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9 changes: 5 additions & 4 deletions README.md
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# WTF Solidity

我最近在重新学solidity,巩固一下细节,也写一个“WTF Solidity极简入门”,供小白们使用(编程大佬可以另找教程),每周更新1-3讲。
我最近在重新学Solidity,巩固一下细节,也写一个“WTF Solidity极简入门”,供小白们使用(编程大佬可以另找教程),每周更新1-3讲。

路线图根据本仓库star数量来定:

- [x] 64 :star: 建立社群:[discord](https://discord.gg/5akcruXrsk) | [微信群](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe4KGT8Sh6sJ7hedQRuIYirOoZK_85miz3dw7vA1-YjodgJ-A/viewform)

- [ ] 128 :star: 录教学视频
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### NFT

**第1讲:ERC721库:Address, Strings, Context** [代码](https://github.com/AmazingAng/WTF-Solidity/blob/main/Topics/ERC721) | [文章](https://mirror.xyz/wtfacademy.eth/PAsIFLAmEoMufZsXlX0NWsVF8DHpHz3OrYlooosy9Ho)
**第1讲:ERC721库:Address, Strings, Context** [代码](https://github.com/AmazingAng/WTF-Solidity/blob/main/Topics/ERC721) | [文章](https://github.com/AmazingAng/WTF-Solidity/tree/main/Topics/ERC721/1_related_libraries/readme.md)

**第2讲:ERC721相关接口** [代码](https://github.com/AmazingAng/WTF-Solidity/blob/main/Topics/ERC721) | [文章](https://mirror.xyz/wtfacademy.eth/4mPkMgHViRjx8OM7TAI-M-2oMfRle36ULzqlpC6S7IQ)
**第2讲:ERC721相关接口** [代码](https://github.com/AmazingAng/WTF-Solidity/blob/main/Topics/ERC721) | [文章](https://github.com/AmazingAng/WTF-Solidity/tree/main/Topics/ERC721/2_Related_interface/readme.md)

**第3讲:ERC721主合约** [代码](https://github.com/AmazingAng/WTF-Solidity/blob/main/Topics/ERC721/ERC721.sol) | [文章](https://mirror.xyz/wtfacademy.eth/-evZa3S--yw9vVcXfhn9I3UiNRaqWOTLG0eZFFgbcT0)

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贡献者是WTF学院的基石
</h4>
<a href="https://github.com/AmazingAng/WTF-Solidity/graphs/contributors">
<img src="https://contrib.rocks/image?repo=AmazingAng/WTFSolidity" />
<img src="https://contrib.rocks/image?repo=AmazingAng/WTF-Solidity" />
</a>
</div>

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# WTF Solidity极简入门: ERC721专题:1. ERC721相关库

我最近在重新学 Solidity,巩固一下细节,也写一个“WTF Solidity极简入门”,供小白们使用(编程大佬可以另找教程),每周更新 1-3 讲。

推特:[@0xAA_Science](https://twitter.com/0xAA_Science)[@WTFAcademy_](https://twitter.com/WTFAcademy_)

社区:[Discord](https://discord.gg/5akcruXrsk)[微信群](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe4KGT8Sh6sJ7hedQRuIYirOoZK_85miz3dw7vA1-YjodgJ-A/viewform?usp=sf_link)[官网 wtf.academy](https://wtf.academy)

所有代码和教程开源在 github: [github.com/AmazingAng/WTF-Solidity](https://github.com/AmazingAng/WTF-Solidity)

在进阶内容之前,我决定做一个`ERC721`的专题,把之前的内容综合运用,帮助大家更好的复习基础知识,并且更深刻的理解`ERC721`合约。希望在学习完这个专题之后,每个人都能发行自己的`NFT`

---

## ERC721合约概览

`ERC721`主合约一共引用了7个合约:

```Solidity
import "./Address.sol";
import "./Context.sol";
import "./Strings.sol";
import "./IERC721.sol";
import "./IERC721Receiver.sol";
import "./IERC721Metadata.sol";
import "./ERC165.sol";
```

他们分别是:

* 3个库合约:`Address.sol`, `Context.sol``Strings.sol`
* 3个接口合约:`IERC721.sol`, `IERC721Receiver.sol`, `IERC721Metadata.sol`
* 1个`EIP165`合约:`ERC165.sol`
所以在讲`ERC721`的主合约之前,我们会花两讲在引用的库合约和接口合约上。

## ERC721相关库

### Address库

`Address`库是`Address`变量相关函数的合集,包括判断某地址是否为合约,更安全的function call。`ERC721`用到其中的`isContract()`

```Solidity
function isContract(address account) internal view returns (bool) {
return account.code.length > 0;
}
```

