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Initial (and long overdue) support for noun morphology
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! Tsuut'ina nouns can appear in inflected forms that reflect two features: | ||
! possession (person and number of possessor, with some entanglement with | ||
! the person and number of the subject of the utterance in cases where the | ||
! possessed noun isn't itself the subject) and number (singular vs. plural, | ||
! only in the case of a closed set of nouns): | ||
! | ||
! 1. Possession: Tsuut'ina nouns can be divided into three classes on the | ||
! basis of possession: | ||
! | ||
! 1. Nouns that always appear in unpossessed form (e.g., nàk'us "cloud"). | ||
! This class includes both common and proper nouns. | ||
! | ||
! 2. Nouns that always appear in possessed form (e.g., sitsì "my head", nitò | ||
! "your father"). This class is generally limited to body parts and | ||
! kinship terms. | ||
! | ||
! 3. Nouns that may appear in either possessed or unpossessed form (e.g., | ||
! más "knife" ~ simázà "my knife", guuniizh "story" ~ máa guunijà | ||
! "his/her/its story"). | ||
! | ||
! Nouns in the third class typically have different possessed and unpossessed | ||
! stem forms (e.g., más [unpossessed] vs. -mázà [possessed] "knife", násʔághá | ||
! [unpossessed] vs. -násʔághà [possessed] "house"). | ||
! | ||
! Nouns that have possessed forms may indicate possession morphosyntactically | ||
! in two different ways: | ||
! | ||
! A. With the addition of a possessive prefix (e.g., si- "1SG.POSS"). There | ||
! are three phonologically distinct sets of these prefixes: | ||
! | ||
! i. Mid-tone possessive prefixes: Possessive prefixes appear with a | ||
! short, mid-tone vowel of the form si-, ni-, mi- (e.g., sinásʔághà | ||
! "my house"). These are the most common possessive prefix forms | ||
! in Tsuut'ina. | ||
! | ||
! ii. High-tone possessive prefixes: Possessive prefixes appear with a | ||
! short, high-tone vowel of the form sí-, ní-, mí- (e.g., sítsí | ||
! "my nose", sídá "my older sister). This high tone derives | ||
! historically from a nasalized vowel in this prefix, and only | ||
! appear in a small, closed set of lexemes in present-day Tsuut'ina. | ||
! | ||
! iii. Mid-rising-tone possessive prefixes: Possessive prefixes appear | ||
! with a long, mid-to-high rising tone vowel of the form sií-, | ||
! nií-, mií- (e.g., siízá "my son [woman speaking]", siíts'a "my | ||
! daughter [woman speaking]"). These appear only a very limited, | ||
! closed set of lexemes. | ||
! | ||
! B. With an inflected postposition of the form sáa, náa, máa, that appears | ||
! immediately before the possessed noun (e.g., sáa guunijà "my story" | ||
! [alongside siguunijà], sáa 'uncle' "my uncle"). This strategy for | ||
! indicating possession is often used with loanwords from languages like | ||
! English, and the inflected postposition is sometimes written as a prefix | ||
! on the possessed noun (i.e., without any whitespace separating the | ||
! postposition from the possessed noun) | ||
! | ||
! While most possessed nouns occur only appear in one of these possessive | ||
! constructions, a small number are attested in both (e.g., máa guunijà ~ | ||
! miguunijà "his/her/its story"). | ||
! | ||
! | ||
! 2. Number: Most nouns in Tsuut'ina are not inflected for number (singular | ||
! vs. plural), and do not provide any morphological indications of a number | ||
! distinction. That is, the same noun form can have both singular and plural | ||
! interpretations, based on the context in which it appears (e.g., diná | ||
! "person, people"; tłìk'í más"one knife" vs. akíyí más "two knives"). | ||
! | ||
! A small, closed set of Tsuut'ina nouns have distinct singular and plural | ||
! forms. These can be divided into two classes: | ||
! | ||
! 1. Nouns that may appear with the suffix -ká to indicate plural number | ||
! (e.g., tłích'á "dog" ~ tłích'áká "dogs", xaní "cow" ~ xaníká/xanáká | ||
! "cows"). | ||
! | ||
! This set is limited to a small number of nouns referring to living | ||
! beings, generally domesticated and semi-domesticated animals (e.g., | ||
! most livestock, dogs, cats) and, for some speakers, some kinship | ||
! terms (e.g., grandchildren, younger sisters and brothers, etc.). | ||
! This plural suffix appears with both possessed and unpossessed forms | ||
