highlited terms in chapter 1

document/chapters/chapter_1/sections/1_what_grid_computing_is.tex

@@ -8,9 +8,9 @@ \section{What Grid Computing is}
     \label{fig:iVDGL}
 \end{figure}
 
-Compared to traditional Distributed Computing such as Cluster Computing, Grid Computing focuses on large-scale resources with geographically dispersed nodes that also tend to be more heterogeneous regarding their hardware and software; this is also due to the fact that while a Cluster is only composed of computers entirely dedicated to perform the tasks requested inside the Cluster (thus coming from an investment and a subsequential setup of the Cluster), a Grid is composed by machines offered mostly on voluntary basis by regular day-to-day users scattered around the planet.
+Compared to traditional \textbf{Distributed Computing} such as Cluster Computing, \textbf{Grid Computing focuses on large-scale resources} with \textbf{geographically dispersed nodes} that also tend to be \textbf{more heterogeneous regarding their hardware and software}; this is also due to the fact that while a Cluster is only composed of computers entirely dedicated to perform the tasks requested inside the Cluster (thus coming from an investment and a subsequential setup of the Cluster), \textbf{a Grid is composed by machines offered mostly on voluntary basis} by regular day-to-day users scattered around the planet.
 
-Another important aspect that differentiates Grid Computing from Cluster Computing is how the last one tends to be more focused on a particular task while the Grid is designed to be a general-purpose tool.
+Another important aspect that differentiates Grid Computing from Cluster Computing is how the last one tends to be more focused on a particular task while \textbf{the Grid is designed to be a general-purpose tool}.
 
 \vspace{5mm}
 \begin{figure}[!ht]
@@ -22,11 +22,11 @@ \section{What Grid Computing is}
 \vspace{2mm}
 
 For certain applications, Grid Computing can be seen as a special type of Parallel Computing that distributes computation among the nodes connected to the Grid utilizing their resources; this approach is in contrast with the traditional notion of a supercomputer, which has many processors connected by a local high-speed bus.
-From this difference in approach comes the strength of performing parallel computations in a distributed Grid environment: resources from the machines connected to the Grid can be quickly gathered to perform a task and, after completion, they can be dismantled just as quickly, removing the necessity of maintaining a highly expensive supercomputer; while this is, in a certain way, also true for Cluster Computing, the strength of Grid Computing lies in its ability to reach much greater levels of scalability with relative ease. 
+From this difference in approach comes the strength of performing parallel computations in a distributed Grid environment: resources from the machines connected to the Grid can be quickly gathered to perform a task and, after completion, they can be dismantled just as quickly, removing the necessity of maintaining a highly expensive supercomputer; while this is, in a certain way, also true for Cluster Computing, \textbf{the strength of Grid Computing lies in its ability to reach much greater levels of scalability with relative ease}. 
 
 \subsection{The "Grid problem"}
-The "Grid problem" is defined as \textit{"flexible, secure and coordinated resource sharing among dynamic collections of individuals, institutions and resources"} \cite{the_anatomy_of_the_grid}
- While being a powerful tool, Grid computing brings with it some inherited challenges that are a byproduct of the flexibility that the grid aims to offer; while designing a Grid system, diverse usage models have to be taken into consideration, ranging from single user to multiuser and from performance sensitive to cost sensitive and hence embracing issues of quality of service, scheduling, co-allocation, resource discovery, security and accounting.
+The "Grid problem" is defined as \textbf{\textit{"flexible, secure and coordinated resource sharing among dynamic collections of individuals, institutions and resources"}} \cite{the_anatomy_of_the_grid}
+ While being a powerful tool, Grid computing brings with it some \textbf{inherited challenges} that are a byproduct of the flexibility that the grid aims to offer; while designing a Grid system, \textbf{diverse usage models have to be taken into consideration}, ranging from single user to multiuser and from performance sensitive to cost sensitive and hence embracing issues of quality of service, scheduling, co-allocation, resource discovery, security and accounting.
  Quoting a passage from the foundational article \textit{"The anatomy of the Grid: enabling scalable virtual organizations"} by Ian Foster, Carl Kesselman and Steven Tuecke \cite{the_anatomy_of_the_grid}:
 \begin{quotation}
     \textit{"The sharing that we are concerned with is not primarily file exchange but rather direct access to computers, software, data and other resources, as is required by a range of collaborative problem-solving and resource-brokering strategies emerging in industry, science and engineering. The sharing is, necessarily, highly controlled, with resources providers and consumers defining clearly and carefully just what is shared, who is allowed to share and the conditions under which sharing occurs."}
@@ -38,5 +38,5 @@ \subsection{History and applications using the Grid}
 Thus, the nomenclature of this technology shifted its focus, representing first the goal of providing public service that could be used by anyone, then an easy-to-scale enabling technology for gathering a vast number of computational resources. In 2007, the term "Cloud Computing", which is conceptually similar to the definition of Grid Computing, came into popularity. Nowadays, Grid Computing is often associated with the delivery of Cloud Computing systems.
 \vspace{5mm}
 
