois):
            batch_idx = int(roi[0])
            j_begin, i_begin, j_end, i_end = (int(round(x.item() * spatial_scale)) for x in roi[1:])
            roi_x = x[batch_idx, :, i_begin : i_end + 1, j_begin : j_end + 1]

            roi_h, roi_w = roi_x.shape[-2:]
            bin_h = roi_h / pool_h
            bin_w = roi_w / pool_w

            for i in range(0, pool_h):
                for j in range(0, pool_w):
                    bin_x = roi_x[:, get_slice(i, bin_h), get_slice(j, bin_w)]
                    if bin_x.numel() > 0:
                        y[roi_idx, :, i, j] = bin_x.reshape(n_channels, -1).max(dim=1)[0]
        return y

    def test_boxes_shape(self):
        self._helper_boxes_shape(ops.roi_pool)

    def test_jit_boxes_list(self):
        model = PoolWrapper(ops.RoIPool(output_size=[3, 3], spatial_scale=1.0))
        self._helper_jit_boxes_list(model)


class TestPSRoIPool(RoIOpTester):
    mps_backward_atol = 5e-2

    def fn(self, x, rois, pool_h, pool_w, spatial_scale=1, sampling_ratio=-1, **kwargs):
        return ops.PSRoIPool((pool_h, pool_w), 1)(x, rois)

    def make_obj(self, pool_h=5, pool_w=5, spatial_scale=1, wrap=False):
        obj = ops.PSRoIPool((pool_h, pool_w), spatial_scale)
        return RoIOpTesterModuleWrapper(obj) if wrap else obj

    def get_script_fn(self, rois, pool_size):
        scriped = torch.jit.script(ops.ps_roi_pool)
        return lambda x: scriped(x, rois, pool_size)

    def expected_fn(
        self, x, rois, pool_h, pool_w, spatial_scale=1, sampling_ratio=-1, device=None, dtype=torch.float64
    ):
        if device is None:
            device = torch.device("cpu")
        n_input_channels = x.size(1)
        assert n_input_channels % (pool_h * pool_w) == 0, "input channels must be divisible by ph * pw"
        n_output_channels = int(n_input_channels / (pool_h * pool_w))
        y = torch.zeros(rois.size(0), n_output_channels, pool_h, pool_w, dtype=dtype, device=device)

        def get_slice(k, block):
            return slice(int(np.floor(k * block)), int(np.ceil((k + 1) * block)))

        for roi_idx, roi in enumerate(rois):
            batch_idx = int(roi[0])
            j_begin, i_begin, j_end, i_end = (int(round(x.item() * spatial_scale)) for x in roi[1:])
            roi_x = x[batch_idx, :, i_begin : i_end + 1, j_begin : j_end + 1]

            roi_height = max(i_end - i_begin, 1)
            roi_width = max(j_end - j_begin, 1)
            bin_h, bin_w = roi_height / float(pool_h), roi_width / float(pool_w)

            for i in range(0, pool_h):
                for j in range(0, pool_w):
                    bin_x = roi_x[:, get_slice(i, bin_h), get_slice(j, bin_w)]
                    if bin_x.numel() > 0:
                        area = bin_x.size(-2) * bin_x.size(-1)
                        for c_out in range(0, n_output_channels):
                            c_in = c_out * (pool_h * pool_w) + pool_w * i + j
                            t = torch.sum(bin_x[c_in, :, :])
                            y[roi_idx, c_out, i, j] = t / area
        return y

    def test_boxes_shape(self):
        self._helper_boxes_shape(ops.ps_roi_pool)


def bilinear_interpolate(data, y, x, snap_border=False):
    height, width = data.shape

    if snap_border:
        if -1 < y <= 0:
            y = 0
        elif height - 1 <= y < height:
            y = height - 1

        if -1 < x <= 0:
            x = 0
        elif width - 1 <= x < width:
            x = width - 1

    y_low = int(math.floor(y))
    x_low = int(math.floor(x))
    y_high = y_low + 1
    x_high = x_low + 1

    wy_h = y - y_low
    wx_h = x - x_low
    wy_l = 1 - wy_h
    wx_l = 1 - wx_h

    val = 0
    for wx, xp in zip((wx_l, wx_h), (x_low, x_high)):
        for wy, yp in zip((wy_l, wy_h), (y_low, y_high)):
            if 0 <= yp < height and 0 <= xp < width:
                val += wx * wy * data[yp, xp]
    return val


class TestRoIAlign(RoIOpTester):
    mps_backward_atol = 6e-2

    def fn(self, x, rois, pool_h, pool_w, spatial_scale=1, sampling_ratio=-1, aligned=False, **kwargs):
        return ops.RoIAlign(
            (pool_h, pool_w), spatial_scale=spatial_scale, sampling_ratio=sampling_ratio, aligned=aligned
        )(x, rois)

    def make_obj(self, pool_h=5, pool_w=5, spatial_scale=1, sampling_ratio=-1, aligned=False, wrap=False):
        obj = ops.RoIAlign(
            (pool_h, pool_w), spatial_scale=spatial_scale, sampling_ratio=sampling_ratio, aligned=aligned
        )
        return RoIOpTesterModuleWrapper(obj) if wrap else obj

    def get_script_fn(self, rois, pool_size):
        scriped = torch.jit.script(ops.roi_align)
        return lambda x: scriped(x, rois, pool_size)

    def expected_fn(
        self,
        in_data,
        rois,
        pool_h,
        pool_w,
        spatial_scale=1,
        sampling_ratio=-1,
        aligned=False,
        device=None,
        dtype=torch.float64,
    ):
        if device is None:
            device = torch.device("cpu")
        n_channels = in_data.size(1)
        out_data = torch.zeros(rois.size(0), n_channels, pool_h, pool_w, dtype=dtype, device=device)

        offset = 0.5 if aligned else 0.0

        for r, roi in enumerate(rois):
            batch_idx = int(roi[0])
            j_begin, i_begin, j_end, i_end = (x.item() * spatial_scale - offset for x in roi[1:])

            roi_h = i_end - i_begin
            roi_w = j_end - j_begin
            bin_h = roi_h / pool_h
            bin_w = roi_w / pool_w

            for i in range(0, pool_h):
                start_h = i_begin + i * bin_h
                grid_h = sampling_ratio if sampling_ratio > 0 else int(np.ceil(bin_h))
                for j in range(0, pool_w):
                    start_w = j_begin + j * bin_w
                    grid_w = sampling_ratio if sampling_ratio > 0 else int(np.ceil(bin_w))

                    for channel in range(0, n_channels):
                        val = 0
                        for iy in range(0, grid_h):
                            y = start_h + (iy + 0.5) * bin_h / grid_h
                            for ix in range(0, grid_w):
                                x = start_w + (ix + 0.5) * bin_w / grid_w
                                val += bilinear_interpolate(in_data[batch_idx, channel, :, :], y, x, snap_border=True)
                        val /= grid_h * grid_w

                        out_data[r, channel, i, j] = val
        return out_data

    def test_boxes_shape(self):
        self._helper_boxes_shape(ops.roi_align)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("aligned", (True, False))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("device", cpu_and_cuda_and_mps())
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("x_dtype", (torch.float16, torch.float32, torch.float64))  # , ids=str)
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("contiguous", (True, False))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("deterministic", (True, False))
    @pytest.mark.opcheck_only_one()
    def test_forward(self, device, contiguous, deterministic, aligned, x_dtype, rois_dtype=None):
        if deterministic and device == "cpu":
            pytest.skip("cpu is always deterministic, don't retest")
        super().test_forward(
            device=device,
            contiguous=contiguous,
            deterministic=deterministic,
            x_dtype=x_dtype,
            rois_dtype=rois_dtype,
            aligned=aligned,
        )

    @needs_cuda
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("aligned", (True, False))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("deterministic", (True, False))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("x_dtype", (torch.float, torch.half))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("rois_dtype", (torch.float, torch.half))
    @pytest.mark.opcheck_only_one()
    def test_autocast(self, aligned, deterministic, x_dtype, rois_dtype):
        with torch.cuda.amp.autocast():
            self.test_forward(
                torch.device("cuda"),
                contiguous=False,
                deterministic=deterministic,
                aligned=aligned,
                x_dtype=x_dtype,
                rois_dtype=rois_dtype,
            )

    @pytest.mark.skip(reason="1/5000 flaky failure")
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("aligned", (True, False))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("deterministic", (True, False))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("x_dtype", (torch.float, torch.bfloat16))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("rois_dtype", (torch.float, torch.bfloat16))
    def test_autocast_cpu(self, aligned, deterministic, x_dtype, rois_dtype):
        with torch.cpu.amp.autocast():
            self.test_forward(
                torch.device("cpu"),
                contiguous=False,
                deterministic=deterministic,
                aligned=aligned,
                x_dtype=x_dtype,
                rois_dtype=rois_dtype,
            )

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("seed", range(10))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("device", cpu_and_cuda_and_mps())
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("contiguous", (True, False))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("deterministic", (True, False))
    @pytest.mark.opcheck_only_one()
    def test_backward(self, seed, device, contiguous, deterministic):
        if deterministic and device == "cpu":
            pytest.skip("cpu is always deterministic, don't retest")
        if deterministic and device == "mps":
            pytest.skip("no deterministic implementation for mps")
        if deterministic and not is_compile_supported(device):
            pytest.skip("deterministic implementation only if torch.compile supported")
        super().test_backward(seed, device, contiguous, deterministic)

    def _make_rois(self, img_size, num_imgs, dtype, num_rois=1000):
        rois = torch.randint(0, img_size // 2, size=(num_rois, 5)).to(dtype)
        rois[:, 0] = torch.randint(0, num_imgs, size=(num_rois,))  # set batch index
        rois[:, 3:] += rois[:, 1:3]  # make sure boxes aren't degenerate
        return rois