! of these nouns (e.g., ístłíká "horses" ~ silích'àká "my horses"). | ||
! | ||
! It should be noted that | ||
! | ||
! i. A number of these nouns whose singular forms contain /i/ come to | ||
! have assimilated pronunciations with /a/ when -ká is added. This | ||
! results in irregular-seeming plural forms (e.g., ístłí "horse" ~ | ||
! ástłáká "horses", alongside ístłíká). | ||
! | ||
! ii. Some Tsuut'ina speakers report that -ká may only be used with | ||
! animals and not with kinship terms (cf. TLL-20230619), while | ||
! others accept -ká with both. | ||
! | ||
! 2. Nouns that have suppletive plural forms (e.g., ts'ìdoótsa "girl" ~ | ||
! it'óókúwá "girls", k'àt'íní/k'òt'íní "man" ~ k'àt'únághá/k'òt'únághá | ||
! "men"). | ||
! | ||
! Many of these nouns can be analyzed as incorporating historical plural | ||
! suffixes with several forms, including: | ||
! | ||
! i. -íghá/ághá (e.g., xàkíjí "chief" ~ xàkújághá "chiefs"); | ||
! | ||
! ii. -kúwá (e.g., ts'ootsa "old woman" ~ ts'ookúwá "old women", | ||
! alongside ts'ooká). | ||
! | ||
! iii. -ká (in cases where the stem is shorter in the plural form than | ||
! in the singular, suggesting that this is not an instance of | ||
! regular suffixation of -ká as discussed above; e.g., isgiyá | ||
! "young man" ~ isgááká "young men", xàlítsa "old man" ~ xàlíká | ||
! "old men", ts'ootsa "old woman" ~ ts'ooká "old women"). | ||
! | ||
! For the purposes of FST modelling, all of these historical sub-classes | ||
! can be treated synchronically as involving the same kind of suppletive | ||
! relationship between singular and plural forms. | ||
! | ||
! There is also a separate post-nominal marker, yiná, that marks associative | ||
! plurals referring to groups of human beings (e.g., Harold yiná "Harold and | ||
! them", sídá yiná "my older sisters [as a group]"). It would be possible to | ||
! analyze this as part of the nominal morphology surrounding nouns in | ||
! Tsuut'ina, but, since yiná is often written as a separate word (or separated | ||
! by a hyphen), we treat it here as an independent word form. | ||
! | ||
! The following lexc definitions use "+Sg" and "+Pl" tags to indicate the | ||
! value of the number feature of nouns that distinguish singular and plural | ||
! forms (both with the suffix -ká and by suppletion). Nouns that do not | ||
! distinguish singular and plural forms are not marked for this feature. | ||
! | ||
! | ||
! The Big Crow and Big Plume dialect forms of the possessive prefixes defined | ||
! below are widely attested in documentation of Tsuut'ina, and are drawn from | ||
! several sources (e.g., inflected forms found in TLL-20220825). Crowchief | ||
! dialect possessive prefix forms are less well documented; the forms defined | ||
! here are taken from Onespot & Young (1939: MSS 672 BC, Box 1, Folder 22a, | ||
! p. 67; Edward Onespot, speaker), which provides a full list of prefix forms. | ||
! Other attestations of Crowchief dialect possessive prefix forms may exist | ||
! (e.g., in the grammatical elicitation sections of Goddard's unpublished | ||
! Tsuut'ina fieldnotes, particularly in consultation with Annie Onespot, a | ||
! Crowchief dialect speaker), and it may be valuable for those sources to be | ||
! consulted further in future work. | ||
LEXICON NounPrefixes | ||
UnpossessedStems; | ||
miPossessivePrefixes; | ||
miHPossessivePrefixes; | ||
miiHPossessivePrefixes; | ||
maaPossessivePrefixes; | ||
|
||
LEXICON miPossessivePrefixes | ||
|
||
@U.PX.SG1@:@U.PX.SG1@si miPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG2@:@U.PX.SG2@ni miPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG3@:@U.PX.SG3@mi miPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG3SBJSG3@:@U.PX.SG3SBJSG3@yi miPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG3SBJSG3COREF@:@U.PX.SG3SBJSG3COREF@di miPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG3SBJPL3@:@U.PX.SG3SBJPL3@giyi miPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG4@:@U.PX.SG4@gu miPossessedStems; | ||
|
||
@U.PX.PL1@ miPossessivePrefixes12PL; | ||
@U.PX.PL2@ miPossessivePrefixes12PL; | ||
@U.PX.PL3@:@U.PX.PL3@gimi miPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.PL3SBJ3@:@U.PX.PL3SBJ3@gu miPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.PL3SBJ3COREF@:@U.PX.PL3SBJ3COREF@gidi miPossessedStems; | ||
|
||