这个函数利用了非合约地址`account.code`的长度为0的特性,从而区分某个地址是否为合约地址。

ERC721主合约在`_checkOnERC721Received()`函数中调用了`isContract()`

```Solidity
function _checkOnERC721Received(
address from,
address to,
uint256 tokenId,
bytes memory _data
) private returns (bool) {
if (to.isContract()) {
try IERC721Receiver(to).onERC721Received(_msgSender(), from, tokenId, _data) returns (bytes4 retval) {
return retval == IERC721Receiver.onERC721Received.selector;
} catch (bytes memory reason) {
if (reason.length == 0) {
revert("ERC721: transfer to non ERC721Receiver implementer");
} else {
assembly {
revert(add(32, reason), mload(reason))
}
}
}
} else {
return true;
}
}
```

该函数的目的是在接收`ERC721`代币的时候判断该地址是否是合约地址;如果是合约地址,则继续检查是否实现了`IERC721Receiver`接口(`ERC721`的接收接口),防止有人误把代币转到了黑洞。

### Context库

`Context`库非常简单,封装了两个Solidity的`global`变量:`msg.sender``msg.data`

```Solidity
abstract contract Context {
function _msgSender() internal view virtual returns (address) {
return msg.sender;
}
function _msgData() internal view virtual returns (bytes calldata) {
return msg.data;
}
}
```

这两个函数只是单纯的返回`msg.sender``msg.data`。所以`Context`库就是为了用函数把`msg.sender``msg.data`关键词包装起来,应对Solidity未来某次升级换掉关键字的情况,没其他作用。

### Strings库

`Strings`库包含两个库函数:`toString()``toHexString()``toString()``uint256`直接转换成`string`,比如777变为”777”;而`toHexString()``uint256`先转换为`16进制`,再转换为`string`,比如170变为”0xaa”。`ERC721`调用了`toString()`函数:

```Solidity
function toString(uint256 value) internal pure returns (string memory) {
if (value == 0) {
return "0";
}
uint256 temp = value;
uint256 digits;
while (temp != 0) {
digits++;
temp /= 10;
}
bytes memory buffer = new bytes(digits);
while (value != 0) {
digits -= 1;
buffer[digits] = bytes1(uint8(48 + uint256(value % 10)));
value /= 10;
}
return string(buffer);
}
```

这个函数先确定了传入的`uint256`参数是几位数,并存在digits变量中。然后用循环把每一位数字的`ASCII码`转换成`bytes1`,存在`buffer`中,最后把`buffer`转换成`string`返回。

`ERC721`主合约在`tokenURI()`函数中调用了`toString()`

```Solidity
function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) public view virtual override returns (string memory) {
require(_exists(tokenId), "ERC721Metadata: URI query for nonexistent token");
string memory baseURI = _baseURI();
return bytes(baseURI).length > 0 ? string(abi.encodePacked(baseURI, tokenId.toString())) : "";
}
```

这个函数把`baseURI`和指定的`tokenId`拼接到一起,返回`ERC721 metadata`的网址,你花几十个ETH买的的jpeg就是存在这个网址上的。

## 总结

这一讲是`ERC721`专题的第一讲,我们概览了`ERC721`的合约,并介绍了`ERC721`主合约调用的3个库合约`Address``Context``String`
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# WTF Solidity极简入门: ERC721专题:2. ERC721相关接口

我最近在重新学 Solidity,巩固一下细节,也写一个“WTF Solidity极简入门”,供小白们使用(编程大佬可以另找教程),每周更新 1-3 讲。

推特:[@0xAA_Science](https://twitter.com/0xAA_Science)[@WTFAcademy_](https://twitter.com/WTFAcademy_)

社区:[Discord](https://discord.gg/5akcruXrsk)[微信群](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSe4KGT8Sh6sJ7hedQRuIYirOoZK_85miz3dw7vA1-YjodgJ-A/viewform?usp=sf_link)[官网 wtf.academy](https://wtf.academy)

所有代码和教程开源在 github: [github.com/AmazingAng/WTF-Solidity](https://github.com/AmazingAng/WTF-Solidity)

在进阶内容之前,我决定做一个`ERC721`的专题,把之前的内容综合运用,帮助大家更好的复习基础知识,并且更深刻的理解`ERC721`合约。希望在学习完这个专题之后,每个人都能发行自己的`NFT`

---

## ERC721相关接口

ERC721的主合约一共引用了4个接口合约:`IERC721.sol`, `IERC721Receiver.sol`, `IERC721Metadata.sol`,和间接引用的`ERC165``IERC165.sol`。这一讲我们将逐个介绍这4个接口合约。

