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sysdef.asm
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sysdef.asm
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;;
;; sysdef.asm: This file contains definitions to simplify assembler programming
;; and for accessing the various hardware registers via MMIO
;;
;
;***************************************************************************************
;* Assembler macros which make life much easier:
;***************************************************************************************
;
#define RET MOVE @R13++, R15
#define NOP ABRA R15, 1
#define SYSCALL(x,y) ASUB x, y
;
; Some register short names:
;
#define PC R15
#define SR R14
#define SP R13
;
;***************************************************************************************
;* IO-page addresses: Default: 8 registers per block
;***************************************************************************************
;
IO$AREA_START .EQU 0xFF00
;
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Block FF00: FUNDAMENTAL IO
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
;
; Switch-register:
;
IO$SWITCH_REG .EQU 0xFF00 ; 16 binary keys
;
; Registers for TIL-display:
;
IO$TIL_DISPLAY .EQU 0xFF01 ; Address of TIL-display
IO$TIL_MASK .EQU 0xFF02 ; Mask register of TIL display
;
; USB-keyboard-registers:
;
IO$KBD_STATE .EQU 0xFF04 ; Status register of USB keyboard
; Bit 0 (read only): New ASCII character avaiable for reading
; (bits 7 downto 0 of Read register)
; Bit 1 (read only): New special key available for reading
; (bits 15 downto 8 of Read register)
; Bits 2..4 (read/write): Locales: 000 = US English keyboard layout,
; 001 = German layout, others: reserved for more locales
; Bits 5..7 (read only): Modifiers: 5 = shift, 6 = alt, 7 = ctrl
; Only valid, when bits 0 and/or 1 are '1'
;
IO$KBD_DATA .EQU 0xFF05 ; Data register of USB keyboard
; Contains the ASCII character in bits 7 downto 0 or the special key code
; in 15 downto 8. The "or" is meant exclusive, i.e. it cannot happen that
; one transmission contains an ASCII character PLUS a special character.
;
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Block FF08: SYSTEM COUNTERS
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
;
; CYCLE-COUNT-registers
;
IO$CYC_LO .EQU 0xFF08 ; low word of 48-bit counter
IO$CYC_MID .EQU 0xFF09 ; middle word of 48-bit counter
IO$CYC_HI .EQU 0xFF0A ; high word of 48-bit counter
IO$CYC_STATE .EQU 0xFF0B ; status register
; Bit 0 (write only): Reset counter to zero and start counting, i.e.
; bit 1 is automatically set to 1 when resetting
; Bit 1 (read/write): Start/stop counter
;
; INSTRUCTION-COUNT-registers
;
IO$INS_LO .EQU 0xFF0C ; low word of 48-bit counter
IO$INS_MID .EQU 0xFF0D ; middle word of 48-bit counter
IO$INS_HI .EQU 0xFF0E ; high word of 48-bit counter
IO$INS_STATE .EQU 0xFF0F ; status register
; Bit 0 (write only): Reset counter to zero and start counting, i.e.
; bit 1 is automatically set to 1 when resetting
; Bit 1 (read/write): Start/stop counter
;
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Block FF10: UART
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
;
; QNICE-FPGA supports: IO$UART_SRA, IO$UART_RHRA and IO$UART_THRA
; The other registers are mentioned for completeness to map real hardware (16550)
;
IO$UART_BASE_ADDRESS .EQU 0xFF10
IO$UART_MR1A .EQU 0xFF10 ; n/a
IO$UART_MR1B .EQU 0xFF10 ; n/a
IO$UART_SRA .EQU 0xFF11 ; Status register (relative to base address)
IO$UART_RHRA .EQU 0xFF12 ; Receiving register (relative to base address)
IO$UART_THRA .EQU 0xFF13 ; Transmitting register (relative to base address)
;
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Block FF18: EAE
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
;
; EAE (Extended Arithmetic Element) registers:
;
IO$EAE_OPERAND_0 .EQU 0xFF18
IO$EAE_OPERAND_1 .EQU 0xFF19
IO$EAE_RESULT_LO .EQU 0xFF1A
IO$EAE_RESULT_HI .EQU 0xFF1B
IO$EAE_CSR .EQU 0xFF1C ; Command and Status Register
;
; EAE-Opcodes (CSR): 0x0000 MULU 32-bit result in LO HI
; 0x0001 MULS 32-bit result in LO HI
; 0x0002 DIVU result in LO, modulo in HI
; 0x0003 DIVS result in LO, modulo in HI
; Bit 15 of CSR is the busy bit. If it is set, the EAE is still busy crunching numbers.