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("aligned", (True, False))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("scale, zero_point", ((1, 0), (2, 10), (0.1, 50)))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("qdtype", (torch.qint8, torch.quint8, torch.qint32))
    @pytest.mark.opcheck_only_one()
    def test_qroialign(self, aligned, scale, zero_point, qdtype):
        """Make sure quantized version of RoIAlign is close to float version"""
        pool_size = 5
        img_size = 10
        n_channels = 2
        num_imgs = 1
        dtype = torch.float

        x = torch.randint(50, 100, size=(num_imgs, n_channels, img_size, img_size)).to(dtype)
        qx = torch.quantize_per_tensor(x, scale=scale, zero_point=zero_point, dtype=qdtype)

        rois = self._make_rois(img_size, num_imgs, dtype)
        qrois = torch.quantize_per_tensor(rois, scale=scale, zero_point=zero_point, dtype=qdtype)

        x, rois = qx.dequantize(), qrois.dequantize()  # we want to pass the same inputs

        y = ops.roi_align(
            x,
            rois,
            output_size=pool_size,
            spatial_scale=1,
            sampling_ratio=-1,
            aligned=aligned,
        )
        qy = ops.roi_align(
            qx,
            qrois,
            output_size=pool_size,
            spatial_scale=1,
            sampling_ratio=-1,
            aligned=aligned,
        )

        # The output qy is itself a quantized tensor and there might have been a loss of info when it was
        # quantized. For a fair comparison we need to quantize y as well
        quantized_float_y = torch.quantize_per_tensor(y, scale=scale, zero_point=zero_point, dtype=qdtype)

        try:
            # Ideally, we would assert this, which passes with (scale, zero) == (1, 0)
            assert (qy == quantized_float_y).all()
        except AssertionError:
            # But because the computation aren't exactly the same between the 2 RoIAlign procedures, some
            # rounding error may lead to a difference of 2 in the output.
            # For example with (scale, zero) = (2, 10), 45.00000... will be quantized to 44
            # but 45.00000001 will be rounded to 46. We make sure below that:
            # - such discrepancies between qy and quantized_float_y are very rare (less then 5%)
            # - any difference between qy and quantized_float_y is == scale
            diff_idx = torch.where(qy != quantized_float_y)
            num_diff = diff_idx[0].numel()
            assert num_diff / qy.numel() < 0.05

            abs_diff = torch.abs(qy[diff_idx].dequantize() - quantized_float_y[diff_idx].dequantize())
            t_scale = torch.full_like(abs_diff, fill_value=scale)
            torch.testing.assert_close(abs_diff, t_scale, rtol=1e-5, atol=1e-5)

    def test_qroi_align_multiple_images(self):
        dtype = torch.float
        x = torch.randint(50, 100, size=(2, 3, 10, 10)).to(dtype)
        qx = torch.quantize_per_tensor(x, scale=1, zero_point=0, dtype=torch.qint8)
        rois = self._make_rois(img_size=10, num_imgs=2, dtype=dtype, num_rois=10)
        qrois = torch.quantize_per_tensor(rois, scale=1, zero_point=0, dtype=torch.qint8)
        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Only one image per batch is allowed"):
            ops.roi_align(qx, qrois, output_size=5)

    def test_jit_boxes_list(self):
        model = PoolWrapper(ops.RoIAlign(output_size=[3, 3], spatial_scale=1.0, sampling_ratio=-1))
        self._helper_jit_boxes_list(model)


class TestPSRoIAlign(RoIOpTester):
    mps_backward_atol = 5e-2

    def fn(self, x, rois, pool_h, pool_w, spatial_scale=1, sampling_ratio=-1, **kwargs):
        return ops.PSRoIAlign((pool_h, pool_w), spatial_scale=spatial_scale, sampling_ratio=sampling_ratio)(x, rois)

    def make_obj(self, pool_h=5, pool_w=5, spatial_scale=1, sampling_ratio=-1, wrap=False):
        obj = ops.PSRoIAlign((pool_h, pool_w), spatial_scale=spatial_scale, sampling_ratio=sampling_ratio)
        return RoIOpTesterModuleWrapper(obj) if wrap else obj

    def get_script_fn(self, rois, pool_size):
        scriped = torch.jit.script(ops.ps_roi_align)
        return lambda x: scriped(x, rois, pool_size)

    def expected_fn(
        self, in_data, rois, pool_h, pool_w, device, spatial_scale=1, sampling_ratio=-1, dtype=torch.float64
    ):
        if device is None:
            device = torch.device("cpu")
        n_input_channels = in_data.size(1)
        assert n_input_channels % (pool_h * pool_w) == 0, "input channels must be divisible by ph * pw"
        n_output_channels = int(n_input_channels / (pool_h * pool_w))
        out_data = torch.zeros(rois.size(0), n_output_channels, pool_h, pool_w, dtype=dtype, device=device)

        for r, roi in enumerate(rois):
            batch_idx = int(roi[0])
            j_begin, i_begin, j_end, i_end = (x.item() * spatial_scale - 0.5 for x in roi[1:])

            roi_h = i_end - i_begin
            roi_w = j_end - j_begin
            bin_h = roi_h / pool_h
            bin_w = roi_w / pool_w

            for i in range(0, pool_h):
                start_h = i_begin + i * bin_h
                grid_h = sampling_ratio if sampling_ratio > 0 else int(np.ceil(bin_h))
                for j in range(0, pool_w):
                    start_w = j_begin + j * bin_w
                    grid_w = sampling_ratio if sampling_ratio > 0 else int(np.ceil(bin_w))
                    for c_out in range(0, n_output_channels):
                        c_in = c_out * (pool_h * pool_w) + pool_w * i + j

                        val = 0
                        for iy in range(0, grid_h):
                            y = start_h + (iy + 0.5) * bin_h / grid_h
                            for ix in range(0, grid_w):
                                x = start_w + (ix + 0.5) * bin_w / grid_w
                                val += bilinear_interpolate(in_data[batch_idx, c_in, :, :], y, x, snap_border=True)
                        val /= grid_h * grid_w

                        out_data[r, c_out, i, j] = val
        return out_data

    def test_boxes_shape(self):
        self._helper_boxes_shape(ops.ps_roi_align)


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "op",
    (
        torch.ops.torchvision.roi_pool,
        torch.ops.torchvision.ps_roi_pool,
        torch.ops.torchvision.roi_align,
        torch.ops.torchvision.ps_roi_align,
    ),
)
@pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", (torch.float16, torch.float32, torch.float64))
@pytest.mark.parametrize("device", cpu_and_cuda())
@pytest.mark.parametrize("requires_grad", (True, False))
def test_roi_opcheck(op, dtype, device, requires_grad):
    # This manually calls opcheck() on the roi ops. We do that instead of
    # relying on opcheck.generate_opcheck_tests() as e.g. done for nms, because
    # pytest and generate_opcheck_tests() don't interact very well when it comes
    # to skipping tests - and these ops need to skip the MPS tests since MPS we
    # don't support dynamic shapes yet for MPS.
    rois = torch.tensor(
        [[0, 0, 0, 9, 9], [0, 0, 5, 4, 9], [0, 5, 5, 9, 9], [1, 0, 0, 9, 9]],
        dtype=dtype,
        device=device,
        requires_grad=requires_grad,
    )
    pool_size = 5
    num_channels = 2 * (pool_size**2)
    x = torch.rand(2, num_channels, 10, 10, dtype=dtype, device=device)

    kwargs = dict(rois=rois, spatial_scale=1, pooled_height=pool_size, pooled_width=pool_size)
    if op in (torch.ops.torchvision.roi_align, torch.ops.torchvision.ps_roi_align):
        kwargs["sampling_ratio"] = -1
    if op is torch.ops.torchvision.roi_align:
        kwargs["aligned"] = True

    optests.opcheck(op, args=(x,), kwargs=kwargs)


class TestMultiScaleRoIAlign:
    def make_obj(self, fmap_names=None, output_size=(7, 7), sampling_ratio=2, wrap=False):
        if fmap_names is None:
            fmap_names = ["0"]
        obj = ops.poolers.MultiScaleRoIAlign(fmap_names, output_size, sampling_ratio)
        return MultiScaleRoIAlignModuleWrapper(obj) if wrap else obj

    def test_msroialign_repr(self):
        fmap_names = ["0"]
        output_size = (7, 7)
        sampling_ratio = 2
        # Pass mock feature map names
        t = self.make_obj(fmap_names, output_size, sampling_ratio, wrap=False)

        # Check integrity of object __repr__ attribute
        expected_string = (
            f"MultiScaleRoIAlign(featmap_names={fmap_names}, output_size={output_size}, "
            f"sampling_ratio={sampling_ratio})"
        )
        assert repr(t) == expected_string

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("device", cpu_and_cuda())
    def test_is_leaf_node(self, device):
        op_obj = self.make_obj(wrap=True).to(device=device)
        graph_node_names = get_graph_node_names(op_obj)

        assert len(graph_node_names) == 2
        assert len(graph_node_names[0]) == len(graph_node_names[1])
        assert len(graph_node_names[0]) == 1 + op_obj.n_inputs


import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


class TestMasksToBoundaries(ABC):
    def save_and_images(
        self, original_masks, expected_boundaries, actual_boundaries, diff, filename_prefix, visualize=True
    ):
        """
        Saves images separately for original masks, expected boundaries, actual boundaries, and their difference.