### IERC165接口

首先我们介绍一下`EIP165``以太坊改进建议第165条`),他的目的是创建一个标准方法来发布和检测智能合约实现的接口。讲一个去年年底发生的真实事件,`PeopleDAO`有个朋友错转了4000w枚PEOPLE到代币合约。但合约没有实现转出代币的功能,只能进不能出,这些代币直接锁死在里面销毁了。试想一下,如果在转账的时候自动判断接收方合约是否实现了相应的接口,没实现的话就`revert`交易,很多错转代币的悲剧都不会发生。`EIP165`就是干这个的,而`ERC165`就是`EIP165`的实现。

`IERC165``ERC165`的接口合约,只有一个函数`supportsInterface()`,输入想查询的接口的`interfaceId`,返回一个`bool`告诉你合约是否实现了该接口。

```Solidity
interface IERC165 {
function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) external view returns (bool);
}
```

`ERC721`主合约对`supportsInterface()`的实现如下:

```Solidity
function supportsInterface(bytes4 interfaceId) public view virtual override(ERC165, IERC165) returns (bool) {
return
interfaceId == type(IERC721).interfaceId ||
interfaceId == type(IERC721Metadata).interfaceId ||
super.supportsInterface(interfaceId);
}
```

可以看到,ERC721实现了`IERC721``IERC721Metadata``IERC165`的接口,查询的时候会返回`true`;否则返回`false`。我会在进阶内容中更详细的介绍`function selector``interfaceId`

### IERC721

`IERC721`是ERC721的接口合约,里面包括3个`event`和9个`function`

```Solidity
interface IERC721 is IERC165 {
event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 indexed tokenId);
event Approval(address indexed owner, address indexed approved, uint256 indexed tokenId);
event ApprovalForAll(address indexed owner, address indexed operator, bool approved);
function balanceOf(address owner) external view returns (uint256 balance);
function ownerOf(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address owner);
function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) external;
function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId) external;
function approve(address to, uint256 tokenId) external;
function getApproved(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (address operator);
function setApprovalForAll(address operator, bool _approved) external;
function isApprovedForAll(address owner, address operator) external view returns (bool);
function safeTransferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 tokenId, bytes calldata data) external;
}
```

其中`event`包括:

1. `Transfer`事件:在转账时被释放,记录代币的发出地址`from`,接收地址`to``tokenid`
2. `Approval`事件:在授权时释放,记录`approve`的发出地址`owner`
3. `ApprovalForAll`事件:在批量授权时释放,记录`approve`的发出地址`owner`,被授权地址`operator`和是否被授权`approved。

其中`function`包括:

1. `balanceOf`:参数为要查询的`address`,返回该地址的`NFT`持有量`balance`
2. `ownerOf`:参数为要查询的`tokenId`,返回这个`tokenId`的主人`owner`
3. `safeTransferFrom`:安全转账(如果接收方是合约地址,会要求实现`ERC721`的接收接口)。参数为转出地址`from`,接收地址`to``tokenId`
4. `transferFrom`:普通转账(不检查对方是否实现`ERC721`的接收接口),参数为转出地址`from`,接收地址`to``tokenId`
5. `approve`:授权,批准另一个地址使用你的`NFT`。参数为被授权地址`to``tokenId`
6. `getApproved`:查询`NFT`被批准给了哪个地址,参数为`tokenId`,返回被批准的地址`operator`
7. `setApprovalForAll`:将自己持有的这类`NFT`批量授权给某个地址,参数为被授权的地址`operator`和是否授权`approved`
8. `isApprovedForAll`:查询某人的`NFT`是否批量授权给了某个地址,参数为授权方`owner`和被授权地址`operator`,返回`bool`
9. `safeTransferFrom`:安全转账,与`3.`不同的地方在于参数里面包含了`data`,可以做额外处理。

### IERC721Receiver

```Solidity
interface IERC721Receiver {
function onERC721Received(
address operator,
address from,
uint256 tokenId,
bytes calldata data
) external returns (bytes4);
}
```

`IERC721Receiver`接口包含了一个函数`onERC721Received()`。这个函数会在`safeTransferFrom()`中被调用,代币的接收合约必须实现这个接口才能转账成功。

### IERC721Metadata

```Solidity
interface IERC721Metadata is IERC721 {
function name() external view returns (string memory);
function symbol() external view returns (string memory);
function tokenURI(uint256 tokenId) external view returns (string memory);
}
```

`IERC721Metadata``ERC721`的拓展接口,实现了`3`个查询`metadata`的常用函数:

1. `name()`:返回代币名称。
2. `symbol()`:返回代币代号
3. `tokenURI()`:通过`tokenId`查询`metadata`所在`url`

## 总结

本文是`ERC721`专题的第二讲,我们介绍了`ERC721`主合约调用的4个接口合约`IERC165``IERC721``IERC721Receiver``IERC721Metadata`。下一讲终于该介绍ERC721主合约了!LFG!

## 延伸阅读

- [EIP165](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-165)
- [ERC721](https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721)
- [中文分析EIP165](https://learnblockchain.cn/docs/eips/eip-165.html)

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