;
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Block FF20: SD CARD
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
;
; SD CARD INTERFACE registers
;
IO$SD_BASE_ADDRESS .EQU 0xFF20
IO$SD_ADDR_LO .EQU 0xFF20 ; low word of 32bit linear SD card block address
IO$SD_ADDR_HI .EQU 0xFF21 ; high word of 32bit linear SD card block address
IO$SD_DATA_POS .EQU 0xFF22 ; "Cursor" to navigate the 512-byte data buffer
IO$SD_DATA .EQU 0xFF23 ; read/write 1 byte from/to the 512-byte data buffer
IO$SD_ERROR .EQU 0xFF24 ; error code of last operation (read only)
IO$SD_CSR .EQU 0xFF25 ; Command and Status Register (write to execute command)
;
; SD-Opcodes (CSR): 0x0000 Reset SD card
; 0x0001 Read 512 bytes from the linear block address
; 0x0002 Write 512 bytes to the linear block address
; Bits 0 .. 2 are write-only (reading always returns 0)
; Bits 13 .. 12 return the card type: 00 = no card / unknown card
; 01 = SD V1
; 10 = SD V2
; 11 = SDHC
; Bit 14 of the CSR is the error bit: 1, if the last operation failed. In such
; a case, the error code is in IO$SD_ERROR and
; you need to reset the controller to go on
; Bit 15 of the CSR is the busy bit: 1, if current operation is still running
;
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Block FF28: TIMER 0 and 1
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
;
; Interrupt timer: There are two timers capable of generating interrupts.
; Each timer is controlled by three 16 bit registers:
;
; IO$TIMER_x_PRE: The 100 kHz timer clock is divided by the value stored in
; this device register. 100 (which corresponds to 0x0064 in
; the prescaler register) yields a 1 millisecond pulse which
; in turn is fed to the actual counter.
; IO$TIMER_x_CNT: When the number of output pulses from the prescaler circuit
; equals the number stored in this register, an interrupt will
; be generated (if the interrupt address is 0x0000, the
; interrupt will be suppressed).
; IO$TIMER_x_INT: This register contains the address of the desired interrupt
; service routine.
;
IO$TIMER_BASE_ADDRESS .EQU 0xFF28
IO$TIMER_0_PRE .EQU 0xFF28
IO$TIMER_0_CNT .EQU 0xFF29
IO$TIMER_0_INT .EQU 0xFF2A
IO$TIMER_1_PRE .EQU 0xFF2B
IO$TIMER_1_CNT .EQU 0xFF2C
IO$TIMER_1_INT .EQU 0xFF2D
;
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Block FF30: VGA (double block, 16 registers)
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
;
VGA$STATE .EQU 0xFF30 ; VGA status register
; Bits 11-10: Hardware scrolling / offset enable: Bit #10 enables the use
; of the offset register #4 (display offset) and bit #11
; enables the use of register #5 (read/write offset).
; Bit 9: Busy: VGA is currently busy, e.g. clearing the screen,
; printing, etc. While busy, commands will be ignored, but
; they can still be written into the registers, though
; Bit 8: Set bit to clear screen. Read bit to find out, if clear
; screen is still active
; Bit 7: VGA enable (1 = on; 0: no VGA signal is generated)
; Bit 6: Hardware cursor enable
; Bit 5: Hardware cursor blink enable
; Bit 4: Hardware cursor mode: 1 - small
; 0 - large
; Bits 2-0: Output color for the whole screen, bits (2, 1, 0) = RGB
VGA$CR_X .EQU 0xFF31 ; VGA cursor X position
VGA$CR_Y .EQU 0xFF32 ; VGA cursor Y position
VGA$CHAR .EQU 0xFF33 ; write: VGA character to be displayed
; read: character "under" the cursor
VGA$OFFS_DISPLAY .EQU 0xFF34 ; Offset in bytes that is used when displaying
; the video RAM. Scrolling forward one line
; means adding 0x50 to this register.
