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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html dir="ltr" lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1" />
<title>Prototype: Technique document| W3C WAI</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://w3.org/WAI/assets/css/style.css?1573220675560713000" />
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<body>
<header id="site-header" class="default-grid with-gap">
<div class="tool-header">
<span class="tool-header-name"><a href="2020-10-13-all.html">WCAG 2.1: Techniques</a></span>
<div class="tool-header-logo">
<a href="http://w3.org/">
<img alt="W3C" src="https://w3.org/WAI/atag/report-tool/images/w3c.svg" width="92" height="44" />
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<main>
<div id="conformance-tool" class="default-grid leftcol">
<!-- app 'renders' here -->
<div style="display: none;" aria-hidden="true" data-svnav-router="0"></div>
<nav class="nav svelte-3wzt7m" aria-label="Steps">
<ul class="svelte-3wzt7m">
<li class="nav__item">
<a href="2020-10-20.html">About Techniques</a>
</li>
<li class="nav__item">
<a href="2020-10-13-all.html">All Techniques</a>
</li>
<li class="nav__item">
<a href="alt-index.html">All WCAG 2 Guidance <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" height="24" width="24">
<path xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M14 5C13.4477 5 13 4.55228 13 4C13 3.44772 13.4477 3 14 3H20C20.2652 3 20.5196 3.10536 20.7071 3.29289C20.8946 3.48043 21 3.73478 21 4L21 10C21 10.5523 20.5523 11 20 11C19.4477 11 19 10.5523 19 10L19 6.41422L9.70711 15.7071C9.31658 16.0976 8.68342 16.0976 8.29289 15.7071C7.90237 15.3166 7.90237 14.6834 8.29289 14.2929L17.5858 5H14ZM3 7C3 5.89543 3.89543 5 5 5H10C10.5523 5 11 5.44772 11 6C11 6.55228 10.5523 7 10 7H5V19H17V14C17 13.4477 17.4477 13 18 13C18.5523 13 19 13.4477 19 14V19C19 20.1046 18.1046 21 17 21H5C3.89543 21 3 20.1046 3 19V7Z" fill="#282828"></path>
</svg></a>
</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<section class="app-content svelte-1ecbihu" aria-label="Main content">
<div style="display: none;" aria-hidden="true" data-svnav-route-start="0"></div>
<div style="display: none;" aria-hidden="true" data-svnav-router="1"></div>
<h1 style="max-width: 14em"><span style="display: block; font-size: .5em; margin-bottom: 0.25em;">Technique G115</span> Using semantic elements to mark up structure</h1>
<aside class="box">
<header class="box-h box-h-icon">
<svg focusable="false" aria-hidden="true" class="icon-default "><use xlink:href="icons.svg#icon-default"></use></svg> Sufficient, if combined
</header>
<div class="box-i">
<p>This technique is sufficient to meet WCAG <strong><a href="#">2.1.1</a></strong>, if it is combined with technique <strong><a href="#">H49</a></strong>. </p>
</div>
</aside>
<section id="description">
<h2>Description</h2>
<p>The objective of this technique is to create lists of related items using list elements appropriate for their purposes. The <code class="el">ol</code> element is used when the list is ordered and the <code class="el">ul</code> element
is used when the list is unordered. Definition lists (<code class="el">dl</code>) are used to group terms with their definitions. Although the use of this markup can make lists more readable, not all lists need markup. For instance,
sentences that contain comma-separated lists may not need list markup.
</p>
<p>When markup is used that visually formats items as a list but does not indicate the list relationship, users may have difficulty in navigating the information. An example of such visual formatting is including asterisks in the content
at the beginning of each list item and using <<code class="el">br</code>> elements to separate the list items.
</p>
<p>Some assistive technologies allow users to navigate from list to list or item to item. Style sheets can be used to change the presentation of the lists while preserving their integrity.
</p>
<p>The list structure (<code class="el">ul</code>/<code class="el">ol</code>) is also useful to group hyperlinks. When this is done, it helps screen reader users to navigate from the first item in a list to the end of the list or jump
to the next list. This helps them to bypass groups of links if they choose to.
</p>
</section>
<section id="examples">
<h2>Examples</h2>
<section class="example" id="example-1-a-list-showing-steps-in-a-sequence-">
<h3>Example 1: A list showing steps in a sequence </h3>
<p>This example uses an ordered list to show the sequence of steps in a process.</p><pre xml:space="preserve"><code class="language-markup"> <ol>
<li>Mix eggs and milk in a bowl.</li>
<li>Add salt and pepper.</li>
</ol></code></pre></section>
<section class="example" id="example-2-a-grocery-list-">
<h3>Example 2: A grocery list </h3>
<p>This example shows an unordered list of items to buy at the store.</p><pre xml:space="preserve"><code class="language-markup"><ul>
<li>Milk</li>
<li>Eggs</li>
<li>Butter</li>
</ul></code></pre></section>
<section class="example" id="example-3-a-word-and-its-definition-">
<h3>Example 3: A word and its definition </h3>
<p>This example uses a definition list to group a definition with the term that is being defined.