        Parameters:
        - original_masks: The starting binary masks tensor.
        - expected_boundaries: The expected boundaries tensor.
        - actual_boundaries: The actual boundaries tensor calculated by the function.
        - diff: The absolute difference between expected and actual boundaries.
        - filename_prefix: Prefix for the saved filename.
        - visualize: Flag to enable or disable visualization.
        """
        # Ensure directory exists
        output_dir = "test_outputs"
        os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True)
        filepath_prefix = os.path.join(output_dir, filename_prefix)

        num_images = original_masks.shape[0]

        original_masks = original_masks.cpu().numpy() if original_masks.is_cuda else original_masks.numpy()
        expected_boundaries = (
            expected_boundaries.cpu().numpy() if expected_boundaries.is_cuda else expected_boundaries.numpy()
        )
        actual_boundaries = actual_boundaries.cpu().numpy() if actual_boundaries.is_cuda else actual_boundaries.numpy()
        diff = diff.cpu().numpy() if diff.is_cuda else diff.numpy()

        # Plot and save each image separately
        for i in range(num_images):
            original = original_masks[i].squeeze()
            expected = expected_boundaries[i].squeeze()
            actual = actual_boundaries[i].squeeze()
            difference = diff[i].squeeze()

            if visualize:
                # Plotting
                fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 4, figsize=(20, 5))
                titles = ["Original Mask", "Expected Boundaries", "Actual Boundaries", "Absolute Difference"]
                images = [original, expected, actual, difference]

                for ax, img, title in zip(axes, images, titles):
                    ax.imshow(img, cmap="gray", interpolation="nearest")
                    ax.axis("off")
                    ax.set_title(title)

                plt.subplots_adjust(top=0.85)

                # Save the figure
                fig.tight_layout()
                plt.savefig(f"{filepath_prefix}_image_{i}.png", bbox_inches="tight")
                plt.close(fig)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("device", ["cpu", "cuda"])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("kernel_size", [3, 5])  # Example kernel sizes
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("canvas_size", [32, 64])  # Example canvas sizes
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("batch_size", [1, 4])  # Parametrizing over batch sizes, e.g., 1 and 4
    def test_masks_to_boundaries(self, request, tmpdir, device, kernel_size, canvas_size, batch_size):
        if device == "cuda" and not torch.cuda.is_available():
            pytest.skip("CUDA is not available on this system.")
        debug_mode = request.config.getoption("--debug-images")
        # Create masks with the specified canvas size and batch size
        mask = torch.zeros(batch_size, canvas_size, canvas_size, dtype=torch.bool)

        for b in range(batch_size):
            if b % 4 == 0:
                mask[b, 1:10, 1:10] = True
            elif b % 4 == 1:
                mask[b, 15:23, 15:23] = True
            elif b % 4 == 2:
                mask[b, 1:5, 22:30] = True
            elif b % 4 == 3:
                pil_img = Image.new("L", (canvas_size, canvas_size))
                draw = ImageDraw.Draw(pil_img)
                draw.ellipse([2, 7, min(26, canvas_size - 6), min(26, canvas_size - 6)], fill=1, outline=1, width=1)
                ellipse_mask = torch.from_numpy(np.array(pil_img, dtype=np.uint8)).bool()
                mask[b, ...] = ellipse_mask
        mask = mask.to(device)
        actual_boundaries = ops.masks_to_boundaries(mask, kernel_size)
        expected_boundaries = torch.zeros_like(mask)
        struct = np.ones((kernel_size, kernel_size), dtype=np.uint8)

        # Calculate expected boundaries using scipy's binary_erosion
        for i in range(batch_size):
            single_mask = mask[i].cpu().numpy()
            eroded_mask = scipy.ndimage.binary_erosion(single_mask, structure=struct, border_value=0)
            single_expected_boundary = single_mask ^ eroded_mask
            expected_boundaries[i] = torch.from_numpy(single_expected_boundary).to(device)

        if debug_mode:
            diff = torch.abs(expected_boundaries.float() - actual_boundaries.float())
            filename_prefix = f"kernel_{kernel_size}_canvas_{canvas_size}_batch_{batch_size}"
            output_file_path = tmpdir.join(f"{filename_prefix}.png")
            # Log the path where the debug image will be saved
            logging.info(f"Debug image saved at: {output_file_path}")

            self.save_and_images(mask, expected_boundaries, actual_boundaries, diff, str(output_file_path))

        torch.testing.assert_close(actual_boundaries, expected_boundaries)


class TestNMS:
    def _reference_nms(self, boxes, scores, iou_threshold):
        """
        Args:
            boxes: boxes in corner-form
            scores: probabilities
            iou_threshold: intersection over union threshold
        Returns:
             picked: a list of indexes of the kept boxes
        """
        picked = []
        _, indexes = scores.sort(descending=True)
        while len(indexes) > 0:
            current = indexes[0]
            picked.append(current.item())
            if len(indexes) == 1:
                break
            current_box = boxes[current, :]
            indexes = indexes[1:]
            rest_boxes = boxes[indexes, :]
            iou = ops.box_iou(rest_boxes, current_box.unsqueeze(0)).squeeze(1)
            indexes = indexes[iou <= iou_threshold]

        return torch.as_tensor(picked)

    def _create_tensors_with_iou(self, N, iou_thresh):
        # force last box to have a pre-defined iou with the first box
        # let b0 be [x0, y0, x1, y1], and b1 be [x0, y0, x1 + d, y1],
        # then, in order to satisfy ops.iou(b0, b1) == iou_thresh,
        # we need to have d = (x1 - x0) * (1 - iou_thresh) / iou_thresh
        # Adjust the threshold upward a bit with the intent of creating
        # at least one box that exceeds (barely) the threshold and so
        # should be suppressed.
        boxes = torch.rand(N, 4) * 100
        boxes[:, 2:] += boxes[:, :2]
        boxes[-1, :] = boxes[0, :]
        x0, y0, x1, y1 = boxes[-1].tolist()
        iou_thresh += 1e-5
        boxes[-1, 2] += (x1 - x0) * (1 - iou_thresh) / iou_thresh
        scores = torch.rand(N)
        return boxes, scores

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("iou", (0.2, 0.5, 0.8))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("seed", range(10))
    @pytest.mark.opcheck_only_one()
    def test_nms_ref(self, iou, seed):
        torch.random.manual_seed(seed)
        err_msg = "NMS incompatible between CPU and reference implementation for IoU={}"
        boxes, scores = self._create_tensors_with_iou(1000, iou)
        keep_ref = self._reference_nms(boxes, scores, iou)
        keep = ops.nms(boxes, scores, iou)
        torch.testing.assert_close(keep, keep_ref, msg=err_msg.format(iou))

    def test_nms_input_errors(self):
        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
            ops.nms(torch.rand(4), torch.rand(3), 0.5)
        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
            ops.nms(torch.rand(3, 5), torch.rand(3), 0.5)
        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
            ops.nms(torch.rand(3, 4), torch.rand(3, 2), 0.5)
        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError):
            ops.nms(torch.rand(3, 4), torch.rand(4), 0.5)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("iou", (0.2, 0.5, 0.8))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("scale, zero_point", ((1, 0), (2, 50), (3, 10)))
    @pytest.mark.opcheck_only_one()
    def test_qnms(self, iou, scale, zero_point):
        # Note: we compare qnms vs nms instead of qnms vs reference implementation.
        # This is because with the int conversion, the trick used in _create_tensors_with_iou
        # doesn't really work (in fact, nms vs reference implem will also fail with ints)
        err_msg = "NMS and QNMS give different results for IoU={}"
        boxes, scores = self._create_tensors_with_iou(1000, iou)
        scores *= 100  # otherwise most scores would be 0 or 1 after int conversion

        qboxes = torch.quantize_per_tensor(boxes, scale=scale, zero_point=zero_point, dtype=torch.quint8)
        qscores = torch.quantize_per_tensor(scores, scale=scale, zero_point=zero_point, dtype=torch.quint8)

        boxes = qboxes.dequantize()
        scores = qscores.dequantize()

        keep = ops.nms(boxes, scores, iou)
        qkeep = ops.nms(qboxes, qscores, iou)

        torch.testing.assert_close(qkeep, keep, msg=err_msg.format(iou))

    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
        "device",
        (
            pytest.param("cuda", marks=pytest.mark.needs_cuda),
            pytest.param("mps", marks=pytest.mark.needs_mps),
        ),
    )
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("iou", (0.2, 0.5, 0.8))
    @pytest.mark.opcheck_only_one()
    def test_nms_gpu(self, iou, device, dtype=torch.float64):
        dtype = torch.float32 if device == "mps" else dtype
        tol = 1e-3 if dtype is torch.half else 1e-5
        err_msg = "NMS incompatible between CPU and CUDA for IoU={}"

        boxes, scores = self._create_tensors_with_iou(1000, iou)
        r_cpu = ops.nms(boxes, scores, iou)
        r_gpu = ops.nms(boxes.to(device), scores.to(device), iou)

        is_eq = torch.allclose(r_cpu, r_gpu.cpu())
        if not is_eq:
            # if the indices are not the same, ensure that it's because the scores
            # are duplicate
            is_eq = torch.allclose(scores[r_cpu], scores[r_gpu.cpu()], rtol=tol, atol=tol)
        assert is_eq, err_msg.format(iou)

    @needs_cuda
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("iou", (0.2, 0.5, 0.8))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", (torch.float, torch.half))
    @pytest.mark.opcheck_only_one()
    def test_autocast(self, iou, dtype):
        with torch.cuda.amp.autocast():
            self.test_nms_gpu(iou=iou, dtype=dtype, device="cuda")

