SwiftAuthorizationSample demonstrates how to run privileged operations using a helper tool installed with SMJobBless and communicate with it using XPC.

(Note: If your minimum deployment target is macOS 13 or later, Apple recommends you use SMAppService instead to register a Launch Daemon.)

This sample was created with the expectation that you already have an app and are looking to add a privileged helper tool in order to perform one or more operations as root. As such this sample is not a template and is instead written in a modular way which should make it easy for you to add portions of this code to your project as desired.

To try out this sample, configure your Development signing certificate for both the app and helper tool, then you should be good to go. Sign to Run Locally is not supported as this would result in code signing requirements which cannot securely identify the app and helper tool.

Read the following sections to learn how you can incorporate portions of this sample into your own project. The source code of the sample also contains comments throughout.

If you run into issues with this sample it may be because of Xcode compatibility issues; this sample was created with Xcode 13.

Sample Overview

When you run the sample you should see an app which looks like this (shown in dark mode):

Initially the helper tool won't be installed, so start by trying out that functionality.

Once the helper tool is installed you can run any of the privileged commands. These are a pretty arbitrary set of macOS Command Line Tools and some of the arguments you can pass to them. The only commonality between them is they require root access to run (and are non-destructive, since it is a sample after all).

Two of the commands say "[Auth Required]" and when run will require you to provide an admin password. This is done to demonstrate how, if you so desire, you can self-restrict access to portions of your helper tool.

macOS Support

This sample targets macOS 10.14.4 and above. If you would like to support pre-10.14.4 versions of macOS, the helper tool cannot be written in Swift or Swift 5 Runtime Support for Command Line Tools must be installed. This is because the helper tool must be a Command Line Tool (not an app bundle) and starting with Swift 5 and Xcode 10.2, Apple made the decision to end support for embedding the Swift runtime into Command Line Tools.

The helper tool cannot make use of Swift concurrency prior to macOS 12. This is also because the helper tool must be a Command Line Tool and Apple chose to only implement Swift concurrency backwards compatability on macOS 10.15 and 11 for app bundles. While code containing Swift concurrency will compile, it will crash at run time.

Note: The helper tool, once installed, will not be run from inside of your app bundle and so it cannot target any Swift runtime or concurrency framework bundled with your app. (This is unlike XPC Services which may do this.)

All of the Swift packages used by this sample target macOS 10.10 and later.

Dependencies

Several Swift packages were created specifically for this helper tool use case:

• Blessed: Helper tool installation
  • Makes SMJobBless functionality a single function call; no need to directly use the Service Management & Authorization Services frameworks
• SecureXPC: Communication between your app and helper tool
  • Easily send and receive Codable instances
  • Designed for secure XPC Mach service connections, which by default allow any process to communicate
• EmbeddedPropertyList: Embedded property list reader
  • Directly read the info and launchd property lists embedded in the helper tool
• Authorized: Self-restriction of certain actions
  • In most cases you probably won't make direct use of this; it is a dependency of Blessed
  • Provides a full Swift implementation of Authorization Services to enable advanced use cases
• Required: Parser & evaluator of code signing requirements
  • While not directly used by this sample, it's a dependency of Blessed
  • This helps Blessed to generate detailed error messages in case SMJobBless fails

These are collectively available as a package collection which you can add to Xcode 13 or later.

Each of these frameworks have their own READMEs as well as full DocC documentation.

Installing a Helper Tool

macOS 12 and earlier allows non-sandboxed apps to indirectly run code as root by installing a privileged helper tool. If you were to directly use Apple's APIs you'd use the Authorization Services framework to have the user authenticate as an admin and then call SMJobBless to perform the installation. The Blessed package used by this sample simplifies this to just one function call.

If this operation succeeds the helper tool will be copied from the Contents/Library/LaunchServices directory inside your app bundle to /Library/PrivilegedHelperTools/. Once installed, it is managed by launchd.