</p><pre xml:space="preserve"><code class="language-markup"><dl>
<dt>blink</dt>
<dd>turn on and off between .5 and 3 times per second
</dd>
</dl> </code></pre></section>
<section class="example" id="example-4-contact-information-using-a-definition-list">
<h3>Example 4: Contact information using a definition list</h3>
<p>This example uses a defintion list to mark up pairs of related items. The pairs themselves are a logically related list. Since browsers lack wide support for CSS styling on definition list elements, span elements have been included
in the markup for styling purposes only, and are not required:
</p><pre xml:space="preserve"><code class="language-markup"><dl>
<dt><span>name:</span></dt><dd><span>John Doe</span></dd>
<dt><span>tel:</span></dt><dd><span>01-2345678</span></dd>
<dt><span>fax:</span></dt><dd><span>02-3456789</span></dd>
<dt><span>email:</span></dt><dd><span>[email protected]</span></dd>
</dl></code>
</pre>
<p>The following CSS styling can be used to format each paired item in the list on its own line, as well as giving a table-like layout:
</p><pre xml:space="preserve"><code class="language-css">dt, dd{float: left;margin: 0;padding: 0;}
dt{clear:both;font-weight: bold}
dt span{display: inline-block; width: 70px;}
dd span{display: inline-block; margin-right: 5px;}</code>
</pre>
<p class="working-example">This is shown in the <a href="../../working-examples/definition-list-contact-info/">working example of Contact information using a definition list</a>
</p>
</section>
<section class="example" id="example-5-using-lists-to-group-links">
<h3>Example 5: Using lists to group links</h3>
<p>In this example the links are grouped using the <code class="el">ul</code> and <code class="el">li</code> elements.
</p><pre xml:space="preserve"><code class="language-markup"><a name="categories" id="categories"></a><h2>Product Categories</h2>
<ul class="navigation">
<li><a href="kitchen.html">Kitchen</a></li>
<li><a href="bedbath.html">Bed &amp; Bath</a></li>
<li><a href="dining.html">Fine Dining</a></li>
<li><a href="lighting.html">Lighting</a></li>
<li><a href="storage.html">Storage</a><li>
</ul> </code></pre>
<p>CSS can be used to style the list elements, so this technique can be used with a variety of visual appearances.
</p>
<p>Here is a style that removes the list bullets and the left padding that creates the indent and flows the individual list elements horizontally.
</p><pre xml:space="preserve"><code class="language-css">ul.navigation {
list-style: none;
padding: 0;
}
ul.navigation li {
display: inline;
}</code></pre>
<p>This style removes the list bullets and the left padding and displays the items in a floating block.
</p><pre xml:space="preserve"><code class="language-css">ul.navigation {
list-style: none;
padding: 0;
}
ul.navigation li {
display: block;
float: left;
}</code></pre></section>
</section>
<section id="tests">
<h2>Tests</h2>
<section class="procedure" id="procedure">
<h3>Procedure</h3>
<ol>
<li>Check that content that has the visual appearance of a list (with or without bullets) is marked as an unordered list.
</li>
<li>Check that content that has the visual appearance of a numbered list is marked as an ordered list.
</li>
<li>Check that content is marked as a definition list when terms and their definitions are presented in the form of a list.
</li>
</ol>
</section>
<section class="results" id="expected-results">
<h3>Expected Results</h3>
<ul>
<li>All the checks above are true.</li>
</ul>
</section>
</section>
</section>
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<style>
.sidebar ul {
padding: 0;
}
.sidebar li {
margin-left: 1em;
}
</style>
<h2 style="margin-top: 0">About this page</h2>
<p><em>Techniques</em> are examples of ways to meet a WCAG success criterion.</p>
<style>
dd {
margin-left: 0!important;
}
</style>
<dl>
<dt>Type of technique <span aria-hidden="true" class="more-info__icon" onclick="alert('explains in tooltip what normative is'); return false">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 400 450" style="width: 1em">
<path fill="currentColor" d="M256 344v-40c0-4.5-3.5-8-8-8h-24v-128c0-4.5-3.5-8-8-8h-80c-4.5 0-8 3.5-8 8v40c0 4.5 3.5 8 8 8h24v80h-24c-4.5 0-8 3.5-8 8v40c0 4.5 3.5 8 8 8h112c4.5 0 8-3.5 8-8zM224 120v-40c0-4.5-3.5-8-8-8h-48c-4.5 0-8 3.5-8 8v40c0 4.5 3.5 8 8 8h48c4.5 0 8-3.5 8-8zM384 224c0 106-86 192-192 192s-192-86-192-192 86-192 192-192 192 86 192 192z"></path>
</svg>
</span></dt>
<dd>Sufficient (if combined with <a href="#">H49</a>)</dd>
<dt>To meet success criterion</dt>
<dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG21/quickref/?versions=2.1#info-and-relationships">1.3.1 Info and relationships</a></dd>
<dt>Related test rules <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 400 450" style="width: .8em">
<path fill="black" d="M256 344v-40c0-4.5-3.5-8-8-8h-24v-128c0-4.5-3.5-8-8-8h-80c-4.5 0-8 3.5-8 8v40c0 4.5 3.5 8 8 8h24v80h-24c-4.5 0-8 3.5-8 8v40c0 4.5 3.5 8 8 8h112c4.5 0 8-3.5 8-8zM224 120v-40c0-4.5-3.5-8-8-8h-48c-4.5 0-8 3.5-8 8v40c0 4.5 3.5 8 8 8h48c4.5 0 8-3.5 8-8zM384 224c0 106-86 192-192 192s-192-86-192-192 86-192 192-192 192 86 192 192z"></path>
</svg></dt>
<dd><a href="2020-07-15-prototype-act.html">HTML page has title</a></dd>
<dt>Related Techniques</dt>
<dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG21/Techniques/html/H40">H40: Using description lists</a></dd>
</dl>
<h3>Other sources</h3>
<p style="margin-top: -.5em; margin-bottom: 1.5em;"><em><small>No endorsement implied.</small></em></p>
<ul>
<li>HTML 4.01 <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/html4/struct/lists.html#h-10.2">Unordered lists (UL), ordered lists (OL), and list items (LI)</a>
</li>
<li>HTML 4.01 <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/html4/struct/lists.html#h-10.3">Definition lists: the DL, DT, and DD elements</a>
</li>
</ul>
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<p><strong>Date:</strong> Published 29 June 2020.</p>
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