diff --git a/spring-kafka/src/main/java/org/springframework/kafka/annotation/KafkaListenerAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java b/spring-kafka/src/main/java/org/springframework/kafka/annotation/KafkaListenerAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java
index 5e016c2366..1a2c89a789 100644
--- a/spring-kafka/src/main/java/org/springframework/kafka/annotation/KafkaListenerAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java
+++ b/spring-kafka/src/main/java/org/springframework/kafka/annotation/KafkaListenerAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java
@@ -665,6 +665,8 @@ private void processKafkaListenerAnnotation(MethodKafkaListenerEndpoint<?, ?> en
 		endpoint.setBean(bean);
 		endpoint.setMessageHandlerMethodFactory(this.messageHandlerMethodFactory);
 		endpoint.setGroupId(getEndpointGroupId(kafkaListener, endpoint.getId()));
+
+		Assert.state((topics.length > 0) ^ (tps.length > 0), "Only one of @Topic or @TopicPartition is allowed");
 		endpoint.setTopicPartitions(tps);
 		endpoint.setTopics(topics);
 		endpoint.setTopicPattern(resolvePattern(kafkaListener));