For this operation to succeed, Apple imposes numerous requirements:

1. Your app must be signed.
2. The helper tool must be signed.
3. The helper tool must be located in the Contents/Library/LaunchServices directory inside the app's bundle.
4. The helper tool must be an executable, not an app bundle.
5. The helper tool must have an embedded launchd property list.
6. The helper tool's embedded launchd property list must have an entry with Label as the key and the value must be the filename of the helper tool.
7. The helper tool must have an embedded info property list.
8. The helper tool's embedded info property list must have an entry with SMAuthorizedClients as its key and its value must be an array of strings. Each string must be a code signing requirement. The app must satisify at least one of these requirements.
   • The app must satisify one or more of these requirements to install or update the helper tool.
     • To update the helper tool, the app must satisfy one or more requirements of both the installed helper tool and the bundled helper tool.
   • These requirements are only about whether an app can install or update the helper tool. They impose no restrictions on communication with the helper tool.
9. The helper tool's embedded info property list must have an entry with CFBundleVersion as its key and its value must be a string matching the format described in CFBundleVersion's documentation.
   • This requirement is not documented by Apple, but is enforced.
   • While not documented by Apple, calling this function will not overwrite an existing installation of a helper tool with one that has an equal or lower value for its CFBundleVersion entry.
   • Despite Apple requiring the info property list contain a key named CFBundleVersion, the helper tool must be a Command Line Tool and must not be a bundle.
10. Your app's Info.plist must have an entry with SMPrivilegedExecutables as its key and its value must be a dictionary. Each dictionary key must be a helper tool's filename; for example "com.example.SwiftAuthorizationApp.helper". Each dictionary value must be a string representation of a code signing requirement that the helper tool satisfies.

If your implementation does not meet these requirements, blessing will fail. The Blessed package will identify each missing requirement along with a detail explanation as the thrown BlessError.

Satisfying These Requirements

While Apple imposes numerous requirements, many of them only need to be configured once. For the remainder, this sample uses build variables and a custom build script to automate the process. In particular the build script handles:

• Generating the SMPrivilegedExecutables entry
• Generating the SMAuthorizedClients entry, with a code signing requirement that mitigates downgrade attacks
• Incrementing the helper tool's CFBundleVersion so that it can be updated
• Ensuring the helper tool's launchd Label value matches the helper tool's filename

Additionally the build variables, build scripts, and sample code are designed to avoid any duplicative hard coding of values. If you follow the pattern used in this sample and ever wanted to change these values, you'd only need to update them in one place each.

This section walks your through satisfying all of Apple's requirements.

1 & 2. Code Signing

Xcode can automatically code sign for you. If you don't already have an Apple Developer ID you'll need to provision one. If your build process does not use Xcode for signing as part of the build process you'll likely need to modify the PropertyListModifier.swift build script.

3. Helper Tool Location

The exact steps for this may differ in future versions of Xcode. As of Xcode 13:

1. Open your project's xcodeproj file
2. Select your app's target
3. Switch to the Build Phases tab
4. Create a Copy Files Phase
5. Set the Destination as "Wrapper"
6. Set the Subpath to "Contents/Library/LaunchServices"
7. Add the helper tool product, for example "com.example.SwiftAuthorizationApp.helper"
8. Make sure "Code Sign on Copy" is checked

Build Variables

This sample relies on build variables to satisfy several of these requirements. You will need to set these build variables for three different places:

• the project
• the app target
• the helper tool target

The sample uses xcconfig files; however, you may do this using your xcodeproj file's Build Settings sections if you prefer. If you would like to use xcconfig files, but are unfamiliar with them then read through this excellent article by NSHipster.

For all of the entries needed, see the following xcconfig files:

• Config.xcconfig
• SwiftAuthorizationApp/AppConfig.xcconfig
• SwiftAuthorizationHelperTool/HelperToolConfig.xcconfig

Note that the setting of some target specific values in the project level Config.xcconfig is essential as both build processes needs access to this information. For example, at build time the app needs to know the identifier for the helper tool in order to generate its SMPrivilegedExecutables entry.

4. Helper Tool Executable

The helper tool in this sample is configured to be a Command Line Tool. This will result in a single executable file being built by Xcode (unlike an application which produces a bundle directory).

5 & 7. Embedded launchd and Info Property Lists

In the root of the helper tool directory create a Info property list file with a CFBundleVersion entry. Unless you want to specify additional entries, you do not need to create a launchd property list as the build script will do that for you automatically.

The compiler must be told to embed these property lists into the helper tool executable. If you configured the build variables to match the sample your helper tool should have the following build variable configured:

OTHER_LDFLAGS = -sectcreate __TEXT __info_plist $(INFOPLIST_FILE) -sectcreate __TEXT __launchd_plist $(LAUNCHDPLIST_FILE)

Where INFOPLIST_FILE are LAUNCHDPLIST_FILE are build variables with values of the paths to the property lists.

Note: At runtime you can read the info property list as you would from an app bundle, but you cannot do so for the launchd property list. Neither of these property lists can be read externally as you would for an app bundle. For this reason, the EmbeddedPropertyList Swift package was created.

