feat: expand analysis tiers across core, CLI, and Python (v0.12.0)

[ereid7]

Summary

• Add major analysis expansion in openentropy-core: new statistics, temporal, and synchrony modules, plus extended chaos/entropy-complexity methods (SampEn, ApEn, DFA, RQA, rolling/bootstrap Hurst, PermEn, Anderson-Darling) and verdict support.
• Integrate tiered analysis in CLI (--chaos, --chaos-extended, --temporal, --statistics, --synchrony) with deep-profile defaults, synchrony output, and JSON parity for new sections.
• Bring Python SDK to parity by adding bindings + top-level exports for all new capabilities, and align docs across README/CLI/concepts/Rust SDK/Python SDK including attribution.

Cross-Surface Updates

• Core: crates/openentropy-core/src/{analysis.rs,chaos.rs,statistics.rs,temporal.rs,synchrony.rs,verdict.rs,math.rs,lib.rs}
• CLI: crates/openentropy-cli/src/{main.rs,commands/analyze.rs}
• Python bindings/package: crates/openentropy-python/src/*_bindings.rs, crates/openentropy-python/src/lib.rs, openentropy/__init__.py
• Docs: README.md, docs architecture/version references, and website docs under website/src/content/docs/** (including new analysis concept pages)
• Release/versioning: bump to 0.12.0 in workspace + Python package + changelog

Verification

• cargo fmt --all -- --check
• cargo clippy --workspace --exclude openentropy-python -- -D warnings
• cargo test --workspace --exclude openentropy-python
• .venv/bin/maturin develop --release
• .venv/bin/python scripts/ci/check_python_source_parity.py
• cd website && npm run build
• cargo run -p openentropy-cli -- --help
• cargo run -p openentropy-cli -- analyze --help