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("iou", (0.2, 0.5, 0.8))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", (torch.float, torch.bfloat16))
    def test_autocast_cpu(self, iou, dtype):
        boxes, scores = self._create_tensors_with_iou(1000, iou)
        with torch.cpu.amp.autocast():
            keep_ref_float = ops.nms(boxes.to(dtype).float(), scores.to(dtype).float(), iou)
            keep_dtype = ops.nms(boxes.to(dtype), scores.to(dtype), iou)
        torch.testing.assert_close(keep_ref_float, keep_dtype)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
        "device",
        (
            pytest.param("cuda", marks=pytest.mark.needs_cuda),
            pytest.param("mps", marks=pytest.mark.needs_mps),
        ),
    )
    @pytest.mark.opcheck_only_one()
    def test_nms_float16(self, device):
        boxes = torch.tensor(
            [
                [285.3538, 185.5758, 1193.5110, 851.4551],
                [285.1472, 188.7374, 1192.4984, 851.0669],
                [279.2440, 197.9812, 1189.4746, 849.2019],
            ]
        ).to(device)
        scores = torch.tensor([0.6370, 0.7569, 0.3966]).to(device)

        iou_thres = 0.2
        keep32 = ops.nms(boxes, scores, iou_thres)
        keep16 = ops.nms(boxes.to(torch.float16), scores.to(torch.float16), iou_thres)
        assert_equal(keep32, keep16)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("seed", range(10))
    @pytest.mark.opcheck_only_one()
    def test_batched_nms_implementations(self, seed):
        """Make sure that both implementations of batched_nms yield identical results"""
        torch.random.manual_seed(seed)

        num_boxes = 1000
        iou_threshold = 0.9

        boxes = torch.cat((torch.rand(num_boxes, 2), torch.rand(num_boxes, 2) + 10), dim=1)
        assert max(boxes[:, 0]) < min(boxes[:, 2])  # x1 < x2
        assert max(boxes[:, 1]) < min(boxes[:, 3])  # y1 < y2

        scores = torch.rand(num_boxes)
        idxs = torch.randint(0, 4, size=(num_boxes,))
        keep_vanilla = ops.boxes._batched_nms_vanilla(boxes, scores, idxs, iou_threshold)
        keep_trick = ops.boxes._batched_nms_coordinate_trick(boxes, scores, idxs, iou_threshold)

        torch.testing.assert_close(
            keep_vanilla, keep_trick, msg="The vanilla and the trick implementation yield different nms outputs."
        )

        # Also make sure an empty tensor is returned if boxes is empty
        empty = torch.empty((0,), dtype=torch.int64)
        torch.testing.assert_close(empty, ops.batched_nms(empty, None, None, None))


optests.generate_opcheck_tests(
    testcase=TestNMS,
    namespaces=["torchvision"],
    failures_dict_path=os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "optests_failures_dict.json"),
    additional_decorators=[],
    test_utils=OPTESTS,
)


class TestDeformConv:
    dtype = torch.float64

    def expected_fn(self, x, weight, offset, mask, bias, stride=1, padding=0, dilation=1):
        stride_h, stride_w = _pair(stride)
        pad_h, pad_w = _pair(padding)
        dil_h, dil_w = _pair(dilation)
        weight_h, weight_w = weight.shape[-2:]

        n_batches, n_in_channels, in_h, in_w = x.shape
        n_out_channels = weight.shape[0]

        out_h = (in_h + 2 * pad_h - (dil_h * (weight_h - 1) + 1)) // stride_h + 1
        out_w = (in_w + 2 * pad_w - (dil_w * (weight_w - 1) + 1)) // stride_w + 1

        n_offset_grps = offset.shape[1] // (2 * weight_h * weight_w)
        in_c_per_offset_grp = n_in_channels // n_offset_grps

        n_weight_grps = n_in_channels // weight.shape[1]
        in_c_per_weight_grp = weight.shape[1]
        out_c_per_weight_grp = n_out_channels // n_weight_grps

        out = torch.zeros(n_batches, n_out_channels, out_h, out_w, device=x.device, dtype=x.dtype)
        for b in range(n_batches):
            for c_out in range(n_out_channels):
                for i in range(out_h):
                    for j in range(out_w):
                        for di in range(weight_h):
                            for dj in range(weight_w):
                                for c in range(in_c_per_weight_grp):
                                    weight_grp = c_out // out_c_per_weight_grp
                                    c_in = weight_grp * in_c_per_weight_grp + c

                                    offset_grp = c_in // in_c_per_offset_grp
                                    mask_idx = offset_grp * (weight_h * weight_w) + di * weight_w + dj
                                    offset_idx = 2 * mask_idx

                                    pi = stride_h * i - pad_h + dil_h * di + offset[b, offset_idx, i, j]
                                    pj = stride_w * j - pad_w + dil_w * dj + offset[b, offset_idx + 1, i, j]

                                    mask_value = 1.0
                                    if mask is not None:
                                        mask_value = mask[b, mask_idx, i, j]

                                    out[b, c_out, i, j] += (
                                        mask_value
                                        * weight[c_out, c, di, dj]
                                        * bilinear_interpolate(x[b, c_in, :, :], pi, pj)
                                    )
        out += bias.view(1, n_out_channels, 1, 1)
        return out

    @lru_cache(maxsize=None)
    def get_fn_args(self, device, contiguous, batch_sz, dtype):
        n_in_channels = 6
        n_out_channels = 2
        n_weight_grps = 2
        n_offset_grps = 3

        stride = (2, 1)
        pad = (1, 0)
        dilation = (2, 1)

        stride_h, stride_w = stride
        pad_h, pad_w = pad
        dil_h, dil_w = dilation
        weight_h, weight_w = (3, 2)
        in_h, in_w = (5, 4)

        out_h = (in_h + 2 * pad_h - (dil_h * (weight_h - 1) + 1)) // stride_h + 1
        out_w = (in_w + 2 * pad_w - (dil_w * (weight_w - 1) + 1)) // stride_w + 1

        x = torch.rand(batch_sz, n_in_channels, in_h, in_w, device=device, dtype=dtype, requires_grad=True)

        offset = torch.randn(
            batch_sz,
            n_offset_grps * 2 * weight_h * weight_w,
            out_h,
            out_w,
            device=device,
            dtype=dtype,
            requires_grad=True,
        )

        mask = torch.randn(
            batch_sz, n_offset_grps * weight_h * weight_w, out_h, out_w, device=device, dtype=dtype, requires_grad=True
        )

        weight = torch.randn(
            n_out_channels,
            n_in_channels // n_weight_grps,
            weight_h,
            weight_w,
            device=device,
            dtype=dtype,
            requires_grad=True,
        )

        bias = torch.randn(n_out_channels, device=device, dtype=dtype, requires_grad=True)

        if not contiguous:
            x = x.permute(0, 1, 3, 2).contiguous().permute(0, 1, 3, 2)
            offset = offset.permute(1, 3, 0, 2).contiguous().permute(2, 0, 3, 1)
            mask = mask.permute(1, 3, 0, 2).contiguous().permute(2, 0, 3, 1)
            weight = weight.permute(3, 2, 0, 1).contiguous().permute(2, 3, 1, 0)

        return x, weight, offset, mask, bias, stride, pad, dilation

    def make_obj(self, in_channels=6, out_channels=2, kernel_size=(3, 2), groups=2, wrap=False):
        obj = ops.DeformConv2d(
            in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride=(2, 1), padding=(1, 0), dilation=(2, 1), groups=groups
        )
        return DeformConvModuleWrapper(obj) if wrap else obj

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("device", cpu_and_cuda())
    def test_is_leaf_node(self, device):
        op_obj = self.make_obj(wrap=True).to(device=device)
        graph_node_names = get_graph_node_names(op_obj)

        assert len(graph_node_names) == 2
        assert len(graph_node_names[0]) == len(graph_node_names[1])
        assert len(graph_node_names[0]) == 1 + op_obj.n_inputs

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("device", cpu_and_cuda())
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("contiguous", (True, False))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("batch_sz", (0, 33))
    @pytest.mark.opcheck_only_one()
    def test_forward(self, device, contiguous, batch_sz, dtype=None):
        dtype = dtype or self.dtype
        x, _, offset, mask, _, stride, padding, dilation = self.get_fn_args(device, contiguous, batch_sz, dtype)
        in_channels = 6
        out_channels = 2
        kernel_size = (3, 2)
        groups = 2
        tol = 2e-3 if dtype is torch.half else 1e-5

        layer = self.make_obj(in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, groups, wrap=False).to(
            device=x.device, dtype=dtype
        )
        res = layer(x, offset, mask)

        weight = layer.weight.data
        bias = layer.bias.data
        expected = self.expected_fn(x, weight, offset, mask, bias, stride=stride, padding=padding, dilation=dilation)

        torch.testing.assert_close(
            res.to(expected), expected, rtol=tol, atol=tol, msg=f"\nres:\n{res}\nexpected:\n{expected}"
        )

        # no modulation test
        res = layer(x, offset)
        expected = self.expected_fn(x, weight, offset, None, bias, stride=stride, padding=padding, dilation=dilation)

        torch.testing.assert_close(
            res.to(expected), expected, rtol=tol, atol=tol, msg=f"\nres:\n{res}\nexpected:\n{expected}"
        )

    def test_wrong_sizes(self):
        in_channels = 6
        out_channels = 2
        kernel_size = (3, 2)
        groups = 2
        x, _, offset, mask, _, stride, padding, dilation = self.get_fn_args(
            "cpu", contiguous=True, batch_sz=10, dtype=self.dtype
        )
        layer = ops.DeformConv2d(
            in_channels, out_channels, kernel_size, stride=stride, padding=padding, dilation=dilation, groups=groups
        )
        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="the shape of the offset"):
            wrong_offset = torch.rand_like(offset[:, :2])
            layer(x, wrong_offset)

        with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match=r"mask.shape\[1\] is not valid"):
            wrong_mask = torch.rand_like(mask[:, :2])
            layer(x, offset, wrong_mask)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("device", cpu_and_cuda())
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("contiguous", (True, False))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("batch_sz", (0, 33))
    @pytest.mark.opcheck_only_one()
    def test_backward(self, device, contiguous, batch_sz):
        x, weight, offset, mask, bias, stride, padding, dilation = self.get_fn_args(
            device, contiguous, batch_sz, self.dtype
        )

        def func(x_, offset_, mask_, weight_, bias_):
            return ops.deform_conv2d(
                x_, offset_, weight_, bias_, stride=stride, padding=padding, dilation=dilation, mask=mask_
            )

        gradcheck(func, (x, offset, mask, weight, bias), nondet_tol=1e-5, fast_mode=True)

        def func_no_mask(x_, offset_, weight_, bias_):
            return ops.deform_conv2d(
                x_, offset_, weight_, bias_, stride=stride, padding=padding, dilation=dilation, mask=None
            )

        gradcheck(func_no_mask, (x, offset, weight, bias), nondet_tol=1e-5, fast_mode=True)