6, 8, 9, & 10. Property List Entries

The build script once properly configured will automatically generate these entries for you. The build script relies on many of the build variables mentioned in the "Build Variables" section above. Make sure those are configured first.

Create a folder for build scripts (or use an existing one) and copy PropertyListModifier.swift to it. In order to be run as a script the file must have its execute bit set. From Terminal, running chmod 755 PropertyListModifier.swift on the script will make it world executable.

The following assumes you named that folder "BuildScripts". Now we need to configure your build process to run the script. The instructions below are applicable for Xcode 13 and may differ in future versions.

In your xcodeproj file:

1. Select your app target
2. Switch to the Build Phases tab
3. Add a Run Script Phase which occurs right after the Dependencies Phase
4. Set the command to be run as "${SRCROOT}"/BuildScripts/PropertyListModifier.swift satisfy-job-bless-requirements

This will add the SMPrivilegedExecutables entry to your app's Info.plist each time the app is built. If you do not want this auto-generated value to persist after the build process, take these optional steps:

5. Add a Run Script Phase as the last phase
6. Set the command to be run as "${SRCROOT}"/BuildScripts/PropertyListModifier.swift cleanup-job-bless-requirements

This will delete the SMPrivilegedExecutables entry from your app's Info.plist at the end of the build process. If this results in an empty Info.plist then the property list will be deleted. The sample is configured to perform this clean up step.

Next we'll configure the build script to run for the helper tool:

1. Select your helper tool target
2. Switch to the Build Phases tab
3. Add a Run Script Phase which occurs right after the Dependencies Phase
4. Set the command to be run as "${SRCROOT}"/BuildScripts/PropertyListModifier.swift satisfy-job-bless-requirements specify-mach-services auto-increment-version

By specifying "satisfy-job-bless-requirements", the script will add the SMAuthorizedClients entry to the helper tool's info property list and the Label entry to the launchd property list each time the app is built. The code signing requirement created for the client intentionally goes beyond what is required to satisfy SMJobBless; specifically it requires that the app be the same version or greater than the one which installed it. This mitigates downgrade attacks.

If you do not want these entries to be persisted as part of the info or launchd property lists:

5. Add a Run Script Phase as the last phase
6. Set the command to be run as "${SRCROOT}"/BuildScripts/PropertyListModifier.swift cleanup-job-bless-requirements cleanup-mach-services

By specifying "auto-increment-version", the script will increment the value of the CFBundleVersion entry if the source code has changed. In order for the script to determine if the source code has changed it creates an entry in your helper tool's info property list with the BuildHash key and a value equal to the SHA256 hash of the helper tool's source code. For the version number to continue autoincrementing you'll need to commit these changes. If you do not want this autoincrement behavior, do not specify auto-increment-version as an argument for the build script. Note that changes to framework dependencies will not cause an autoincrement.

Communicating With a Helper Tool

Communication between your app and the helper tool should be thought of as a client server relationship. Your app functions as the client and the helper tool as the server. Similarly to communicating with a server over the Internet, your app neither starts nor stops the server. While in theory there are multiple ways for your app to communicate with the helper tool, in practice an XPC Mach service should be used. Note that while this uses XPC for communication, this does not make the helper tool an XPC service.

launchd will ensure your helper tool is running if it needs to handle a request. If it was not already running when you made a request, expect a small amount of initial latency.

Apple provides both C and Objective C APIs for XPC communication. Unfortunately, as of macOS 12 the Objective C API does not provide a publicly documented way to secure the connection. (See this Apple Developer Forums discussion on the topic.) Fortunately, since macOS 11 the C API does publicly provide this functionality and there is an undocumented way to achieve the same result on older versions of macOS. The SecureXPC framework used by this sample is built on top of the C API and requires all communication to be secured. It can be automatically configured to use the same code signing requirements as SMAuthorizedClients in the helper tool's info property list which is what this sample does. Used in this manner, the code signing requirement generated by PropertyListModifier.swift build script mitigates older versions of the app from communicating with the helper tool.

Registering an XPC Mach service

For the helper tool to be an XPC Mach service, it must register to be one in its launchd property list. The build script can do this for you automatically be adding the "specify-mach-services" argument. If you want this to be cleaned up at the end of the build process, then for that Run Script Phase add the "cleanup-mach-services" argument. This sample is configured to do both.