-Volunteer computing (having people that voluntarily offer their machines to contribute to a Grid) became relevant first in 1997 with \href{https://www.distributed.net/Main_Page}{distributed.net}, a project that aims to solve mathematical complex and resource-consuming problems using Grid computing; then, in 1999, the \href{https://setiathome.berkeley.edu/}{SETI@home} project used voluntarily offered computers performing distributed computing over a Grid in order to Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (hence the acronym "SETI") analyzing radio signals.
-Another important example of Grid Computing application can be found in the \href{https://wlcg.web.cern.ch/}{LHC Computing Grid}; this project, created by the CERN organization, is used to support the Large Hadron Collider. This Grid is capable of analyzing the approximately 27 TB of data generated by the collider every day.
+\textbf{Volunteer computing} (having people that voluntarily offer their machines to contribute to a Grid) became relevant first in 1997 with \textbf{\href{https://www.distributed.net/Main_Page}{distributed.net}}, a project that aims to solve mathematical complex and resource-consuming problems using Grid computing; then, in 1999, the \textbf{\href{https://setiathome.berkeley.edu/}{SETI@home}} project used voluntarily offered computers performing distributed computing over a Grid in order to Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (hence the acronym "SETI") analyzing radio signals.
+Another important example of Grid Computing application can be found in the \textbf{\href{https://wlcg.web.cern.ch/}{LHC Computing Grid}}; this project, created by the CERN organization, is used to support the Large Hadron Collider. This Grid is capable of analyzing the approximately 27 TB of data generated by the collider every day.

document/chapters/chapter_1/sections/2_mobile_devices_and_their_evolution.tex

@@ -2,14 +2,14 @@ \section{Mobile devices and their evolution}
 Today, the mobile devices' panorama is dominated by smartphones and tablets. Before the introduction of such devices, the market was very different, with the predecessors of the smartphones: PDAs.
 
 \subsection{From PDAs to smartphones}
-Personal digital assistants (PDAs) is a mobile device that acts as a personal information manager. These type of devices were the first attempt at providing the capabilities of a computer in a relatively small mobile device (hence they were also known as handheld PC). A PDA device typically features:
+A \textbf{Personal digital assistant} (PDAs) is a mobile device that acts as a personal information manager. These type of devices were the \textbf{first attempt at providing the capabilities of a computer in a relatively small mobile device} (hence they were also known as handheld PC). A PDA device typically features:
 \begin{itemize}
-    \item A display (and possibly physical buttons, depending on if the specific model uses a touch display);
-    \item Audio capabilities (with the possibility of using it as a portable media player);
-    \item Telephony (acting as a mobile phone);
-    \item Internet connectivity (only via Wi-Fi);
-    \item A web browser;
-    \item Bluetooth connectivity.
+    \item \textbf{A display} (and possibly physical buttons, depending on if the specific model uses a touch display);
+    \item \textbf{Audio capabilities} (with the possibility of using it as a portable media player);
+    \item \textbf{Telephony} (acting as a mobile phone);
+    \item \textbf{Internet connectivity} (only via Wi-Fi);
+    \item \textbf{A web browser};
+    \item \textbf{Bluetooth connectivity}.
 \end{itemize}
 
 In 1984 Psion released the first PDA: the Organiser I; the term PDA though came to existence in 1992, once Apple released the Apple Newton. PDAs started to include telephony capabilities in 1994 with the IBM Simon; this device is particularly important, since it can be considered the first smartphone.
@@ -22,10 +22,10 @@ \subsection{From PDAs to smartphones}
     \label{fig:compaq_ipaq_3650}
 \end{figure}
 
-Although PDAs had a considerable share of the mobile market (but still dominated by traditional mobile phones), in the mid-2000s PDAs started to be replaced more and more with modern smartphones until they completely replaced them.
+Although PDAs had a considerable share of the mobile market (but still dominated by traditional mobile phones), \textbf{in the mid-2000s PDAs started to be replaced more and more with modern smartphones} until they completely replaced them.
 Today the term "personal digital assistant" has found a new meaning in the definition of virtual assistants based on speech synthesis (ex: Amazon's Alexa).
 