@U.PX.AREAL@:@U.PX.AREAL@gu miPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.GIVEN@:@U.PX.GIVEN@ miPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.INDEF@:@U.PX.INDEF@i miPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.RECIP@ miPossessivePrefixesRecip; | ||
|
||
LEXICON miPossessivePrefixes12PL | ||
@U.DIALECT.BIGCROW@:@U.DIALECT.BIGCROW@nihi miPossessedStems; | ||
@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@:@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@nahi miPossessedStems; | ||
@U.DIALECT.CROWCHIEF@:@U.DIALECT.CROWCHIEF@nahi miPossessedStems; | ||
|
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LEXICON miPossessivePrefixesRecip | ||
@U.DIALECT.BIGCROW@:@U.DIALECT.BIGCROW@ítłi miPossessedStems; | ||
@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@:@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@átłi miPossessedStems; | ||
@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@:@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@ástłi miPossessedStems; | ||
@U.DIALECT.CROWCHIEF@:@U.DIALECT.CROWCHIEF@átłi miPossessedStems; | ||
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|
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LEXICON miHPossessivePrefixes | ||
|
||
@U.PX.SG1@:@U.PX.SG1@sí miHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG2@:@U.PX.SG2@ní miHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG3@:@U.PX.SG3@mí miHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG3SBJSG3@:@U.PX.SG3SBJSG3@yí miHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG3SBJSG3COREF@:@U.PX.SG3SBJSG3COREF@dí miHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG3SBJPL3@:@U.PX.SG3SBJPL3@giyí miHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG4@:@U.PX.SG4@gú miHPossessedStems; | ||
|
||
@U.PX.PL1@ miHPossessivePrefixes12PL; | ||
@U.PX.PL2@ miHPossessivePrefixes12PL; | ||
@U.PX.PL3@:@U.PX.PL3@gimí miHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.PL3SBJ3@:@U.PX.PL3SBJ3@gú miHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.PL3SBJ3COREF@:@U.PX.PL3SBJ3COREF@gidí miHPossessedStems; | ||
|
||
@U.PX.AREAL@:@U.PX.AREAL@gú miHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.GIVEN@:@U.PX.GIVEN@ miHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.INDEF@:@U.PX.INDEF@í miHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.RECIP@ miHPossessivePrefixesRecip; | ||
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LEXICON miHPossessivePrefixes12PL | ||
@U.DIALECT.BIGCROW@:@U.DIALECT.BIGCROW@nihí miHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@:@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@nahí miHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.DIALECT.CROWCHIEF@:@U.DIALECT.CROWCHIEF@nahí miHPossessedStems; | ||
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LEXICON miHPossessivePrefixesRecip | ||
@U.DIALECT.BIGCROW@:@U.DIALECT.BIGCROW@ítłí miHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@:@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@átłí miHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@:@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@ástłí miHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.DIALECT.CROWCHIEF@:@U.DIALECT.CROWCHIEF@átłí miHPossessedStems; | ||
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LEXICON miiHPossessivePrefixes | ||
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@U.PX.SG1@:@U.PX.SG1@sií miiHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG2@:@U.PX.SG2@nií miiHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG3@:@U.PX.SG3@mií miiHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG3SBJSG3@:@U.PX.SG3SBJSG3@yií miiHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG3SBJSG3COREF@:@U.PX.SG3SBJSG3COREF@dií miiHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG3SBJPL3@:@U.PX.SG3SBJPL3@giyií miiHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG4@:@U.PX.SG4@guú miiHPossessedStems; | ||
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@U.PX.PL1@ miiHPossessivePrefixes12PL; | ||
@U.PX.PL2@ miiHPossessivePrefixes12PL; | ||
@U.PX.PL3@:@U.PX.PL3@gimií miiHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.PL3SBJ3@:@U.PX.PL3SBJ3@guú miiHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.PL3SBJ3COREF@:@U.PX.PL3SBJ3COREF@gidií miiHPossessedStems; | ||
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@U.PX.AREAL@:@U.PX.AREAL@guú miiHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.GIVEN@:@U.PX.GIVEN@mií miiHPossessedStems; ! CHECK | ||