The script will set the service name to be the same as its bundle identifier, which in practice will also be its filename and the value for Label. This is done purely for convenience; there is no requirement the service name use the same identifier. Nowhere does the sample app or helper tool code assume they are the same.

Security in Depth — Limiting Privileged Operations

While SecureXPC is designed to restrict which processes your server handle requests from, there's still the possibility of exploits. For example there could be a vulnerability in your app which gets exploited allowing for arbitrary code execution. As such it is a best practice to limit what actions your helper tool can do to the absolute bare minimum required by your app. This way if an exploit exists it limits the damage. In the sample while the helper tool uses Process to run executables as root, but it does not honor requests for any arbitrary executable - only those specified in the AllowedCommand enum are run.

Security in Depth - Preventing Downgrade Attacks

If you discover your app has an exploit which attackers can use to communicate with your helper tool (and thererefore perform privileged operations) it is of course obvious you should fix the security vulnerability in a future update of your app.

What may be less obvious is it's also important that your app update contain a new version of privileged helper tool and that this helper tool be updated on end users' Macs. The helper tool does not need any code changes, it just needs to be a new version such that it will be accepted as an update.

If there's no code change, why is this needed? This is because while the code has not changed, the SMAuthorizedClients entry in its info property list will have. Every time the project is built, the PropertyListModifier.swift build script includes a requirement that the app have a minimum version of the current version being built. This requirement is also used by SecureXPC so this means older versions of the app can't communicate with newer versions of the helper tool. By updating the helper tool, you'll be preventing attackers from subverting your security fix by running an older version of your app and then exploiting it as before in order to communicate with the helper tool.

Determining a Helper Tool's Install Status

Apple does not provide an API to determine the install status of a helper tool. However, this can still be achieved. See SwiftAuthorizationApp/HelperToolMonitor.swift for an example. There are three different components that make up a helper tool being installed, it is not purely a yes/no situation. For example the helper tool could be registered with launch control (the public interface to launchd) and yet the actual helper tool executable may not exist on disk.

Uninstalling a Helper Tool

Apple does not provide an API to uninstall the helper tool. Their stated position is, "Users who don’t care won’t notice the leftover helper." Despite not providing an API, it is possible for the helper tool to uninstall itself. See SwiftAuthorizationHelperTool/Uninstaller.swift for an example of how to do so.

Updating a Helper Tool

SMJobBless and the equivalent versions offered by the Blessed framework can with user authorization manually update an installed helper tool. If your app would like to automatically update the helper tool without user involvement see SwiftAuthorizationHelperTool/Update.swift for an example of how to do so. Note that this updater has certain self-imposed restrictions and will not perform an update in all circumstances.

Debugging a Helper Tool

The helper tool is run by launchd, not Xcode, and therefore can be challenging to debug. A reliable way to debug it is to use NSLog as seen throughout the helper tool's code. The output of these log statements can be viewed in Console.app, and it's recommended you filter the output to just that coming from the helper tool's process. Note that print statements will not be viewable in Console.app, NSLog must be used.

If you get the helper tool into a bad state, it may be helpful to uninstall it. You can uninstall the helper tool from the command line by passing it the uninstall argument. You will need to use sudo to do this: sudo /Library/PrivilegedHelperTools/com.example.SwiftAuthorizationApp.helper uninstall

If the helper tool is sufficiently broken that it can't handle uninstalling itself, you can do so manually:

sudo launchctl unload /Library/LaunchDaemons/com.example.SwiftAuthorizationApp.helper.plist
sudo rm -f /Library/LaunchDaemons/com.example.SwiftAuthorizationApp.helper.plist
sudo rm -f /Library/PrivilegedHelperTools/com.example.SwiftAuthorizationApp.helper

The launchctl unload command may fail if the helper tool is still running. If so, you can terminate it with Activity Monitor.

App Architecture & UI

The sample app's architecture and UI are not meant to serve as examples of how to best build a macOS app. Notably the UI technology chosen needed to support back to macOS 10.14.4 which does not have SwiftUI.

Other Considerations

While this sample shows one app installing and communicating with one helper tool, the relationship can be many to many. An app can install and communicate with arbitrarily many privileged helper tools. A helper tool could be installed/updated by and communicate with multiple apps.

Origin

This sample is inspired by Apple's no longer updated EvenBetterAuthorizationSample written in Objective-C. This sample is implemented exclusively in Swift. While Apple's sample has numerous known security vulnerabilities, this sample has been designed with security in mind. If you discover a security vulnerability, please open an issue!