[v24.2.x] tests/setup: update ducktape to 0.12

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #24474 to branch v24.2.x. This issue was created as a placeholder because the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v24.2.x
git checkout -b manual-backport-24474-v24.2.x-98
git cherry-pick -x 4319c28ca9 77c6021d47

git push origin manual-backport-24474-v24.2.x-98
gh pr create \
  --title "[v24.2.x] tests/setup: update ducktape to 0.12" \
  --base "v24.2.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "manual-backport-24474-v24.2.x-98" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v24.2.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/24474 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-8522](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-8522)