Use LRU cache for structure.info.residue()

[padix-key]

This PR caches subsequent calls of structure.info.residue() to make a common application like creating a chain from scratch more efficient, as many calls to pdbx.get_component() accumulate quite some run time.

To keep the memory footprint still very low an LRU cache with maximum size 100 is used. This is enough to cache the number of different residues to build polymer chains (peptides, nucleic acids, saccharides), but will not blow up the memory requirements for use cases where large parts of the CCD are parsed.

[codspeed-hq]

CodSpeed Performance Report

Merging #817 will not alter performance

_{Comparing padix-key:cache-info (64f1259) with main (dc996a5)}

Summary

✅ 59 untouched benchmarks