Update our docker image, linting, and GH actions

[wfondrie]

This PR migrates to a uv-based multi-stage docker build. It also improves our GH actions workflows and moves fully to Ruff.

Note that the linting action fails now, but I did not want to create a large PR here. I propose a linting fix as a second PR, with only formatting changes.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 43.20%. Comparing base (40dfebd) to head (b5d8a22).

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main       #7   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   43.20%   43.20%           
=======================================
  Files           8        8           
  Lines         250      250           
=======================================
  Hits          108      108           
  Misses        142      142           

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[jspaezp]

Left some questions but LGTM