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     Geant4 - an Object-Oriented Toolkit for Simulation in HEP
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                         Examples module
                         ---------------

This module collects four sets of user examples aimed to demonstrate to
the user how to make correct use of the GEANT4 toolkit by implementing
in a correct way those user-classes which the user is supposed to
customize in order to define his/her own simulation setup.

The "basic" set of examples is oriented to novice users and covering 
the most typical use-cases of a Geant4 application with keeping simplicity 
and ease of use.

An "extended" set of examples may require some additional libraries besides 
of Geant4. This set covers many specific use cases for actual detector 
simulation. 

An "advanced" set of examples covers the use-cases typical of a 
"toolkit"-oriented kind of development, where real complete applications 
for different simulation studies are provided; may require additional third 
party products to be built.

Most of the examples can be run both in interactive and batch mode, and 
input macro files (*.in) and reference output files (*.out) are provided.
See the detailed instructions how to build and how to run an example
in README.HowToRun and README.HowToRunTestEm1. Several tips how to run 
an example in multi-threading mode can be found in README.HowToRunMT.

Basic and most of the extended examples are considered part of the
system testing suite for validation of the official releases of the
GEANT4 toolkit. Basic and some of the extended and advanced
examples are also used as "acceptance"-tests for the release process.

The previous set of examples oriented to novice users, "novice",
has been refactored in "basic" and "extended" examples sets in Geant4 10.0.
The source code of the last version of the original novice examples set 
(in 9.6.p02 release) can be viewed in the Geant4 LXR code browser:
  http://www-geant4.kek.jp/lxr/source/examples/novice/?v=9.6.p2
Old novice examples are now mapped as follows in the 10.0 release:
- N01 - removed
- N02 - basic/B2
- N03 - basic/B4
- N04 - extended/runAndEvent/RE05
- N05 - extended/parameterisations/Par01
- N06 - extended/optical/OpNovice
- N07 - extended/runAndEvent/RE06

Basic examples
 ExampleB1
   - Simple geometry with a few solids 
   - Scoring total dose in a selected volume user action classes
   
 ExampleB2
   - Simplified tracker geometry with global constant magnetic field
   - Scoring within tracker via G4 sensitive detector and hits
   - Started from novice/N02 example
   
 ExampleB3
   - Schematic Positron Emitted Tomography system 
   - Radioactive source 
   - Scoring within Crystals via G4 scorers

 ExampleB4
   - Simplified calorimeter with layers of two materials
   - Scoring within layers in four ways: via user actions (a), via user own 
     object (b), via G4 sensitive detector and hits (c) and via scorers (d)
   - Started from novice/N03 example

Extended level examples
 analysis
   - Histogramming through the AIDA interface
 biasing
   - Examples of event biasing, scoring and reverse-MC
 common
   - A set of common classes which can be reused in other examples demonstrating
     just a particular feature  
 electromagnetic
   - Specific EM physics simulation with histogramming
 errorpropagation
   - Use of the error propagation utility (Geant4e)
 eventgenerator
   - Applications using interface to HepMC
 exoticphysics
   - Exotic simulation applications (classical magnetic monopole, etc...)
 field
   - Specific simulation setups in magnetic field
 g3tog3
   - Examples of usage of the g3tog4 converter tool
 geometry
   - Specific geometry examples and tools: OLAP tool for detection
     of overlapping geometries
 hadronic
   - Specific hadronic physics simulation with histogramming
 medical
   - Specific examples for medical physics applications
 optical
   - Examples of generic optical processes simulation setups
 parallel
   - Examples of event-level parallelism in Geant4 using either the
     TOP-C library, Intel-TBB library or MPI technique
 parameterisations
   - Examples for fast shower parameterisations according to specific models
 persistency
   - Persistency of geometry (GDML or ASCII) and simulation output
 polarisation
   - Use of physics processes including polarization
 radioactivedecay
   - Examples to simulate the decays of radioactive isotopes and
     induced radioactivity resulted from nuclear interactions
 runAndEvent
   - Examples to demonstrate how to connect the information between
     primary particles and hits and utilize user-information classes
 visualization
   - Specific visualization features and graphical customisations

Advanced level examples
 air_shower
   - Simulation of the ULTRA detector for UV and charged particles
     detection in cosmic rays
 amsEcal
   - Simplified AMS Ecal calorimeter structure
 brachytherapy
   - Setup for brachytherapy Ir-192 HDR source
 ChargeExchangeMC
   - Charge Exchange Monte Carlo
 composite_calorimeter
   - Test-beam simulation used in CMS against real data taken
     in 1996 in a CMS Hadron calorimeter test-beam at LHC
 dnageometry
   - Setup of a realistic nucleus model of a cell, including chromosomes,
     in combination with Geant4-DNA physics
 eRosita
   - Simplified eROSITA X-ray telescope setup for instrumental background
     simulations for fluorescence measurements.
 gammaknife
   - Application specifically developed to simulate an advanced device for
     Stereotactic Radiosurgery; reproduces a Leksell Gamma-Knife unit model C
 gammaray_telescope
   - Simulation of a typical telescope for gamma ray analysis
 hadrontherapy
   - Simulation of a hadron therapy beam line
 human_phantom
   - Anthropomorphic phantoms (male and female) based on MIRD/ORNL model
     with geometry description derived from GDML persistent files
 iort_therapy
   - Application specifically developed to address typical needs related to
     the Intra-Operative Radio-Therapy (IORT) technique
 lAr_calorimeter
   - Simulation of the Liquid Argon Calorimeter of the ATLAS
     Detector at LHC
 medical_linac
   - Simulation of energy deposit in a Phantom filled with water
     for a typical linac used for intensity modulated radiation therapy
 microbeam
   - Simulation of the cellular irradiation beam line installed on the AIFIRA
     electrostatic accelerator facility located at CENBG, France
 microelectronics
   - Simulating tracks of a 5 MeV proton in silicon.
 nanobeam
   - Simulation of the beam optics of the nanobeam line installed on the AIFIRA
     electrostatic accelerator facility located at CENBG, France.
 purging_magnet
   - Simulation of electrons traveling through a 3D magnetic field of a
     strong purging magnet used for treatment head in a medical environment
 radioprotection
   - Modeling a simplified diamond microdosimeter for radioprotection
     applications in space environments.
 underground_physics
   - Setup of an underground dark matter experiment
 xray_fluorescence
   - Test beam to characterize the response function of an
     HPGe detector used to measure fluorescence emissions
 xray_telescope
   - Realistic simulation of an X-ray Telescope