        @torch.jit.script
        def script_func(x_, offset_, mask_, weight_, bias_, stride_, pad_, dilation_):
            # type:(Tensor, Tensor, Tensor, Tensor, Tensor, Tuple[int, int], Tuple[int, int], Tuple[int, int])->Tensor
            return ops.deform_conv2d(
                x_, offset_, weight_, bias_, stride=stride_, padding=pad_, dilation=dilation_, mask=mask_
            )

        gradcheck(
            lambda z, off, msk, wei, bi: script_func(z, off, msk, wei, bi, stride, padding, dilation),
            (x, offset, mask, weight, bias),
            nondet_tol=1e-5,
            fast_mode=True,
        )

        @torch.jit.script
        def script_func_no_mask(x_, offset_, weight_, bias_, stride_, pad_, dilation_):
            # type:(Tensor, Tensor, Tensor, Tensor, Tuple[int, int], Tuple[int, int], Tuple[int, int])->Tensor
            return ops.deform_conv2d(
                x_, offset_, weight_, bias_, stride=stride_, padding=pad_, dilation=dilation_, mask=None
            )

        gradcheck(
            lambda z, off, wei, bi: script_func_no_mask(z, off, wei, bi, stride, padding, dilation),
            (x, offset, weight, bias),
            nondet_tol=1e-5,
            fast_mode=True,
        )

    @needs_cuda
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("contiguous", (True, False))
    @pytest.mark.opcheck_only_one()
    def test_compare_cpu_cuda_grads(self, contiguous):
        # Test from https://github.com/pytorch/vision/issues/2598
        # Run on CUDA only

        # compare grads computed on CUDA with grads computed on CPU
        true_cpu_grads = None

        init_weight = torch.randn(9, 9, 3, 3, requires_grad=True)
        img = torch.randn(8, 9, 1000, 110)
        offset = torch.rand(8, 2 * 3 * 3, 1000, 110)
        mask = torch.rand(8, 3 * 3, 1000, 110)

        if not contiguous:
            img = img.permute(0, 1, 3, 2).contiguous().permute(0, 1, 3, 2)
            offset = offset.permute(1, 3, 0, 2).contiguous().permute(2, 0, 3, 1)
            mask = mask.permute(1, 3, 0, 2).contiguous().permute(2, 0, 3, 1)
            weight = init_weight.permute(3, 2, 0, 1).contiguous().permute(2, 3, 1, 0)
        else:
            weight = init_weight

        for d in ["cpu", "cuda"]:
            out = ops.deform_conv2d(img.to(d), offset.to(d), weight.to(d), padding=1, mask=mask.to(d))
            out.mean().backward()
            if true_cpu_grads is None:
                true_cpu_grads = init_weight.grad
                assert true_cpu_grads is not None
            else:
                assert init_weight.grad is not None
                res_grads = init_weight.grad.to("cpu")
                torch.testing.assert_close(true_cpu_grads, res_grads)

    @needs_cuda
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("batch_sz", (0, 33))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", (torch.float, torch.half))
    @pytest.mark.opcheck_only_one()
    def test_autocast(self, batch_sz, dtype):
        with torch.cuda.amp.autocast():
            self.test_forward(torch.device("cuda"), contiguous=False, batch_sz=batch_sz, dtype=dtype)

    def test_forward_scriptability(self):
        # Non-regression test for https://github.com/pytorch/vision/issues/4078
        torch.jit.script(ops.DeformConv2d(in_channels=8, out_channels=8, kernel_size=3))


optests.generate_opcheck_tests(
    testcase=TestDeformConv,
    namespaces=["torchvision"],
    failures_dict_path=os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "optests_failures_dict.json"),
    additional_decorators=[],
    test_utils=OPTESTS,
)


class TestFrozenBNT:
    def test_frozenbatchnorm2d_repr(self):
        num_features = 32
        eps = 1e-5
        t = ops.misc.FrozenBatchNorm2d(num_features, eps=eps)

        # Check integrity of object __repr__ attribute
        expected_string = f"FrozenBatchNorm2d({num_features}, eps={eps})"
        assert repr(t) == expected_string

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("seed", range(10))
    def test_frozenbatchnorm2d_eps(self, seed):
        torch.random.manual_seed(seed)
        sample_size = (4, 32, 28, 28)
        x = torch.rand(sample_size)
        state_dict = dict(
            weight=torch.rand(sample_size[1]),
            bias=torch.rand(sample_size[1]),
            running_mean=torch.rand(sample_size[1]),
            running_var=torch.rand(sample_size[1]),
            num_batches_tracked=torch.tensor(100),
        )

        # Check that default eps is equal to the one of BN
        fbn = ops.misc.FrozenBatchNorm2d(sample_size[1])
        fbn.load_state_dict(state_dict, strict=False)
        bn = torch.nn.BatchNorm2d(sample_size[1]).eval()
        bn.load_state_dict(state_dict)
        # Difference is expected to fall in an acceptable range
        torch.testing.assert_close(fbn(x), bn(x), rtol=1e-5, atol=1e-6)

        # Check computation for eps > 0
        fbn = ops.misc.FrozenBatchNorm2d(sample_size[1], eps=1e-5)
        fbn.load_state_dict(state_dict, strict=False)
        bn = torch.nn.BatchNorm2d(sample_size[1], eps=1e-5).eval()
        bn.load_state_dict(state_dict)
        torch.testing.assert_close(fbn(x), bn(x), rtol=1e-5, atol=1e-6)


class TestBoxConversionToRoi:
    def _get_box_sequences():
        # Define here the argument type of `boxes` supported by region pooling operations
        box_tensor = torch.tensor([[0, 0, 0, 100, 100], [1, 0, 0, 100, 100]], dtype=torch.float)
        box_list = [
            torch.tensor([[0, 0, 100, 100]], dtype=torch.float),
            torch.tensor([[0, 0, 100, 100]], dtype=torch.float),
        ]
        box_tuple = tuple(box_list)
        return box_tensor, box_list, box_tuple

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("box_sequence", _get_box_sequences())
    def test_check_roi_boxes_shape(self, box_sequence):
        # Ensure common sequences of tensors are supported
        ops._utils.check_roi_boxes_shape(box_sequence)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("box_sequence", _get_box_sequences())
    def test_convert_boxes_to_roi_format(self, box_sequence):
        # Ensure common sequences of tensors yield the same result
        ref_tensor = None
        if ref_tensor is None:
            ref_tensor = box_sequence
        else:
            assert_equal(ref_tensor, ops._utils.convert_boxes_to_roi_format(box_sequence))


class TestBoxConvert:
    def test_bbox_same(self):
        box_tensor = torch.tensor(
            [[0, 0, 100, 100], [0, 0, 0, 0], [10, 15, 30, 35], [23, 35, 93, 95]], dtype=torch.float
        )

        exp_xyxy = torch.tensor([[0, 0, 100, 100], [0, 0, 0, 0], [10, 15, 30, 35], [23, 35, 93, 95]], dtype=torch.float)

        assert exp_xyxy.size() == torch.Size([4, 4])
        assert_equal(ops.box_convert(box_tensor, in_fmt="xyxy", out_fmt="xyxy"), exp_xyxy)
        assert_equal(ops.box_convert(box_tensor, in_fmt="xywh", out_fmt="xywh"), exp_xyxy)
        assert_equal(ops.box_convert(box_tensor, in_fmt="cxcywh", out_fmt="cxcywh"), exp_xyxy)

    def test_bbox_xyxy_xywh(self):
        # Simple test convert boxes to xywh and back. Make sure they are same.
        # box_tensor is in x1 y1 x2 y2 format.
        box_tensor = torch.tensor(
            [[0, 0, 100, 100], [0, 0, 0, 0], [10, 15, 30, 35], [23, 35, 93, 95]], dtype=torch.float
        )
        exp_xywh = torch.tensor([[0, 0, 100, 100], [0, 0, 0, 0], [10, 15, 20, 20], [23, 35, 70, 60]], dtype=torch.float)

        assert exp_xywh.size() == torch.Size([4, 4])
        box_xywh = ops.box_convert(box_tensor, in_fmt="xyxy", out_fmt="xywh")
        assert_equal(box_xywh, exp_xywh)

        # Reverse conversion
        box_xyxy = ops.box_convert(box_xywh, in_fmt="xywh", out_fmt="xyxy")
        assert_equal(box_xyxy, box_tensor)

    def test_bbox_xyxy_cxcywh(self):
        # Simple test convert boxes to cxcywh and back. Make sure they are same.
        # box_tensor is in x1 y1 x2 y2 format.
        box_tensor = torch.tensor(
            [[0, 0, 100, 100], [0, 0, 0, 0], [10, 15, 30, 35], [23, 35, 93, 95]], dtype=torch.float
        )
        exp_cxcywh = torch.tensor(
            [[50, 50, 100, 100], [0, 0, 0, 0], [20, 25, 20, 20], [58, 65, 70, 60]], dtype=torch.float
        )

        assert exp_cxcywh.size() == torch.Size([4, 4])
        box_cxcywh = ops.box_convert(box_tensor, in_fmt="xyxy", out_fmt="cxcywh")
        assert_equal(box_cxcywh, exp_cxcywh)

