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McPAT: (M)ulti(c)ore (P)ower, (A)rea, and (T)iming
Current version 1.2
==================================================

McPAT is an architectural modeling tool for chip multiprocessors (CMP)
The main focus of McPAT is accurate power and area
modeling, and a target clock rate is used as a design constraint. 
McPAT performs automatic extensive search to find optimal designs 
that satisfy the target clock frequency.  

For complete documentation of the McPAT, please refer to the following paper,
"McPAT: An Integrated Power, Area, and Timing Modeling
 Framework for Multicore and Manycore Architectures", 
that appears in MICRO 2009. Please cite the paper, if you use
McPAT in your work. The bibtex entry is provided below for your convenience.

 @inproceedings{mcpat:micro,
 author = {Sheng Li and Jung Ho Ahn and Richard D. Strong and Jay B. Brockman and Dean M. Tullsen and Norman P. Jouppi},
 title =  "{McPAT: An Integrated Power, Area, and Timing Modeling Framework for Multicore and Manycore Architectures}",
 booktitle = {MICRO 42: Proceedings of the 42nd Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture},
 year = {2009},
 pages = {469--480},
 }
 
The following are the list of features supported by McPAT:

* Power, area, and timing models for CMPs with:
      Inorder cores both single and multithreaded
      OOO cores both single and multithreaded
      low power embedded processor and core
      Shared/coherent caches with directory hardware:
      	including directory cache, shadowed tag directory
      	and static bank mapped tag directory
      Network-on-Chip
      On-chip memory controllers
      On-chip I/O controllers (SoC modules).
    
* Internal models are based on real modern processors:
  Inorder models are based on Sun Niagara family;
  OOO models are based on Intel P6 for reservation 
  station based OOO cores, and on Intel Netburst and 
  Alpha 21264 for physical register file based OOO cores;
  low power embedded processor models are based on ARM Cortex A9.     

* Leakage power modeling considers both sub-threshold leakage 
  and gate leakage power. The impact of operating temperature 
  on both leakage power are considered. Longer channel devices 
  that can reduce leakage significantly with modest performance 
  penalty are also modeled.
  
* McPAT supports automatic extensive search to find optimal designs 
  that satisfy the target clock frequency. The timing constraint 
  include both throughput and latency.

* Interconnect model with different delay, power, and area 
  properties, as well as both the aggressive and conservative 
  interconnect projections on wire technologies. 

* All process specific values used by the McPAT are obtained
  from ITRS and currently, the McPAT supports 90nm, 65nm, 45nm, 
  32nm, and 22nm technology nodes. At 32nm and 22nm nodes, DG devices 
  are used. After 45nm, Hi-K metal gates are used.

* McPAT models sleep transistor based power-gating techniques that can 
  reduce leakage power of idle circuit blocks and architecture components.  

* McPAT supports user defined supply voltages that is different from ITRS 
  standard vdd, without the need of special technology files.

* McPAT supports fine-grained voltage domains/islands and dynamic voltage scaling (DVS).  

How to use the tool?
====================

McPAT takes input parameters from an XML-based interface,
then it computes area and peak power of the 
Please note that the peak power is the absolute worst case power, 
which could be even higher than TDP. 

1. Steps to run McPAT:
   -> define the target processor using inorder.xml or OOO.xml 
   -> run the "mcpat" binary:
      ./mcpat -infile <*.xml>  -print_level < level of detailed output>
      ./mcpat -h (or mcpat --help) will show the quick help message.

2. Optimization:
   McPAT will try its best to satisfy the target clock rate. 
   When it cannot find a valid solution, it gives out warnings, 
   while still giving a solution that is closest to the timing 
   constraints and calculate power based on it. The optimization 
   will lead to larger power/area numbers for target higher clock
   rate. McPAT also provides the option "-opt_for_clk" to turn on 
   ("-opt_for_clk 1") and off this strict optimization for the 
   timing constraint. When it is off, McPAT always optimize 
   component for ED^2P without worrying about meeting the 
   target clock frequency. By turning it off, the computation time 
   can be reduced, which suites for situations where target clock rate
   is conservative.
  
3. Outputs:
   McPAT outputs results in a hierarchical manner. Increasing 
   the "-print_level" will show detailed results inside each 
   component. For each component, major parts are shown, and associated 
   pipeline registers/control logic are added up in total area/power of each 
   components. In general, McPAT does not model the area/overhead of the pad 
   frame used in a processor die.
   
4. How to use the XML interface for McPAT 
   4.1 Set up the parameters
   		Parameters of target designs need to be set in the *.xml file for 
   		entries tagged as "param". McPAT have very detailed parameter settings. 
   		please remove the structure parameter from the file if you want 
   		to use the default values. Otherwise, the parameters in the xml file 
   		will override the default values. 
   
   4.2 Pass the statistics
   		There are two options to get the correct stats: a) the performance 
   		simulator can capture all the stats in detail and pass them to McPAT;
   		b). Performance simulator can only capture partial stats and pass 
   		them to McPAT, while McPAT can reason about the complete stats using 
        the partial information and the configuration. Therefore, there are 
        some overlap for the stats. 
   
   4.3 Interface XML file structures (PLEASE READ!)
   			The XML is hierarchical from processor level to micro-architecture 
   		level. McPAT support both heterogeneous and homogeneous manycore processors. 
   		