; Only works, if bit #10 in VGA$STATE is set.
VGA$OFFS_RW .EQU 0xFF35 ; Offset in bytes that is used, when you read
; or write to the video RAM using VGA$CHAR.
; Works independently from VGA$OFFS_DISPLAY.
; Active, when bit #11 in VGA$STATE is set.
VGA$HDMI_H_MIN .EQU 0xFF36 ; HDMI Data Enable: X: minimum valid column
VGA$HDMI_H_MAX .EQU 0xFF37 ; HDMI Data Enable: X: maximum valid column
VGA$HDMI_V_MAX .EQU 0xFF38 ; HDMI Data Enable: Y: maximum row (line)
;
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Block FFF0: MEGA65 (double block, 16 registers)
;---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
;
; HyperRAM
;
IO$M65HRAM_LO .EQU 0xFFF0 ; Low word of address (15 downto 0)
IO$M65HRAM_HI .EQU 0xFFF1 ; High word of address (26 downto 16)
IO$M65HRAM_DATA8 .EQU 0xFFF2 ; HyperRAM native 8-bit data in/out
IO$M65HRAM_DATA16 .EQU 0xFFF3 ; HyperRAM 16-bit data in/out
;
;***************************************************************************************
;* Constant definitions
;***************************************************************************************
;
; ========== VGA ==========
VGA$MAX_X .EQU 79 ; Max. X-coordinate in decimal!
VGA$MAX_Y .EQU 39 ; Max. Y-coordinate in decimal!
VGA$MAX_CHARS .EQU 3200 ; 80 * 40 chars
VGA$CHARS_PER_LINE .EQU 80
VGA$EN_HW_CURSOR .EQU 0x0040 ; Show hardware cursor
VGA$EN_HW_SCRL .EQU 0x0C00 ; Hardware scrolling enable
VGA$CLR_SCRN .EQU 0x0100 ; Clear screen
VGA$BUSY .EQU 0x0200 ; VGA is currently performing a task
VGA$COLOR_RED .EQU 0x0004
VGA$COLOR_GREEN .EQU 0x0002
VGA$COLOR_BLUE .EQU 0x0001
VGA$COLOR_WHITE .EQU 0x0007
; ========== CYCLE COUNTER ==========
CYC$RESET .EQU 0x0001 ; Reset cycle counter
CYC$RUN .EQU 0x0002 ; Start/stop counter
; ========== CYCLE COUNTER ==========
INS$RESET .EQU 0x0001 ; Reset instruction counter
INS$RUN .EQU 0x0002 ; Start/stop counter
; ========== EAE ==========
EAE$MULU .EQU 0x0000 ; Unsigned 16 bit multiplication
EAE$MULS .EQU 0x0001 ; Signed 16 bit multiplication
EAE$DIVU .EQU 0x0002 ; Unsigned 16 bit division with remainder
EAE$DIVS .EQU 0x0003 ; Signed 16 bit division with remainder
EAE$BUSY .EQU 0x8000 ; Busy flag (1 = operation still running)
; ========== SD CARD ==========
SD$CMD_RESET .EQU 0x0000 ; Reset SD card
SD$CMD_READ .EQU 0x0001 ; Read 512 bytes from SD to internal buffer
SD$CMD_WRITE .EQU 0x0002 ; Write 512 bytes from int. buf. to SD
SD$BIT_ERROR .EQU 0x4000 ; Error flag: 1, if last operation failed
SD$BIT_BUSY .EQU 0x8000 ; Busy flag: 1, if current op. is still running
SD$TIMEOUT_MID .EQU 0x0479 ; equals ~75.000.000 cycles, i.e. 1.5sec @ 50 MHz
SD$ERR_MASK .EQU 0x00FF ; AND mask for errors: HI byte = state machine info, so mask it for error checks
SD$ERR_R1_ERROR .EQU 0x0001 ; SD Card R1 error (R1 bit 6-0)