        # Reverse conversion
        box_xyxy = ops.box_convert(box_cxcywh, in_fmt="cxcywh", out_fmt="xyxy")
        assert_equal(box_xyxy, box_tensor)

    def test_bbox_xywh_cxcywh(self):
        box_tensor = torch.tensor(
            [[0, 0, 100, 100], [0, 0, 0, 0], [10, 15, 20, 20], [23, 35, 70, 60]], dtype=torch.float
        )

        exp_cxcywh = torch.tensor(
            [[50, 50, 100, 100], [0, 0, 0, 0], [20, 25, 20, 20], [58, 65, 70, 60]], dtype=torch.float
        )

        assert exp_cxcywh.size() == torch.Size([4, 4])
        box_cxcywh = ops.box_convert(box_tensor, in_fmt="xywh", out_fmt="cxcywh")
        assert_equal(box_cxcywh, exp_cxcywh)

        # Reverse conversion
        box_xywh = ops.box_convert(box_cxcywh, in_fmt="cxcywh", out_fmt="xywh")
        assert_equal(box_xywh, box_tensor)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("inv_infmt", ["xwyh", "cxwyh"])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("inv_outfmt", ["xwcx", "xhwcy"])
    def test_bbox_invalid(self, inv_infmt, inv_outfmt):
        box_tensor = torch.tensor(
            [[0, 0, 100, 100], [0, 0, 0, 0], [10, 15, 20, 20], [23, 35, 70, 60]], dtype=torch.float
        )

        with pytest.raises(ValueError):
            ops.box_convert(box_tensor, inv_infmt, inv_outfmt)

    def test_bbox_convert_jit(self):
        box_tensor = torch.tensor(
            [[0, 0, 100, 100], [0, 0, 0, 0], [10, 15, 30, 35], [23, 35, 93, 95]], dtype=torch.float
        )

        scripted_fn = torch.jit.script(ops.box_convert)

        box_xywh = ops.box_convert(box_tensor, in_fmt="xyxy", out_fmt="xywh")
        scripted_xywh = scripted_fn(box_tensor, "xyxy", "xywh")
        torch.testing.assert_close(scripted_xywh, box_xywh)

        box_cxcywh = ops.box_convert(box_tensor, in_fmt="xyxy", out_fmt="cxcywh")
        scripted_cxcywh = scripted_fn(box_tensor, "xyxy", "cxcywh")
        torch.testing.assert_close(scripted_cxcywh, box_cxcywh)


class TestBoxArea:
    def area_check(self, box, expected, atol=1e-4):
        out = ops.box_area(box)
        torch.testing.assert_close(out, expected, rtol=0.0, check_dtype=False, atol=atol)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [torch.int8, torch.int16, torch.int32, torch.int64])
    def test_int_boxes(self, dtype):
        box_tensor = torch.tensor([[0, 0, 100, 100], [0, 0, 0, 0]], dtype=dtype)
        expected = torch.tensor([10000, 0], dtype=torch.int32)
        self.area_check(box_tensor, expected)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [torch.float32, torch.float64])
    def test_float_boxes(self, dtype):
        box_tensor = torch.tensor(FLOAT_BOXES, dtype=dtype)
        expected = torch.tensor([604723.0806, 600965.4666, 592761.0085], dtype=dtype)
        self.area_check(box_tensor, expected)

    def test_float16_box(self):
        box_tensor = torch.tensor(
            [[2.825, 1.8625, 3.90, 4.85], [2.825, 4.875, 19.20, 5.10], [2.925, 1.80, 8.90, 4.90]], dtype=torch.float16
        )

        expected = torch.tensor([3.2170, 3.7108, 18.5071], dtype=torch.float16)
        self.area_check(box_tensor, expected, atol=0.01)

    def test_box_area_jit(self):
        box_tensor = torch.tensor([[0, 0, 100, 100], [0, 0, 0, 0]], dtype=torch.float)
        expected = ops.box_area(box_tensor)
        scripted_fn = torch.jit.script(ops.box_area)
        scripted_area = scripted_fn(box_tensor)
        torch.testing.assert_close(scripted_area, expected)


INT_BOXES = [[0, 0, 100, 100], [0, 0, 50, 50], [200, 200, 300, 300], [0, 0, 25, 25]]
INT_BOXES2 = [[0, 0, 100, 100], [0, 0, 50, 50], [200, 200, 300, 300]]
FLOAT_BOXES = [
    [285.3538, 185.5758, 1193.5110, 851.4551],
    [285.1472, 188.7374, 1192.4984, 851.0669],
    [279.2440, 197.9812, 1189.4746, 849.2019],
]


def gen_box(size, dtype=torch.float):
    xy1 = torch.rand((size, 2), dtype=dtype)
    xy2 = xy1 + torch.rand((size, 2), dtype=dtype)
    return torch.cat([xy1, xy2], axis=-1)


class TestIouBase:
    @staticmethod
    def _run_test(target_fn: Callable, actual_box1, actual_box2, dtypes, atol, expected):
        for dtype in dtypes:
            actual_box1 = torch.tensor(actual_box1, dtype=dtype)
            actual_box2 = torch.tensor(actual_box2, dtype=dtype)
            expected_box = torch.tensor(expected)
            out = target_fn(actual_box1, actual_box2)
            torch.testing.assert_close(out, expected_box, rtol=0.0, check_dtype=False, atol=atol)

    @staticmethod
    def _run_jit_test(target_fn: Callable, actual_box: List):
        box_tensor = torch.tensor(actual_box, dtype=torch.float)
        expected = target_fn(box_tensor, box_tensor)
        scripted_fn = torch.jit.script(target_fn)
        scripted_out = scripted_fn(box_tensor, box_tensor)
        torch.testing.assert_close(scripted_out, expected)

    @staticmethod
    def _cartesian_product(boxes1, boxes2, target_fn: Callable):
        N = boxes1.size(0)
        M = boxes2.size(0)
        result = torch.zeros((N, M))
        for i in range(N):
            for j in range(M):
                result[i, j] = target_fn(boxes1[i].unsqueeze(0), boxes2[j].unsqueeze(0))
        return result

    @staticmethod
    def _run_cartesian_test(target_fn: Callable):
        boxes1 = gen_box(5)
        boxes2 = gen_box(7)
        a = TestIouBase._cartesian_product(boxes1, boxes2, target_fn)
        b = target_fn(boxes1, boxes2)
        torch.testing.assert_close(a, b)


class TestBoxIou(TestIouBase):
    int_expected = [[1.0, 0.25, 0.0], [0.25, 1.0, 0.0], [0.0, 0.0, 1.0], [0.0625, 0.25, 0.0]]
    float_expected = [[1.0, 0.9933, 0.9673], [0.9933, 1.0, 0.9737], [0.9673, 0.9737, 1.0]]

    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
        "actual_box1, actual_box2, dtypes, atol, expected",
        [
            pytest.param(INT_BOXES, INT_BOXES2, [torch.int16, torch.int32, torch.int64], 1e-4, int_expected),
            pytest.param(FLOAT_BOXES, FLOAT_BOXES, [torch.float16], 0.002, float_expected),
            pytest.param(FLOAT_BOXES, FLOAT_BOXES, [torch.float32, torch.float64], 1e-3, float_expected),
        ],
    )
    def test_iou(self, actual_box1, actual_box2, dtypes, atol, expected):
        self._run_test(ops.box_iou, actual_box1, actual_box2, dtypes, atol, expected)

    def test_iou_jit(self):
        self._run_jit_test(ops.box_iou, INT_BOXES)

    def test_iou_cartesian(self):
        self._run_cartesian_test(ops.box_iou)


class TestGeneralizedBoxIou(TestIouBase):
    int_expected = [[1.0, 0.25, -0.7778], [0.25, 1.0, -0.8611], [-0.7778, -0.8611, 1.0], [0.0625, 0.25, -0.8819]]
    float_expected = [[1.0, 0.9933, 0.9673], [0.9933, 1.0, 0.9737], [0.9673, 0.9737, 1.0]]

    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
        "actual_box1, actual_box2, dtypes, atol, expected",
        [
            pytest.param(INT_BOXES, INT_BOXES2, [torch.int16, torch.int32, torch.int64], 1e-4, int_expected),
            pytest.param(FLOAT_BOXES, FLOAT_BOXES, [torch.float16], 0.002, float_expected),
            pytest.param(FLOAT_BOXES, FLOAT_BOXES, [torch.float32, torch.float64], 1e-3, float_expected),
        ],
    )
    def test_iou(self, actual_box1, actual_box2, dtypes, atol, expected):
        self._run_test(ops.generalized_box_iou, actual_box1, actual_box2, dtypes, atol, expected)

    def test_iou_jit(self):
        self._run_jit_test(ops.generalized_box_iou, INT_BOXES)

    def test_iou_cartesian(self):
        self._run_cartesian_test(ops.generalized_box_iou)


class TestDistanceBoxIoU(TestIouBase):
    int_expected = [
        [1.0000, 0.1875, -0.4444],
        [0.1875, 1.0000, -0.5625],
        [-0.4444, -0.5625, 1.0000],
        [-0.0781, 0.1875, -0.6267],
    ]
    float_expected = [[1.0, 0.9933, 0.9673], [0.9933, 1.0, 0.9737], [0.9673, 0.9737, 1.0]]

