Refactor prometheus exporter to slightly improve performance

[dashpole]

Depends on #3342

This removes the intermediary metricData struct for storing metrics, and instead directly constructs them and places them in the channel.

Before:

goos: linux
goarch: amd64
pkg: go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus
cpu: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU @ 2.20GHz
BenchmarkCollect1-16        	   34020	     36013 ns/op	   34377 B/op	      37 allocs/op
BenchmarkCollect10-16       	   17280	     71593 ns/op	   43729 B/op	     223 allocs/op
BenchmarkCollect100-16      	    3484	    315440 ns/op	  141521 B/op	    2049 allocs/op
BenchmarkCollect1000-16     	     403	   3019380 ns/op	 1178601 B/op	   20133 allocs/op
BenchmarkCollect10000-16    	      37	  31071324 ns/op	11247557 B/op	  200570 allocs/op
PASS
ok  	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus	7.537s

After:

goos: linux
goarch: amd64
pkg: go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus
cpu: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU @ 2.20GHz
BenchmarkCollect1-16        	   35424	     33992 ns/op	   34265 B/op	      34 allocs/op
BenchmarkCollect10-16       	   20886	     57156 ns/op	   42440 B/op	     198 allocs/op
BenchmarkCollect100-16      	    3814	    315079 ns/op	  129088 B/op	    1841 allocs/op
BenchmarkCollect1000-16     	     506	   2380297 ns/op	 1049404 B/op	   18121 allocs/op
BenchmarkCollect10000-16    	      45	  23002387 ns/op	 9850371 B/op	  180552 allocs/op
PASS
ok  	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus	7.234s

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 41.17647% with 20 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 77.9%. Comparing base (587437b) to head (15ab000).
Report is 1864 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
exporters/prometheus/exporter.go	41.1%	17 Missing and 3 partials ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##            main   #3351     +/-   ##
=======================================
- Coverage   78.0%   77.9%   -0.1%     
=======================================
  Files        164     164             
  Lines      11363   11323     -40     
=======================================
- Hits        8865    8826     -39     
+ Misses      2301    2299      -2     
- Partials     197     198      +1     

Files with missing lines	Coverage Δ
exporters/prometheus/exporter.go	81.1% <41.1%> (-3.0%)	⬇️

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[dashpole]

This is tough to rebase. I'll wait until after #3352 as well

[dashpole]

rebased now

[MrAlias]

🎉