[v24.2.x] Validate offset delta in append entries handler

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #24617 to branch v24.2.x. This issue was created as a placeholder because the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v24.2.x
git checkout -b manual-backport-24617-v24.2.x-225
git cherry-pick -x ff96d02182 97d3d4f7b7 3dc5470546

git push origin manual-backport-24617-v24.2.x-225
gh pr create \
  --title "[v24.2.x] Validate offset delta in append entries handler" \
  --base "v24.2.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "manual-backport-24617-v24.2.x-225" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v24.2.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/24617 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-8642](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-8642)