    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
        "actual_box1, actual_box2, dtypes, atol, expected",
        [
            pytest.param(INT_BOXES, INT_BOXES2, [torch.int16, torch.int32, torch.int64], 1e-4, int_expected),
            pytest.param(FLOAT_BOXES, FLOAT_BOXES, [torch.float16], 0.002, float_expected),
            pytest.param(FLOAT_BOXES, FLOAT_BOXES, [torch.float32, torch.float64], 1e-3, float_expected),
        ],
    )
    def test_iou(self, actual_box1, actual_box2, dtypes, atol, expected):
        self._run_test(ops.distance_box_iou, actual_box1, actual_box2, dtypes, atol, expected)

    def test_iou_jit(self):
        self._run_jit_test(ops.distance_box_iou, INT_BOXES)

    def test_iou_cartesian(self):
        self._run_cartesian_test(ops.distance_box_iou)


class TestCompleteBoxIou(TestIouBase):
    int_expected = [
        [1.0000, 0.1875, -0.4444],
        [0.1875, 1.0000, -0.5625],
        [-0.4444, -0.5625, 1.0000],
        [-0.0781, 0.1875, -0.6267],
    ]
    float_expected = [[1.0, 0.9933, 0.9673], [0.9933, 1.0, 0.9737], [0.9673, 0.9737, 1.0]]

    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
        "actual_box1, actual_box2, dtypes, atol, expected",
        [
            pytest.param(INT_BOXES, INT_BOXES2, [torch.int16, torch.int32, torch.int64], 1e-4, int_expected),
            pytest.param(FLOAT_BOXES, FLOAT_BOXES, [torch.float16], 0.002, float_expected),
            pytest.param(FLOAT_BOXES, FLOAT_BOXES, [torch.float32, torch.float64], 1e-3, float_expected),
        ],
    )
    def test_iou(self, actual_box1, actual_box2, dtypes, atol, expected):
        self._run_test(ops.complete_box_iou, actual_box1, actual_box2, dtypes, atol, expected)

    def test_iou_jit(self):
        self._run_jit_test(ops.complete_box_iou, INT_BOXES)

    def test_iou_cartesian(self):
        self._run_cartesian_test(ops.complete_box_iou)


def get_boxes(dtype, device):
    box1 = torch.tensor([-1, -1, 1, 1], dtype=dtype, device=device)
    box2 = torch.tensor([0, 0, 1, 1], dtype=dtype, device=device)
    box3 = torch.tensor([0, 1, 1, 2], dtype=dtype, device=device)
    box4 = torch.tensor([1, 1, 2, 2], dtype=dtype, device=device)

    box1s = torch.stack([box2, box2], dim=0)
    box2s = torch.stack([box3, box4], dim=0)

    return box1, box2, box3, box4, box1s, box2s


def assert_iou_loss(iou_fn, box1, box2, expected_loss, device, reduction="none"):
    computed_loss = iou_fn(box1, box2, reduction=reduction)
    expected_loss = torch.tensor(expected_loss, device=device)
    torch.testing.assert_close(computed_loss, expected_loss)


def assert_empty_loss(iou_fn, dtype, device):
    box1 = torch.randn([0, 4], dtype=dtype, device=device).requires_grad_()
    box2 = torch.randn([0, 4], dtype=dtype, device=device).requires_grad_()
    loss = iou_fn(box1, box2, reduction="mean")
    loss.backward()
    torch.testing.assert_close(loss, torch.tensor(0.0, device=device))
    assert box1.grad is not None, "box1.grad should not be None after backward is called"
    assert box2.grad is not None, "box2.grad should not be None after backward is called"
    loss = iou_fn(box1, box2, reduction="none")
    assert loss.numel() == 0, f"{str(iou_fn)} for two empty box should be empty"


class TestGeneralizedBoxIouLoss:
    # We refer to original test: https://github.com/facebookresearch/fvcore/blob/main/tests/test_giou_loss.py
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("device", cpu_and_cuda())
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [torch.float32, torch.half])
    def test_giou_loss(self, dtype, device):
        box1, box2, box3, box4, box1s, box2s = get_boxes(dtype, device)

        # Identical boxes should have loss of 0
        assert_iou_loss(ops.generalized_box_iou_loss, box1, box1, 0.0, device=device)

        # quarter size box inside other box = IoU of 0.25
        assert_iou_loss(ops.generalized_box_iou_loss, box1, box2, 0.75, device=device)

        # Two side by side boxes, area=union
        # IoU=0 and GIoU=0 (loss 1.0)
        assert_iou_loss(ops.generalized_box_iou_loss, box2, box3, 1.0, device=device)

        # Two diagonally adjacent boxes, area=2*union
        # IoU=0 and GIoU=-0.5 (loss 1.5)
        assert_iou_loss(ops.generalized_box_iou_loss, box2, box4, 1.5, device=device)

        # Test batched loss and reductions
        assert_iou_loss(ops.generalized_box_iou_loss, box1s, box2s, 2.5, device=device, reduction="sum")
        assert_iou_loss(ops.generalized_box_iou_loss, box1s, box2s, 1.25, device=device, reduction="mean")

        # Test reduction value
        # reduction value other than ["none", "mean", "sum"] should raise a ValueError
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid"):
            ops.generalized_box_iou_loss(box1s, box2s, reduction="xyz")

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("device", cpu_and_cuda())
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [torch.float32, torch.half])
    def test_empty_inputs(self, dtype, device):
        assert_empty_loss(ops.generalized_box_iou_loss, dtype, device)


class TestCompleteBoxIouLoss:
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [torch.float32, torch.half])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("device", cpu_and_cuda())
    def test_ciou_loss(self, dtype, device):
        box1, box2, box3, box4, box1s, box2s = get_boxes(dtype, device)

        assert_iou_loss(ops.complete_box_iou_loss, box1, box1, 0.0, device=device)
        assert_iou_loss(ops.complete_box_iou_loss, box1, box2, 0.8125, device=device)
        assert_iou_loss(ops.complete_box_iou_loss, box1, box3, 1.1923, device=device)
        assert_iou_loss(ops.complete_box_iou_loss, box1, box4, 1.2500, device=device)
        assert_iou_loss(ops.complete_box_iou_loss, box1s, box2s, 1.2250, device=device, reduction="mean")
        assert_iou_loss(ops.complete_box_iou_loss, box1s, box2s, 2.4500, device=device, reduction="sum")

        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid"):
            ops.complete_box_iou_loss(box1s, box2s, reduction="xyz")

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("device", cpu_and_cuda())
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [torch.float32, torch.half])
    def test_empty_inputs(self, dtype, device):
        assert_empty_loss(ops.complete_box_iou_loss, dtype, device)


class TestDistanceBoxIouLoss:
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("device", cpu_and_cuda())
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [torch.float32, torch.half])
    def test_distance_iou_loss(self, dtype, device):
        box1, box2, box3, box4, box1s, box2s = get_boxes(dtype, device)

        assert_iou_loss(ops.distance_box_iou_loss, box1, box1, 0.0, device=device)
        assert_iou_loss(ops.distance_box_iou_loss, box1, box2, 0.8125, device=device)
        assert_iou_loss(ops.distance_box_iou_loss, box1, box3, 1.1923, device=device)
        assert_iou_loss(ops.distance_box_iou_loss, box1, box4, 1.2500, device=device)
        assert_iou_loss(ops.distance_box_iou_loss, box1s, box2s, 1.2250, device=device, reduction="mean")
        assert_iou_loss(ops.distance_box_iou_loss, box1s, box2s, 2.4500, device=device, reduction="sum")

        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid"):
            ops.distance_box_iou_loss(box1s, box2s, reduction="xyz")

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("device", cpu_and_cuda())
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [torch.float32, torch.half])
    def test_empty_distance_iou_inputs(self, dtype, device):
        assert_empty_loss(ops.distance_box_iou_loss, dtype, device)


class TestFocalLoss:
    def _generate_diverse_input_target_pair(self, shape=(5, 2), **kwargs):
        def logit(p):
            return torch.log(p / (1 - p))

        def generate_tensor_with_range_type(shape, range_type, **kwargs):
            if range_type != "random_binary":
                low, high = {
                    "small": (0.0, 0.2),
                    "big": (0.8, 1.0),
                    "zeros": (0.0, 0.0),
                    "ones": (1.0, 1.0),
                    "random": (0.0, 1.0),
                }[range_type]
                return torch.testing.make_tensor(shape, low=low, high=high, **kwargs)
            else:
                return torch.randint(0, 2, shape, **kwargs)

        # This function will return inputs and targets with shape: (shape[0]*9, shape[1])
        inputs = []
        targets = []
        for input_range_type, target_range_type in [
            ("small", "zeros"),
            ("small", "ones"),
            ("small", "random_binary"),
            ("big", "zeros"),
            ("big", "ones"),
            ("big", "random_binary"),
            ("random", "zeros"),
            ("random", "ones"),
            ("random", "random_binary"),
        ]:
            inputs.append(logit(generate_tensor_with_range_type(shape, input_range_type, **kwargs)))
            targets.append(generate_tensor_with_range_type(shape, target_range_type, **kwargs))

        return torch.cat(inputs), torch.cat(targets)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("alpha", [-1.0, 0.0, 0.58, 1.0])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("gamma", [0, 2])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("device", cpu_and_cuda())
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [torch.float32, torch.half])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("seed", [0, 1])
    def test_correct_ratio(self, alpha, gamma, device, dtype, seed):
        if device == "cpu" and dtype is torch.half:
            pytest.skip("Currently torch.half is not fully supported on cpu")
        # For testing the ratio with manual calculation, we require the reduction to be "none"
        reduction = "none"
        torch.random.manual_seed(seed)
        inputs, targets = self._generate_diverse_input_target_pair(dtype=dtype, device=device)
        focal_loss = ops.sigmoid_focal_loss(inputs, targets, gamma=gamma, alpha=alpha, reduction=reduction)
        ce_loss = F.binary_cross_entropy_with_logits(inputs, targets, reduction=reduction)

        assert torch.all(
            focal_loss <= ce_loss
        ), "focal loss must be less or equal to cross entropy loss with same input"