SD$ERR_CRC_OR_TIMEOUT .EQU 0x0002 ; Read CRC error or Write Timeout error
SD$ERR_RESPONSE_TOKEN .EQU 0x0003 ; Data Response Token error (Token bit 3)
SD$ERR_ERROR_TOKEN .EQU 0x0004 ; Data Error Token error (Token bit 3-0)
SD$ERR_WRITE_PROTECT .EQU 0x0005 ; SD Card Write Protect switch
SD$ERR_CARD_UNUSABLE .EQU 0x0006 ; Unusable SD card
SD$ERR_NO_CARD .EQU 0x0007 ; No SD card (no response from CMD0)
SD$ERR_READ_TIMEOUT .EQU 0x0008 ; Timeout while trying to receive the read start token "FE"
SD$ERR_TIMEOUT .EQU 0xEEFF ; General timeout
SD$CT_SD_V1 .EQU 0x0001 ; Card type: SD Version 1
SD$CT_SD_V2 .EQU 0x0002 ; Card type: SD Version 2
SD$CT_SDHC .EQU 0x0003 ; Card type: SDHC (or SDXC)
; ========== FAT32 =============
; FAT32 ERROR CODES
FAT32$ERR_MBR .EQU 0xEE10 ; no or illegal Master Boot Record (MBR) found
FAT32$ERR_PARTITION_NO .EQU 0xEE11 ; the partition number needs to be in the range 1 .. 4
FAT32$ERR_PARTTBL .EQU 0xEE12 ; no or illegal partition table entry found (e.g. no FAT32 partition)
FAT32$ERR_NOTIMPL .EQU 0xEE13 ; functionality is not implemented
FAT32$ERR_SIZE .EQU 0xEE14 ; partition size or volume size too large (see doc/constraints.txt)
FAT32$ERR_NOFAT32 .EQU 0xEE15 ; illegal volume id (either not 512 bytes per sector, or not 2 FATs or wrong magic)
FAT32$ERR_ILLEGAL_SIC .EQU 0xEE16 ; trying to read/write a sector within a cluster that is out of range
FAT32$ERR_ILLEGAL_CLUS .EQU 0xEE17 ; trying to access an illegal cluster number
FAT32$ERR_CORRUPT_DH .EQU 0xEE18 ; corrupt directory handle (e.g. because current to-be-read offs > sector size)
FAT32$ERR_DIRNOTFOUND .EQU 0xEE19 ; directory not found (illegal path name passed to change directory command)
FAT32$ERR_FILENOTFOUND .EQU 0xEE20 ; file not found
FAT23$ERR_SEEKTOOLARGE .EQU 0xEE21 ; seek position > file size
; FAT32 STATUS CODES
FAT32$EOF .EQU 0xEEEE ; end of file reached
; LAYOUT OF THE MOUNT DATA STRUCTURE (DEVICE HANDLE)
FAT32$DEV_RESET .EQU 0x0000 ; pointer to device reset function
FAT32$DEV_BLOCK_READ .EQU 0x0001 ; pointer to 512-byte block read function
FAT32$DEV_BLOCK_WRITE .EQU 0x0002 ; pointer to 512-byte block write function
FAT32$DEV_BYTE_READ .EQU 0x0003 ; pointer to 1-byte read function (within block buffer)
FAT32$DEV_BYTE_WRITE .EQU 0x0004 ; pointer to 1-byte write function (within block buffer)
FAT32$DEV_PARTITION .EQU 0x0005 ; number of partition to be mounted
FAT32$DEV_FS_LO .EQU 0x0006 ; file system start address (LBA): low word
FAT32$DEV_FS_HI .EQU 0x0007 ; file system start address (LBA): high word
FAT32$DEV_FAT_LO .EQU 0x0008 ; fat start address (LBA): low word
FAT32$DEV_FAT_HI .EQU 0x0009 ; fat start address (LBA): high word
FAT32$DEV_CLUSTER_LO .EQU 0x000A ; cluster start address (LBA): low word
FAT32$DEV_CLUSTER_HI .EQU 0x000B ; cluster start address (LBA): high word
