stake-pool-docs: Rearrange docs, add quickstart guide (solana-labs#2561)

* stake-pool-docs: Rearrange docs, add quickstart guide

* Rearrange doc sidebar

docs/sidebars.js

@@ -1,17 +1,24 @@
 module.exports = {
-  docs: {
-    "Other Thing": [],
-    "Solana Program Library (SPL)": [
-      "introduction",
-      "token",
-      "token-swap",
-      "token-lending",
-      "associated-token-account",
-      "memo",
-      "name-service",
-      "shared-memory",
-      "stake-pool",
-      "feature-proposal",
-    ],
-  },
+  docs: [
+    "introduction",
+    "token",
+    "token-swap",
+    "token-lending",
+    "associated-token-account",
+    "memo",
+    "name-service",
+    "shared-memory",
+    {
+      type: 'category',
+      label: 'Stake Pool',
+      collapsed: true,
+      items: [
+        "stake-pool",
+        "stake-pool/quickstart",
+        "stake-pool/overview",
+        "stake-pool/cli",
+      ],
+    },
+    "feature-proposal",
+  ],
 };

docs/src/stake-pool/overview.md

@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+---
+title: Operation
+---
+
+Stake pools are an alternative method of earning staking rewards. This on-chain
+program pools together SOL to be staked by a staker, allowing SOL holders to
+stake and earn rewards without managing stakes.
+
+## Staking
+
+SOL token holders can earn rewards and help secure the network by staking tokens
+to one or more validators. Rewards for staked tokens are based on the current
+inflation rate, total number of SOL staked on the network, and an individual
+validator’s uptime and commission (fee).
+
+Additional information regarding staking and stake programming is available at:
+
+- https://solana.com/staking
+- https://docs.solana.com/staking/stake-programming
+
+## Background
+
+Solana's programming model and the definitions of the Solana terms used in this
+document are available at:
+
+- https://docs.solana.com/apps
+- https://docs.solana.com/terminology
+
+## Motivation
+
+This document is intended for the main actors of the stake pool system:
+
+* manager: creates and manages the stake pool, earns fees, can update the fee, staker, and manager
+* staker: adds and removes validators to the pool, rebalances stake among validators
+* user: provides staked SOL into an existing stake pool
+
+In its current iteration, the stake pool accepts active stakes or SOL, so
+deposits may come from either an active stake or SOL wallet. Withdrawals
+can return a fully active stake account from one of the stake pool's accounts,
+or SOL from the reserve.
+
+This means that stake pool managers and stakers must be comfortable with
+creating and delegating stakes, which are more advanced operations than sending and
+receiving SPL tokens and SOL. Additional information on stake operations are
+available at:
+
+- https://docs.solana.com/cli/delegate-stake
+- https://docs.solana.com/cli/manage-stake-accounts
+
+To reach a wider audience of users, stake pool managers are encouraged
+to provide a market for their pool's tokens, through an AMM
+like [Token Swap](../token-swap.md).
+
+Alternatively, stake pool managers can partner with wallet and stake account
+providers for direct SOL deposits.
+
+## Operation
+
+A stake pool manager creates a stake pool, and the staker includes validators that will
+receive delegations from the pool by adding "validator stake accounts" to the pool
+using the `add-validator` instruction. In this command, the stake pool creates
+a new stake account and delegates it to the desired validator.
+
+At this point, users can participate with deposits. They can directly deposit
+SOL into the stake pool using the `deposit-sol` instruction. Within this instruction,
+the stake pool will move SOL into the pool's reserve account, to be redistributed
+by the staker.
+
+Alternatively, users can deposit a stake account into the pool.  To do this,
+they must delegate a stake account to the one of the validators in the stake pool.
+If the stake pool has a preferred deposit validator, the user must delegate their
+stake to that validator's vote account.
+
+Once the stake becomes active, which happens at the following epoch boundary
+(maximum 2 days), the user can deposit their stake into the pool using the
+`deposit-stake` instruction.
+
+In exchange for their deposit (SOL or stake), the user receives SPL tokens
+representing their fractional ownership in pool. A percentage of the rewards
+earned by the pool goes to the pool manager as an epoch fee.
+
+Over time, as the stakes in the pool accrue rewards, the user's fractional
