getInfo: Set algorithms field

[robin-nitrokey]

This has been requested here: Nitrokey/nitrokey-3-firmware#672

[akallabeth]

use case:
I'm working on https://github.com/freerdp/freerdp and for the webauthn redirection channel we need to parse the data, filter out invalid/unuspported algorightms and then pass the data to the stick.

not filtering does prevent lots of applications to work (e.g. then we would always try to use the first algorithm requested which might not be supported and the operation will fail)