[v24.3.x] Add a general key-value cache to utils

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #24514 to branch v24.3.x. This issue was created as a placeholder because the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v24.3.x
git checkout -b manual-backport-24514-v24.3.x-441
git cherry-pick -x 1fd8856d48 f98cb9c406

git push origin manual-backport-24514-v24.3.x-441
gh pr create \
  --title "[v24.3.x] Add a general key-value cache to utils" \
  --base "v24.3.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "manual-backport-24514-v24.3.x-441" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v24.3.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/24514 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-8620](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-8620)

[dotnwat]

why are we backporting this?