Fix Golang in Dockerfile

[clenk]

Description

Supersedes #2802. Fixes the same issue with compiling Go. I also updated mentions of minimum required golang version. Ubuntu 23.04 is the earliest version with Go v1.19+, so switched to it as the base. However, it also gives an error when running pip outside of a virtual environment, so I added that to the Dockerfile as well. Finally, I got go errors about "no required module provides package" until I added the go mod commands.

Must be merged in tandem with mitre/sandcat#434.

Type of change

• Bug fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)

How Has This Been Tested?

Ran Caldera via Dockerfile.

Checklist:

• My code follows the style guidelines of this project
• I have performed a self-review of my own code
• I have made corresponding changes to the documentation
• I have added tests that prove my fix is effective or that my feature works

[sonarqubecloud]

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[elegantmoose]

Tested on linux. LGTM.