        loss_ratio = (focal_loss / ce_loss).squeeze()
        prob = torch.sigmoid(inputs)
        p_t = prob * targets + (1 - prob) * (1 - targets)
        correct_ratio = (1.0 - p_t) ** gamma
        if alpha >= 0:
            alpha_t = alpha * targets + (1 - alpha) * (1 - targets)
            correct_ratio = correct_ratio * alpha_t

        tol = 1e-3 if dtype is torch.half else 1e-5
        torch.testing.assert_close(correct_ratio, loss_ratio, atol=tol, rtol=tol)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("reduction", ["mean", "sum"])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("device", cpu_and_cuda())
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [torch.float32, torch.half])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("seed", [2, 3])
    def test_equal_ce_loss(self, reduction, device, dtype, seed):
        if device == "cpu" and dtype is torch.half:
            pytest.skip("Currently torch.half is not fully supported on cpu")
        # focal loss should be equal ce_loss if alpha=-1 and gamma=0
        alpha = -1
        gamma = 0
        torch.random.manual_seed(seed)
        inputs, targets = self._generate_diverse_input_target_pair(dtype=dtype, device=device)
        inputs_fl = inputs.clone().requires_grad_()
        targets_fl = targets.clone()
        inputs_ce = inputs.clone().requires_grad_()
        targets_ce = targets.clone()
        focal_loss = ops.sigmoid_focal_loss(inputs_fl, targets_fl, gamma=gamma, alpha=alpha, reduction=reduction)
        ce_loss = F.binary_cross_entropy_with_logits(inputs_ce, targets_ce, reduction=reduction)

        torch.testing.assert_close(focal_loss, ce_loss)

        focal_loss.backward()
        ce_loss.backward()
        torch.testing.assert_close(inputs_fl.grad, inputs_ce.grad)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("alpha", [-1.0, 0.0, 0.58, 1.0])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("gamma", [0, 2])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("reduction", ["none", "mean", "sum"])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("device", cpu_and_cuda())
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [torch.float32, torch.half])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("seed", [4, 5])
    def test_jit(self, alpha, gamma, reduction, device, dtype, seed):
        if device == "cpu" and dtype is torch.half:
            pytest.skip("Currently torch.half is not fully supported on cpu")
        script_fn = torch.jit.script(ops.sigmoid_focal_loss)
        torch.random.manual_seed(seed)
        inputs, targets = self._generate_diverse_input_target_pair(dtype=dtype, device=device)
        focal_loss = ops.sigmoid_focal_loss(inputs, targets, gamma=gamma, alpha=alpha, reduction=reduction)
        scripted_focal_loss = script_fn(inputs, targets, gamma=gamma, alpha=alpha, reduction=reduction)

        tol = 1e-3 if dtype is torch.half else 1e-5
        torch.testing.assert_close(focal_loss, scripted_focal_loss, rtol=tol, atol=tol)

    # Raise ValueError for anonymous reduction mode
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("device", cpu_and_cuda())
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dtype", [torch.float32, torch.half])
    def test_reduction_mode(self, device, dtype, reduction="xyz"):
        if device == "cpu" and dtype is torch.half:
            pytest.skip("Currently torch.half is not fully supported on cpu")
        torch.random.manual_seed(0)
        inputs, targets = self._generate_diverse_input_target_pair(device=device, dtype=dtype)
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Invalid"):
            ops.sigmoid_focal_loss(inputs, targets, 0.25, 2, reduction)


class TestMasksToBoxes:
    def test_masks_box(self):
        def masks_box_check(masks, expected, atol=1e-4):
            out = ops.masks_to_boxes(masks)
            assert out.dtype == torch.float
            torch.testing.assert_close(out, expected, rtol=0.0, check_dtype=True, atol=atol)

        # Check for int type boxes.
        def _get_image():
            assets_directory = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)), "assets")
            mask_path = os.path.join(assets_directory, "masks.tiff")
            image = Image.open(mask_path)
            return image

        def _create_masks(image, masks):
            for index in range(image.n_frames):
                image.seek(index)
                frame = np.array(image)
                masks[index] = torch.tensor(frame)

            return masks

        expected = torch.tensor(
            [
                [127, 2, 165, 40],
                [2, 50, 44, 92],
                [56, 63, 98, 100],
                [139, 68, 175, 104],
                [160, 112, 198, 145],
                [49, 138, 99, 182],
                [108, 148, 152, 213],
            ],
            dtype=torch.float,
        )

        image = _get_image()
        for dtype in [torch.float16, torch.float32, torch.float64]:
            masks = torch.zeros((image.n_frames, image.height, image.width), dtype=dtype)
            masks = _create_masks(image, masks)
            masks_box_check(masks, expected)


class TestStochasticDepth:
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("seed", range(10))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("p", [0.2, 0.5, 0.8])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ["batch", "row"])
    def test_stochastic_depth_random(self, seed, mode, p):
        torch.manual_seed(seed)
        stats = pytest.importorskip("scipy.stats")
        batch_size = 5
        x = torch.ones(size=(batch_size, 3, 4, 4))
        layer = ops.StochasticDepth(p=p, mode=mode)
        layer.__repr__()

        trials = 250
        num_samples = 0
        counts = 0
        for _ in range(trials):
            out = layer(x)
            non_zero_count = out.sum(dim=(1, 2, 3)).nonzero().size(0)
            if mode == "batch":
                if non_zero_count == 0:
                    counts += 1
                num_samples += 1
            elif mode == "row":
                counts += batch_size - non_zero_count
                num_samples += batch_size

        p_value = stats.binomtest(counts, num_samples, p=p).pvalue
        assert p_value > 0.01

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("seed", range(10))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("p", (0, 1))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ["batch", "row"])
    def test_stochastic_depth(self, seed, mode, p):
        torch.manual_seed(seed)
        batch_size = 5
        x = torch.ones(size=(batch_size, 3, 4, 4))
        layer = ops.StochasticDepth(p=p, mode=mode)

        out = layer(x)
        if p == 0:
            assert out.equal(x)
        elif p == 1:
            assert out.equal(torch.zeros_like(x))

    def make_obj(self, p, mode, wrap=False):
        obj = ops.StochasticDepth(p, mode)
        return StochasticDepthWrapper(obj) if wrap else obj

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("p", (0, 1))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("mode", ["batch", "row"])
    def test_is_leaf_node(self, p, mode):
        op_obj = self.make_obj(p, mode, wrap=True)
        graph_node_names = get_graph_node_names(op_obj)

        assert len(graph_node_names) == 2
        assert len(graph_node_names[0]) == len(graph_node_names[1])
        assert len(graph_node_names[0]) == 1 + op_obj.n_inputs


class TestUtils:
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("norm_layer", [None, nn.BatchNorm2d, nn.LayerNorm])
    def test_split_normalization_params(self, norm_layer):
        model = models.mobilenet_v3_large(norm_layer=norm_layer)
        params = ops._utils.split_normalization_params(model, None if norm_layer is None else [norm_layer])

        assert len(params[0]) == 92
        assert len(params[1]) == 82


class TestDropBlock:
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("seed", range(10))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dim", [2, 3])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("p", [0, 0.5])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("block_size", [5, 11])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("inplace", [True, False])
    def test_drop_block(self, seed, dim, p, block_size, inplace):
        torch.manual_seed(seed)
        batch_size = 5
        channels = 3
        height = 11
        width = height
        depth = height
        if dim == 2:
            x = torch.ones(size=(batch_size, channels, height, width))
            layer = ops.DropBlock2d(p=p, block_size=block_size, inplace=inplace)
            feature_size = height * width
        elif dim == 3:
            x = torch.ones(size=(batch_size, channels, depth, height, width))
            layer = ops.DropBlock3d(p=p, block_size=block_size, inplace=inplace)
            feature_size = depth * height * width
        layer.__repr__()

        out = layer(x)
        if p == 0:
            assert out.equal(x)
        if block_size == height:
            for b, c in product(range(batch_size), range(channels)):
                assert out[b, c].count_nonzero() in (0, feature_size)

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("seed", range(10))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dim", [2, 3])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("p", [0.1, 0.2])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("block_size", [3])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("inplace", [False])
    def test_drop_block_random(self, seed, dim, p, block_size, inplace):
        torch.manual_seed(seed)
        batch_size = 5
        channels = 3
        height = 11
        width = height
        depth = height
        if dim == 2:
            x = torch.ones(size=(batch_size, channels, height, width))
            layer = ops.DropBlock2d(p=p, block_size=block_size, inplace=inplace)
        elif dim == 3:
            x = torch.ones(size=(batch_size, channels, depth, height, width))
            layer = ops.DropBlock3d(p=p, block_size=block_size, inplace=inplace)

        trials = 250
        num_samples = 0
        counts = 0
        cell_numel = torch.tensor(x.shape).prod()
        for _ in range(trials):
            with torch.no_grad():
                out = layer(x)
            non_zero_count = out.nonzero().size(0)
            counts += cell_numel - non_zero_count
            num_samples += cell_numel

        assert abs(p - counts / num_samples) / p < 0.15

    def make_obj(self, dim, p, block_size, inplace, wrap=False):
        if dim == 2:
            obj = ops.DropBlock2d(p, block_size, inplace)
        elif dim == 3:
            obj = ops.DropBlock3d(p, block_size, inplace)
        return DropBlockWrapper(obj) if wrap else obj

    @pytest.mark.parametrize("dim", (2, 3))
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("p", [0, 1])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("block_size", [5, 7])
    @pytest.mark.parametrize("inplace", [True, False])
    def test_is_leaf_node(self, dim, p, block_size, inplace):
        op_obj = self.make_obj(dim, p, block_size, inplace, wrap=True)
        graph_node_names = get_graph_node_names(op_obj)

        assert len(graph_node_names) == 2
        assert len(graph_node_names[0]) == len(graph_node_names[1])
        assert len(graph_node_names[0]) == 1 + op_obj.n_inputs


if __name__ == "__main__":
    pytest.main([__file__])