+ownership will be worth more than their initial deposit.
+
+Whenever they wish to exit the pool, the user may use the `withdraw-sol` instruction
+to receive SOL from the stake pool's reserve in exchange for stake pool tokens.
+Note that this operation will fail if there is not enough SOL in the stake pool's
+reserve, which is normal if the stake pool manager stakes all of the SOL in the pool.
+
+Alternatively, they can use the `withdraw-stake` instruction to withdraw an
+activated stake account in exchange for their SPL pool tokens. The user will get
+back a SOL stake account immediately. The ability to withdraw stake is always
+possible, under all circumstances.
+
+Note: when withdrawing stake, if the user wants to withdraw the SOL in the stake
+account, they must first deactivate the stake account and wait until the next
+epoch boundary (maximum 2 days).  Once the stake is inactive, they can freely
+withdraw the SOL.
+
+The stake pool staker can add and remove validators, or rebalance the pool by
+decreasing the stake on a validator, waiting an epoch to move it into the stake
+pool's reserve account, then increasing the stake on another validator.
+
+The staker operation to add a new validator requires 0.00328288 SOL to create
+the stake account on a validator, so the stake pool staker will need liquidity
+on hand to fully manage the pool stakes.  The SOL used to add a new validator
+is recovered when removing the validator.
+
+### Fees
+
+The stake pool program provides managers many options for making the pool
+financially viable, predominantly through fees. There are five different sources
+of fees:
+
+* Epoch: every epoch (roughly 2 days), the stake accounts in the pool earn 
+  inflation rewards, so the stake pool mints pool tokens into the manager's fee
+  account as a proportion of the earned rewards. For example, if the pool earns
+  10 SOL in rewards, and the fee is set to 2%, the manager will earn pool tokens
+  worth 0.2 SOL.
+* SOL withdraw: sends a proportion of the desired withdrawal amount to the manager
+  For example, if a user wishes to withdraw 100 pool tokens, and the fee is set
+  to 3%, 3 pool tokens go to the manager, and the remaining 97 tokens go to the
+  user in the form of a SOL.
+* Stake withdraw: sends a proportion of the desired withdrawal amount to the manager
+  before creating a new stake for the user.
+* SOL deposit: converts the entire SOL deposit into pool tokens, then sends a
+  proportion of those to the manager, and the rest to the user
+* Stake deposit: converts the stake account's delegation plus rent-exemption 
+  to pool tokens, sends a proportion of those to the manager, and the rest to
+  the user
+
+For partner applications, there's the option of a referral fee on deposits.
+During SOL or stake deposits, the stake pool can redistribute a percentage of
+the fees to another address as a referral fee.
+
+This option is particularly attractive for wallet providers. When a wallet
+integrates a stake pool, the wallet developer will have the option to earn
+additional tokens anytime a user deposits into the stake pool. Stake pool
+managers can use this feature to create strategic partnerships and entice
+greater adoption of stake pools!
+
+### Funding restrictions
+
+To give the manager more control over funds entering the pool, stake pools allow
+deposit and withdrawal restrictions on SOL and stakes through three different
+"funding authorities":
+
+* SOL deposit
+* Stake deposit
+* SOL withdrawal
+
+If the field is set, that authority must sign the associated instruction.
+
+For example, if the manager sets a stake deposit authority, then that address
+must sign every stake deposit instruction.
+
+This can also be useful in a few situations:
+
+* Control who deposits into the stake pool
+* Prohibit a form of deposit. For example, the manager only wishes to have SOL
+  deposits, so they set a stake deposit authority, making it only possible to
+  deposit a stake account if that authority signs the transaction.
+* Maintenance mode. If the pool needs time to reset fees or otherwise, the
+  manager can temporarily restrict new deposits by setting deposit authorities.
+
+Note: in order to keep user funds safe, stake withdrawals are always permitted.
+
+## Security Audits
+
+Multiple security firms have audited the stake pool program to ensure total
+safety of funds. The audit reports are available for reading, presented in descending
+chronological order, and the commit hash that each was reviewed at:
+
+* Quantstamp
