[WIP] pre-commit hooks demo

[s373nZ]

This PR expands upon #7884 to demo some potential DX improvements through adding pre-commit hooks. It contains the following features:

• Run shellcheck.
• Re-implements make check-amount-access as a local pygrep hook.
• Implements a clang-format hook to fail on suggestion warnings with additional configuration to sort includes.
• Re-implements make check-discouraged-functions as a local pygrep hook.
• Runs codespell to check for common spelling errors.
• Runs check-jsonschema to validate schemas and metaschemeas in the doc/ directory.
  • Last checked, this exposed a few invalidations in a few of the the schema definitions, and seems particularly useful.
• Pretty-formats the JSON schemas
• Checks Git commit message conforms to Conventional Commits standard, using a best-guess prototype for the list of application scopes.

Many of these experiments output a lot of errors/warnings against the existing code. Generally, pre-commit should be only checking the current changeset and provoking the developer to address issues incrementally. Interested parties can run specific hooks on the entire codebase with pre-commit run --all-files [hook-id]

Particular checks and standards may not be applicable or aligned with the workflow of the maintainers. I'd be happy and interested to break this work into separate PRs for specific hooks where there is interest, or explore adding more.

Relates to #7765.

Checklist

Before submitting the PR, ensure the following tasks are completed. If an item is not applicable to your PR, please mark it as checked:

• The changelog has been updated in the relevant commit(s) according to the guidelines.
• Documentation has been reviewed and updated as needed.
• Related issues have been listed and linked, including any that this PR closes.