✨ Switch to mqt-core Python package

[burgholzer]

Description

This is an alternative to #355 and hopefully marks the final try of directly incorporating the mqt-core Python package. See #355 and #352 for some history on this topic.

Checklist:

• The pull request only contains commits that are related to it.
• I have added appropriate tests and documentation.
• I have made sure that all CI jobs on GitHub pass.
• The pull request introduces no new warnings and follows the project's style guidelines.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 95.50562% with 4 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 95.5%. Comparing base (5ba703b) to head (e22ad39).
Report is 15 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
src/mqt/qcec/__init__.py	88.8%	2 Missing ⚠️
src/mqt/qcec/parameterized.py	96.8%	2 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@          Coverage Diff          @@
##            main    #432   +/-   ##
=====================================
  Coverage   95.4%   95.5%           
=====================================
  Files         40      40           
  Lines       1834    1846   +12     
  Branches     223     225    +2     
=====================================
+ Hits        1751    1763   +12     
  Misses        83      83           

Flag	Coverage Δ
cpp	96.1% <ø> (+0.1%)	⬆️
python	93.4% <95.5%> (-0.4%)	⬇️

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
src/mqt/qcec/verify.py	100.0% <100.0%> (ø)
src/mqt/qcec/verify_compilation_flow.py	100.0% <ø> (ø)
src/mqt/qcec/__init__.py	91.3% <88.8%> (-8.7%)	⬇️
src/mqt/qcec/parameterized.py	94.5% <96.8%> (-0.4%)	⬇️

... and 1 file with indirect coverage changes