[v24.2.x] Offset translator consistency validation

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #24607 to branch v24.2.x. This issue was created as a placeholder because the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v24.2.x
git checkout -b manual-backport-24607-v24.2.x-152
git cherry-pick -x 026fa9b14e 59eba45a56 9d885f5a4e

git push origin manual-backport-24607-v24.2.x-152
gh pr create \
  --title "[v24.2.x] Offset translator consistency validation" \
  --base "v24.2.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "manual-backport-24607-v24.2.x-152" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v24.2.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/24607 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-8638](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-8638)