-Today's mobile devices market is not remotely comparable to the market of the PDAs era, reaching an exponentially greater number of units sold. Despite this, some experts think that the market is saturated, and it is reaching its peak \cite{smartphones_sales}. One important aspect of today's market is the fact that the number of smartphones currently sold is far greater than the number of PCs sold (that is actually gradually declining) as shown in \textit{figure \ref{fig:global_sales_of_pcs_and_smartphones}}.
+Contemporary mobile devices' market is not remotely comparable to the market of the PDAs era, reaching an \textbf{exponentially greater number of smartphones and tablets units sold}. Despite this, some experts think that the market is saturated, and it is reaching its peak \cite{smartphones_sales}. One important aspect of today's market is the fact that \textbf{the number of smartphones currently sold is far greater than the number of PCs sold} (that is actually gradually declining) as shown in \textit{figure \ref{fig:global_sales_of_pcs_and_smartphones}}.
 
 \begin{figure}[!ht]
     \centering
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ \subsection{From PDAs to smartphones}
 \end{figure}
 
 \subsection{Technological progress}\label{technological_progress}
-Hardware has had a general improvement in the computational world and mobile devices' technological capabilities are no exception; as can be seen in \textit{figure \ref{fig:pda_capabilities}}, PDAs had very poor performances able to only mildly satisfy the limited use cases of such devices. 
+\textbf{Hardware has had a general improvement} in the computational world and mobile devices' technological capabilities are no exception; as can be seen in \textit{figure \ref{fig:pda_capabilities}}, PDAs had very poor performances able to only mildly satisfy the limited use cases of such devices. 
 
 \begin{figure}[!ht]
     \centering
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ \subsection{Technological progress}\label{technological_progress}
     \label{fig:pda_capabilities}
 \end{figure}
 
-To better understand the technological gap between devices from the year 2000 and today's smartphones, {figure \ref{fig:three_systems_comparison}} provides a comparison between these three examples:
+To better understand the \textbf{technological gap between devices from the year 2000 and today's smartphones}, {figure \ref{fig:three_systems_comparison}} provides a comparison between these three examples:
 \begin{itemize}
     \item Compaq iPAQ 3650 (\textit{figure \ref{fig:compaq_ipaq_3650}}), the best PDA from \textit{figure \ref{fig:pda_capabilities}} among the ones that could also be connected to the internet;
     \item Power Mac G4 - M5184 (EMC 1864), the best possible configuration in the Power Mac G4 line from the year 2000;
@@ -60,4 +60,4 @@ \subsection{Technological progress}\label{technological_progress}
 \end{figure}
 
 Despite information about the number of Gigaflops (billion floating point operations per second) for the Compaq iPAQ 3650 is not available anywhere, it can be confidently said that its value is far less than the 20 Gigaflops that the Power Mac G4's CPU was capable of; considering that the Redmi Note 9 Pro is capable of executing a number of floating point operations per second that is 21.75 times higher than the Power Mac G4, a modern smartphone outmatches a PDA by an enormous factor. Available RAM and Storage have also made a significant step forward, with the chosen smartphone having 187.5 times more RAM than the PDA and 8000 times more memory available for the storage. The gap has also to take into consideration other technologies of modern smartphones, such as Wi-Fi and 4G connections as a standard (with newer models moving towards 5G connections) and a multitude of sensors, as well as high resolution cameras. 
-It is apparent that modern smartphones are on a vastly different technological level compared to old PDAs, significantly outmatching also computers that coexisted with them.
+It is apparent that \textbf{modern smartphones are on a vastly different technological level compared to old PDAs, significantly outmatching also computers that coexisted with them}.