@U.PX.INDEF@:@U.PX.INDEF@ií miiHPossessedStems; ! CHECK | ||
@U.PX.RECIP@ miiHPossessivePrefixesRecip; | ||
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LEXICON miiHPossessivePrefixes12PL | ||
@U.DIALECT.BIGCROW@:@U.DIALECT.BIGCROW@nihií miiHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@:@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@nahií miiHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.DIALECT.CROWCHIEF@:@U.DIALECT.CROWCHIEF@nahií miiHPossessedStems; | ||
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LEXICON miiHPossessivePrefixesRecip | ||
@U.DIALECT.BIGCROW@:@U.DIALECT.BIGCROW@ítłií miiHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@:@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@átłií miiHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@:@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@ástłií miiHPossessedStems; | ||
@U.DIALECT.CROWCHIEF@:@U.DIALECT.CROWCHIEF@átłií miiHPossessedStems; | ||
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LEXICON maaPossessivePrefixes | ||
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@U.PX.SG1@:@U.PX.SG1@sáa% maaPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG2@:@U.PX.SG2@náa% maaPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG3@:@U.PX.SG3@máa% maaPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG3SBJSG3@:@U.PX.SG3SBJSG3@yáa% maaPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG3SBJSG3COREF@:@U.PX.SG3SBJSG3COREF@dáa% maaPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG3SBJPL3@:@U.PX.SG3SBJPL3@giyáa% maaPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.SG4@:@U.PX.SG4@gwáa% maaPossessedStems; | ||
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@U.PX.PL1@ maaPossessivePrefixes12PL; | ||
@U.PX.PL2@ maaPossessivePrefixes12PL; | ||
@U.PX.PL3@:@U.PX.PL3@gimáa% maaPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.PL3SBJ3@:@U.PX.PL3SBJ3@gwáa% maaPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.PL3SBJ3COREF@:@U.PX.PL3SBJ3COREF@gidáa% maaPossessedStems; | ||
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@U.PX.AREAL@:@U.PX.AREAL@gwáa% maaPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.GIVEN@:@U.PX.GIVEN@áa% maaPossessedStems; | ||
@U.PX.INDEF@:@U.PX.INDEF@áa% maaPossessedStems; ! CHECK | ||
@U.PX.RECIP@ maaPossessivePrefixesRecip; | ||
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LEXICON maaPossessivePrefixes12PL | ||
@U.DIALECT.BIGCROW@:@U.DIALECT.BIGCROW@niháa% maaPossessedStems; | ||
@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@:@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@naháa% maaPossessedStems; | ||
@U.DIALECT.CROWCHIEF@:@U.DIALECT.CROWCHIEF@naháa% maaPossessedStems; | ||
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LEXICON maaPossessivePrefixesRecip | ||
@U.DIALECT.BIGCROW@:@U.DIALECT.BIGCROW@ítłáa% maaPossessedStems; | ||
@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@:@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@átłáa% maaPossessedStems; | ||
@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@:@U.DIALECT.BIGPLUME@ástłáa% maaPossessedStems; | ||
@U.DIALECT.CROWCHIEF@:@U.DIALECT.CROWCHIEF@átłáa% maaPossessedStems; | ||
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LEXICON Noun | ||
+N:0 Tags; | ||
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LEXICON SingularNoun | ||
+N+Sg:0 Tags; | ||
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LEXICON PluralNoun | ||
+N+Pl:0 Tags; | ||
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LEXICON Tags | ||
@D.PX@ #; | ||
@R.PX.SG1@+PxSg1:@R.PX.SG1@ #; | ||
@R.PX.SG2@+PxSg2:@R.PX.SG2@ #; | ||
@R.PX.SG3@+PxSg3:@R.PX.SG3@ #; | ||
@R.PX.SG3SBJSG3@+PxSg3+SbjSg3:@R.PX.SG3SBJSG3@ #; | ||
@R.PX.SG3SBJSG3COREF@+PxSg3+SbjSg3+CR:@R.PX.SG3SBJSG3COREF@ #; | ||
@R.PX.SG3SBJPL3@+PxSg3+SbjPl3:@R.PX.SG3SBJPL3@ #; | ||
@R.PX.SG4@+PxSg4:@R.PX.SG4@ #; | ||
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@R.PX.PL1@+PxPl1:@R.PX.PL1@ #; | ||
@R.PX.PL2@+PxPl2:@R.PX.PL2@ #; | ||
@R.PX.PL3@+PxPl3:@R.PX.PL3@ #; | ||
@R.PX.PL3SBJ3@+PxPl3+Sbj3:@R.PX.PL3SBJ3@ #; | ||
@R.PX.PL3SBJ3COREF@+PxPl3+Sbj3+CR:@R.PX.PL3SBJ3COREF@ #; | ||
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||
@R.PX.AREAL@+PxAreal:@R.PX.AREAL@ #; | ||
@R.PX.GIVEN@+PxGiven:@R.PX.GIVEN@ #; | ||
@R.PX.INDEF@+PxIndef:@R.PX.INDEF@ #; | ||
@R.PX.RECIP@+PxRecip:@R.PX.RECIP@ #; |
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