[ENH] Sort out clustering base class

[TonyBagnall]

Fixes #1530

• The predict function has a y input, this is inconsistent with other collection classes and with predict_proba from the same class
• The score function is functionally different to other bases and is a required method. Can all algorithms produce scores like this? What about pipelines etc.
• fit_predict does not have a private equivalent like other classes. Also, by default it seems like this should return labels_ rather than calling _predict?
• n_clusters is a required attribute, but not all algorithms have a set number of clusters.

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I have added the following labels to this PR based on the title: [ $\color{#FEF1BE}{\textsf{enhancement}}$ ].
I would have added the following labels to this PR based on the changes made: [ $\color{#4011F3}{\textsf{clustering}}$ ], however some package labels are already present.

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[MatthewMiddlehurst]

@hadifawaz1999 is this the one you wanted delayed?

Approving for if thats fine. Left some comments.

[hadifawaz1999]

@hadifawaz1999 is this the one you wanted delayed?

Approving for if thats fine. Left some comments.

no the one am delaying is Chris's pr of deprecation, but the additions here to deep clustering i think should not be made @TonyBagnall as they're gonna be removed with the purging in a few days once all Aadya's prs are in

[TonyBagnall]

could also do this at the same time @chrisholder ?
#2252

[hadifawaz1999]

LGTM