feat(api): support deferred expressions in ibis.date/ibis.time/ibis.timestamp

[jcrist]

This PR does a few things:

• Adds full support for deferred expressions passed to ibis.date/ibis.time/ibis.timestamp
• Adds a new deferrable decorator (non-public) for wrapping top-level expr functions and making them work with deferred arguments.
• Improves the docstrings of ibis.date/ibis.time/ibis.timestamp
• Improves the type-signatures of ibis.date/ibis.time/ibis.timestamp. In particular, now mypy/pyright will complain if you don't pass in all components required or the components are the incorrect type. It also fixes the return type to indicate it's not always a scalar.

Fixes #4534.

[jcrist]

A quick demo:

In [1]: import ibis

In [2]: ibis.options.interactive = True

In [3]: from ibis import _

In [4]: t = ibis.memtable({"h": [1, 4], "m": [2, 5], "s": [3, 6]})

In [5]: t.mutate(time=ibis.time(_.h, _.m, _.s))  # time column from components
Out[5]: 
┏━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ h     ┃ m     ┃ s     ┃ time     ┃
┡━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │ time     │
├───────┼───────┼───────┼──────────┤
│     1 │     2 │     3 │ 01:02:03 │
│     4 │     5 │     6 │ 04:05:06 │
└───────┴───────┴───────┴──────────┘

In [6]: t.mutate(timestamp=ibis.timestamp(2023, 1, 2, _.h, _.m, _.s))  # timestamp column from components
┏━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┓
┃ h     ┃ m     ┃ s     ┃ timestamp           ┃
┡━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━╇━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━┩
│ int64 │ int64 │ int64 │ timestamp           │
├───────┼───────┼───────┼─────────────────────┤
│     1 │     2 │     3 │ 2023-01-02 01:02:03 │
│     4 │     5 │     6 │ 2023-01-02 04:05:06 │
└───────┴───────┴───────┴─────────────────────┘

[gforsyth]

Very minor nit -- definitely not blocking.

This is very nice and the function argument restrictions are well done.

[cpcloud]

Went ahead and committed the suggested error message, so we can merge this!

[cpcloud]

Oh bother, pre-commit 😒