+    - Initial review commit hash [`99914c9`](https://github.com/solana-labs/solana-program-library/tree/99914c9fc7246b22ef04416586ab1722c89576de)
+    - Re-review commit hash [`3b48fa0`](https://github.com/solana-labs/solana-program-library/tree/3b48fa09d38d1b66ffb4fef186b606f1bc4fdb31)
+    - Final report https://solana.com/SolanaQuantstampStakePoolAudit.pdf
+* Neodyme
+    - Review commit hash [`0a85a9a`](https://github.com/solana-labs/solana-program-library/tree/0a85a9a533795b6338ea144e433893c6c0056210)
+    - Report https://solana.com/SolanaNeodymeStakePoolAudit.pdf
+* Kudelski
+    - Review commit hash [`3dd6767`](https://github.com/solana-labs/solana-program-library/tree/3dd67672974f92d3b648bb50ee74f4747a5f8973)
+    - Report https://solana.com/SolanaKudelskiStakePoolAudit.pdf
+
+## Safety of Funds
+
+One of the primary aims of the stake pool program is to always allow pool token
+holders to withdraw their funds at any time.
+
+To that end, let's look at the three classes of stake accounts in the stake pool system:
+
+* validator stake: active stake accounts, one per validator in the pool
+* transient stake: activating or deactivating stake accounts, merged into the reserve after deactivation, or into the validator stake after activation, one per validator
+* reserve stake: inactive stake, to be used by the staker for rebalancing
+
+Additionally, the staker may set a "preferred withdraw account", which forces users
+to withdraw from a particular stake account.  This is to prevent malicious
+depositors from using the stake pool as a free conversion between validators.
+
+When processing withdrawals, the order of priority goes:
+
+* preferred withdraw validator stake account (if set)
+* validator stake accounts
+* transient stake accounts
+* reserve stake account
+
+If there is preferred withdraw validator, and that validator stake account has
+any SOL, a user must withdraw from that account.
+
+If that account is empty, or the preferred withdraw validator stake account is
+not set, then the user must withdraw from any validator stake account.
+
+If all validator stake accounts are empty, which may happen if the stake pool
+staker decreases the stake on all validators at once, then the user must withdraw
+from any transient stake account.
+
+If all transient stake accounts are empty, then the user must withdraw from the
+reserve.
+
+In this way, a user's funds are never at risk, and always redeemable.
+
+## Appendix
+
+### Active stakes
+
+As mentioned earlier, the stake pool works with active stakes to
+maintains fungibility of stake pool tokens. Fully activated stakes
+are not equivalent to inactive, activating, or deactivating stakes due to the
+time cost of staking.
+
+### Transient stake accounts
+
+Each validator gets one transient stake account, so the staker can only
+perform one action at a time on a validator. It's impossible to increase
+and decrease the stake on a validator at the same time. The staker must wait for
+the existing transient stake account to get merged during an `update` instruction
+before performing a new action.
+
+### Reserve stake account
+
+Every stake pool is initialized with an undelegated reserve stake account, used
+to hold undelegated stake in process of rebalancing. After the staker decreases
+the stake on a validator, one epoch later, the update operation will merge the
+decreased stake into the reserve. Conversely, whenever the staker increases the
+stake on a validator, the lamports are drawn from the reserve stake account.
+
+### Validator list account
+
+Every stake pool contains two data accounts: the stake pool and the validator list.
+
+The stake pool contains overall information about the pool, including fees,
+pool token mint, amount under management, etc.
+
+The validator list contains specific information about each of the validator
+stake accounts in the pool. This information includes the amount of SOL staked on
+the validator by the pool, and the amount of SOL being activated / deactivated
+on the validator.
+
+Every stake pool must have its own validator list account, otherwise it will
+fail on initialization.
+
+### Transaction sizes
+
+The Solana transaction processor has two important limitations:
+
+* size of the overall transaction, limited to roughly 1 MTU / packet
+* computation budget per instruction
+
+A stake pool may manage hundreds of staking accounts, so it is impossible to
+update the total value of the stake pool in one instruction. Thankfully, the
+command-line utility breaks up transactions to avoid this issue for large pools.