Upgrade react-native

[steffenkleinle]

Task
Upgrade react-native to the latest stable version.

TODOs:

• Upgrade react-native to the latest stable version. If there are to many changes, feel free to split it up into multiple upgrades (e.g. to 0.71 and then to 0.73).
• Upgrade react-native-header-buttons requiring react-native v0.71: https://github.com/vonovak/react-navigation-header-buttons/releases/tag/v11.0.0
• Upgrade react-native-reanimated, react-native-gesture-handler and react-native-screens to latest which are blocked by this
• Uncomment the findAllByRole section in ImageCarousel.spec.tsx and make it work again (it seems like react-native is migrating from accessibilityRole to role which let the test fail)
• Remove the patch for react-native-camera that was added in LUN-377: Upgrade react-native to 69 #404 because of deprecated prop-types (if LUN-439: Replace react-native-camera #873 isn't done before)
• remove workaround in podfile (Build fails for Xcode 15 Beta 1 (and Beta 7) facebook/react-native#37748)

Additional context
Possibly blocked by #1012/#873.
The upgrade helper might help: https://react-native-community.github.io/upgrade-helper/?from=0.70.15&to=0.73.6

Related: #983.