Just a simple reproducer for a duplicate class definition while running ./gradlew lintDebug with AGP 8.3.x
The issue at hand is that project invokes useLibrary(name = "org.apache.http.legacy")
If one wants to add unit tests for CookieStore.java, one needs to add the testImplementation dependency for this to work.
If one also adds this dependency for androidTestImplementation (either by mistake or thinking that the same would be needed to run verification steps for a connected test), one gets a duplicate class definition while running lint. This is a breaking error and stops any build process that may want to invoke a pipeline step of ./gradlew lintDebug lintDebuUnitTest
Researching if this is actually a bug in lint enforcement or if it is just bad coding practice.