FAT32$DEV_SECT_PER_CLUS .EQU 0x000C ; sectors per cluster
FAT32$DEV_RD_1STCLUS_LO .EQU 0x000D ; root directory first cluster: low word
FAT32$DEV_RD_1STCLUS_HI .EQU 0x000E ; root directory first cluster: high word
FAT32$DEV_AD_1STCLUS_LO .EQU 0x000F ; currently active directory first cluster: low word
FAT32$DEV_AD_1STCLUS_HI .EQU 0x0010 ; currently active directory first cluster: high word
FAT32$DEV_BUFFERED_FDH .EQU 0x0011 ; FDH which is responsible for the current 512 byte hardware buffer filling
FAT32$DEV_STRUCT_SIZE .EQU 0x0012 ; size (words) of the mount data structure (device handle)
; LAYOUT OF THE FILE HANDLE AND DIRECTORY HANDLE (FDH)
FAT32$FDH_DEVICE .EQU 0x0000 ; pointer to the device handle
FAT32$FDH_CLUSTER_LO .EQU 0x0001 ; current cluster (low word)
FAT32$FDH_CLUSTER_HI .EQU 0x0002 ; current cluster (high word)
FAT32$FDH_SECTOR .EQU 0x0003 ; current sector
FAT32$FDH_INDEX .EQU 0x0004 ; current byte index within current sector
FAT32$FDH_SIZE_LO .EQU 0x0005 ; only in case FDH is a file: low word of file size, otherwise undefined
FAT32$FDH_SIZE_HI .EQU 0x0006 ; only in case FDH is a file: high word of file size, otherwise undefined
FAT32$FDH_READ_LO .EQU 0x0007 ; only in case FDH is a file: low word of already read amount of bytes
FAT32$FDH_READ_HI .EQU 0x0008 ; only in case FDH is a file: high word of already read amount of bytes
FAT32$FDH_STRUCT_SIZE .EQU 0x0009 ; size of the directory handle structure
; FILE ATTRIBUTES
FAT32$FA_READ_ONLY .EQU 0x0001 ; read only file
FAT32$FA_HIDDEN .EQU 0x0002 ; hidden file
FAT32$FA_SYSTEM .EQU 0x0004 ; system file
FAT32$FA_VOLUME_ID .EQU 0x0008 ; volume id (name of the volume)
FAT32$FA_DIR .EQU 0x0010 ; directory
FAT32$FA_ARCHIVE .EQU 0x0020 ; archive flag
FAT32$FA_DEFAULT .EQU 0x0035 ; browse for non hidden files and directories but not for the volume id
FAT32$FA_ALL .EQU 0x0037 ; browse for all files, but not for the volume id
; LAYOUT OF THE DIRECTORY ENTRY STRUCTURE
FAT32$DE_NAME .EQU 0x0000 ; volume, file or directory name, zero terminated (max 256 characters)
FAT32$DE_ATTRIB .EQU 0x0101 ; file attributes (read-only, hidden, system, volume id, directory, archive)
FAT32$DE_SIZE_LO .EQU 0x0102 ; file size: low word
FAT32$DE_SIZE_HI .EQU 0x0103 ; file size: high word
FAT32$DE_YEAR .EQU 0x0104 ; last file write: year (valid range 1980 .. 2107)
FAT32$DE_MONTH .EQU 0x0105 ; last file write: month
FAT32$DE_DAY .EQU 0x0106 ; last file write: day
FAT32$DE_HOUR .EQU 0x0107 ; last file write: hour
FAT32$DE_MINUTE .EQU 0x0108 ; last file write: minute
FAT32$DE_SECOND .EQU 0x0109 ; last file write: second (in 2 second steps, valid range 0 .. 58)
FAT32$DE_CLUS_LO .EQU 0x010A ; start cluster: low word
FAT32$DE_CLUS_HI .EQU 0x010B ; start cluster: high word