   			1). For heterogeneous processor setup, each component (core, NoC, cache, 
   		and etc) must have its own instantiations (core0, core1, ..., coreN). 
   		Each instantiation will have different parameters as well as its stats.
   		Thus, the XML file must have multiple "instantiation" of each type of 
   		heterogeneous components and the corresponding hetero flags must be set 
   		in the XML file. Then state in the XML should be the stats of "a" instantiation 
   		(e.g. "a" cores). The reported runtime dynamic is of a single instantiation 
   		(e.g. "a" cores). Since the stats for each (e.g. "a" cores) may be different,
   		we will see a whole list of (e.g. "a" cores) with different dynamic power,
   		and total power is just a sum of them.  
   		
   			2). For homogeneous processors, the same method for heterogeneous can 
   		also be used by treating all homogeneous instantiations as heterogeneous. 
   		However, a preferred approach is to use a single representative for all 
   		the same components (e.g. core0 to represent all cores) and set the 
   		processor to have homogeneous components (e.g. <param name="homogeneous_cores
   		" value="1"/> ). Thus, the XML file only has one instantiation to represent 
   		all others with the same architectural parameters. The corresponding homo 
   		flags must be set in the XML file.  Then, the stats in the XML should be 
   		the aggregated stats of the sum of all instantiations (e.g. aggregated stats 
   		of all cores). In the final results, McPAT will only report a single 
   		instantiation of each type of component, and the reported runtime dynamic power
   		is the sum of all instantiations of the same type. This approach can run fast 
   		and use much less memory.        

5. Guide for integrating McPAT into performance simulators and bypassing the XML interface
   		The detailed work flow of McPAT has two phases: the initialization phase and
   the computation phase. Specifically, in order to start the initialization phase a 
   user specifies static configurations, including parameters at all three levels, 
   namely, architectural, circuit, and technology levels. During the initialization 
   phase, McPAT will generate the internal chip representation using the configurations 
   set by the user. 
   		The computation phase of McPAT is called by McPAT or the performance simulator 
   during simulation to generate runtime power numbers. Before calling McPAT to 
   compute runtime power numbers, the performance simulator needs to pass the 
   statistics, namely, the activity factors of each individual components to McPAT 
   via the XML interface. 
   		The initialization phase is very time-consuming, since it will repeat many 
   times until valid configurations are found or the possible configurations are 
   exhausted. To reduce the overhead, a user can let the simulator to call McPAT 
   directly for computation phase and only call initialization phase once at the 
   beginning of simulation. In this case, the XML interface file is bypassed, 
   please refer to processor.cc to see how the two phases are called.
   
6. Sample input files:
   This package provide sample XML files for validating target processors. Please find the 
   enclosed Niagara1.xml (for the Sun Niagara1 processor), Niagara2.xml (for the Sun Niagara2 
   processor), Alpha21364.xml (for the Alpha21364 processor), Xeon.xml (for the Intel 
   Xeon Tulsa processor), and ARM_A9_2GHz.xml (for ARM Cortex A9 hard core 2GHz implementation from 
   ARM) 
   
7. Modeling of power management techniques:   
   McPAT supports both DVS and power-gating. For DVS, users can use default ITRS projected vdd 
   at each technology node as supply voltage at DVS level 0 (DVS0) or define voltage at DVS0. 
   For power-gating, McPAT supports both default power-saving virtual supply voltage computed 
   automatically using technology parameters. Default means using technology (ITRS based) 
   lowest value for state-retaining power-gating User can also defined voltage for Power-saving states, 
   as shown in example file of Xeon.xml (search for power_gating_vcc). When using user-defined power-saving 
   virtual supply voltage, please understand the implications when setting up voltage for different sleep states. 
   For example, when deep sleep state is used (voltage lower than the technology allowed state retaining supply voltage), 
   the effects of losing data and cold start effects (beyond the scope of McPAT) must be considered when waking up the architecture.  
   Power-gating and DVS cannot happen at the same time. Because power-gating happens when circuit is idle, while DVS happens when 
   circuit blocks are active. 
    
   
====================   
McPAT includes its special version of Cacti (called Cacti-P) based on Cacti6.5 release. The major changes of 
the special Cacti, called Cacti-P in this distro, (compared to cacti6.5) include the following new features. 
The inclosed Cacti-P can run stand-alone if users want to use these features.
 
 * CAM and fully associative cache modeling
 * Improved leakage power modeling with consideration of device/gate topology
 * long channel device for reduce sub-threshold leakage power 
 * Sleep transistor based power-gating modeling
 * gate leakage power
 * Support user defined voltage supply (Vdd)
 * Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS)
 
For complete documentation of Cacti-P, please refer to the following paper,
"CACTI-P: Architecture-Level Modeling for SRAM-based Structures with Advanced Leakage Reduction Techniques", 
that appeared in ICCAD2011. Please cite the paper, if you use
Cacti-P in your work. The bibtex entry is provided below for your convenience.

@inproceedings{cacti-p:iccad,
  author = {Sheng Li and Ke Chen and Jung Ho Ahn and Jay B. Brockman and Norman P. Jouppi},
  title = {CACTI-P: Architecture-level modeling for SRAM-based structures with advanced leakage reduction techniques},
  booktitle = {ICCAD: International Conference on Computer-Aided Design},
  year = {2011},
  pages = {694-701},
}

 
====================
McPAT uses an opensource XML parser written and kindly specially licensed by Mr. Frank Vanden Berghen. 
The detailed information about this XML parser can be found at the license information in xmlParse.cc/xmlParse.h       

====================            
McPAT is in its beginning stage. We are still improving the tool. 
Please come back to its website for newer versions.
McPAT has been constantly and rapidly improved with new models and latest technology. 
Please always refer to its code for most up-to-date and most accurate information. 
If you have any comments, questions, or suggestions, please write to us:


Sheng Li             
[email protected]