FAT32$DE_STRUCT_SIZE .EQU 0x010C ; size (words) of the directory entry data structure of the
; DISPLAY FLAGS FOR FILE ENTRY PRETTY PRINTER
FAT32$PRINT_SHOW_DIR .EQU 0x0001 ; show "<DIR>" indicator
FAT32$PRINT_SHOW_ATTRIB .EQU 0x0002 ; show attributes as "HRSA"
FAT32$PRINT_SHOW_SIZE .EQU 0x0004 ; show file size
FAT32$PRINT_SHOW_DATE .EQU 0x0008 ; show file date as YYYY-MM-DD
FAT32$PRINT_SHOW_TIME .EQU 0x0010 ; show file time as HH:MM
FAT32$PRINT_DEFAULT .EQU 0x001D ; print <DIR> indicator, size, date and time (no attributes)
FAT32$PRINT_ALL .EQU 0x001F ; print all details
; ========== KEYBOARD ==========
; STATUS REGISTER
KBD$NEW_ASCII .EQU 0x0001 ; new ascii character available
KBD$NEW_SPECIAL .EQU 0x0002 ; new special key available
KBD$NEW_ANY .EQU 0x0003 ; any new key available
KBD$ASCII .EQU 0x00FF ; mask the special keys
KBD$SPECIAL .EQU 0xFF00 ; mask the ascii keys
KBD$LOCALE .EQU 0x001C ; bit mask for checking locales
KBD$LOCALE_US .EQU 0x0000 ; default: US keyboard layout
KBD$LOCALE_DE .EQU 0x0004 ; DE: German keyboard layout
KBD$MODIFIERS .EQU 0x00E0 ; bit mask for checking modifiers
KBD$SHIFT .EQU 0x0020 ; modifier "SHIFT" pressed
KBD$ALT .EQU 0x0040 ; modifier "ALT" pressed
KBD$CTRL .EQU 0x0080 ; modifier "CTRL" pressed
; READ REGISTER: COMMON ASCII CODES
KBD$SPACE .EQU 0x0020
KBD$ENTER .EQU 0x000D
KBD$ESC .EQU 0x001B
KBD$TAB .EQU 0x0009
KBD$BACKSPACE .EQU 0x0008
; READ REGISTER: SPECIAL KEYS
KBD$F1 .EQU 0x0100
KBD$F2 .EQU 0x0200
KBD$F3 .EQU 0x0300
KBD$F4 .EQU 0x0400
KBD$F5 .EQU 0x0500
KBD$F6 .EQU 0x0600
KBD$F7 .EQU 0x0700
KBD$F8 .EQU 0x0800
KBD$F9 .EQU 0x0900
KBD$F10 .EQU 0x0A00
KBD$F11 .EQU 0x0B00
KBD$F12 .EQU 0x0C00
KBD$CUR_UP .EQU 0x1000
KBD$CUR_DOWN .EQU 0x1100
KBD$CUR_LEFT .EQU 0x1200
KBD$CUR_RIGHT .EQU 0x1300
KBD$PG_UP .EQU 0x1400
KBD$PG_DOWN .EQU 0x1500
KBD$HOME .EQU 0x1600
KBD$END .EQU 0x1700
KBD$INS .EQU 0x1800
KBD$DEL .EQU 0x1900
; READ REGISTER: CTRL + character is also mapped to an ASCII code
KBD$CTRL_A .EQU 0x0001
KBD$CTRL_B .EQU 0x0002
KBD$CTRL_C .EQU 0x0003
KBD$CTRL_D .EQU 0x0004
KBD$CTRL_E .EQU 0x0005
KBD$CTRL_F .EQU 0x0006
KBD$CTRL_G .EQU 0x0007
KBD$CTRL_H .EQU 0x0008
KBD$CTRL_I .EQU 0x0009
KBD$CTRL_J .EQU 0x000A
KBD$CTRL_K .EQU 0x000B
KBD$CTRL_L .EQU 0x000C
KBD$CTRL_M .EQU 0x000D
KBD$CTRL_N .EQU 0x000E
KBD$CTRL_O .EQU 0x000F
KBD$CTRL_P .EQU 0x0010
KBD$CTRL_Q .EQU 0x0011
KBD$CTRL_R .EQU 0x0012
KBD$CTRL_S .EQU 0x0013
KBD$CTRL_T .EQU 0x0014
KBD$CTRL_U .EQU 0x0015
KBD$CTRL_V .EQU 0x0016
KBD$CTRL_W .EQU 0x0017
KBD$CTRL_X .EQU 0x0018
KBD$CTRL_Y .EQU 0x0019
KBD$CTRL_Z .EQU 0x001A
;
; Useful ASCII constants:
;
CHR$BELL .EQU 0x0007 ; ASCII-BELL character
CHR$TAB .EQU 0x0009 ; ASCII-TAB character
CHR$SPACE .EQU 0x0020 ; ASCII-Space
CHR$CR .EQU 0x000d ; Carriage return
CHR$LF .EQU 0x000a ; Line feed