Enhance exception handling in MCP server initialization and cleanup

src/agents/mcp/server.py

@@ -3,12 +3,17 @@
 import abc
 import asyncio
 import inspect
+import sys
 from collections.abc import Awaitable
 from contextlib import AbstractAsyncContextManager, AsyncExitStack
 from datetime import timedelta
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Callable, Literal, TypeVar
 
+import httpx
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 11):
+    from exceptiongroup import BaseExceptionGroup  # pyright: ignore[reportMissingImports]
 from anyio.streams.memory import MemoryObjectReceiveStream, MemoryObjectSendStream
 from mcp import ClientSession, StdioServerParameters, Tool as MCPTool, stdio_client
 from mcp.client.session import MessageHandlerFnT
@@ -251,6 +256,64 @@ def invalidate_tools_cache(self):
         """Invalidate the tools cache."""
         self._cache_dirty = True
 
+    def _extract_http_error_from_exception(self, e: Exception) -> Exception | None:
+        """Extract HTTP error from exception or ExceptionGroup."""
+        if isinstance(e, (httpx.HTTPStatusError, httpx.ConnectError, httpx.TimeoutException)):
+            return e
+
+        # Check if it's an ExceptionGroup containing HTTP errors
+        if isinstance(e, BaseExceptionGroup):
+            for exc in e.exceptions:
+                if isinstance(
+                    exc, (httpx.HTTPStatusError, httpx.ConnectError, httpx.TimeoutException)
+                ):
+                    return exc
+
+        return None
+
+    def _raise_user_error_for_http_error(self, http_error: Exception) -> None:
+        """Raise appropriate UserError for HTTP error."""
+        if isinstance(http_error, httpx.HTTPStatusError):
+            status_code = http_error.response.status_code
+            if status_code == 401:
+                raise UserError(
+                    f"Failed to connect to MCP server '{self.name}': "
+                    f"Authentication failed (401 Unauthorized). "
+                    f"Please check your credentials."
+                ) from http_error
+            elif status_code == 403:
+                raise UserError(
+                    f"Failed to connect to MCP server '{self.name}': "
+                    f"Access forbidden (403 Forbidden). "
+                    f"Please check your permissions."
+                ) from http_error
+
+            elif status_code >= 500:
+                raise UserError(
+                    f"Failed to connect to MCP server '{self.name}': "
+                    f"Server error ({status_code}). "
+                    f"The MCP server may be experiencing issues."
+                ) from http_error
+
+            else:
+                raise UserError(
+                    f"Failed to connect to MCP server '{self.name}': HTTP error {status_code}"
+                ) from http_error
+
+        elif isinstance(http_error, httpx.ConnectError):
+            raise UserError(
+                f"Failed to connect to MCP server '{self.name}': "
+                f"Could not reach the server. "
+                f"Please check that the server is running and the URL is correct."
+            ) from http_error
+
+        elif isinstance(http_error, httpx.TimeoutException):
+            raise UserError(
+                f"Failed to connect to MCP server '{self.name}': "
+                f"Connection timeout. "
+                f"The server did not respond in time."
+            ) from http_error
+
     async def _run_with_retries(self, func: Callable[[], Awaitable[T]]) -> T:
         attempts = 0
         while True:
@@ -265,6 +328,7 @@ async def _run_with_retries(self, func: Callable[[], Awaitable[T]]) -> T:
 
     async def connect(self):
         """Connect to the server."""
+        connection_succeeded = False
         try:
             transport = await self.exit_stack.enter_async_context(self.create_streams())
             # streamablehttp_client returns (read, write, get_session_id)
@@ -285,10 +349,51 @@ async def connect(self):
             server_result = await session.initialize()
             self.server_initialize_result = server_result
             self.session = session
+            connection_succeeded = True
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Error initializing MCP server: {e}")
-            await self.cleanup()
+            # Try to extract HTTP error from exception or ExceptionGroup
+            http_error = self._extract_http_error_from_exception(e)
+            if http_error:
+                self._raise_user_error_for_http_error(http_error)
+
+            # For CancelledError, it might mask an HTTP error that will be raised during cleanup
+            if isinstance(e, asyncio.CancelledError):
+                raise UserError(
+                    f"Failed to connect to MCP server '{self.name}': Connection was cancelled. "
+                    f"This may indicate the server is unreachable or returned an error."
+                ) from e
+
+            # For HTTP-related errors, wrap them
+            if isinstance(e, (httpx.HTTPStatusError, httpx.ConnectError, httpx.TimeoutException)):
+                self._raise_user_error_for_http_error(e)
+
+            # For other errors, re-raise as-is (don't wrap non-HTTP errors)
             raise
+        finally:
+            # Always attempt cleanup on error, but suppress cleanup errors that mask the original
+            if not connection_succeeded:
+                try:
+                    await self.cleanup()
+                except UserError:
+                    # Re-raise UserError from cleanup (contains the real HTTP error)
+                    raise
+                except Exception as cleanup_error:
+                    # Suppress RuntimeError about cancel scopes during cleanup - this is a known
+                    # issue with the MCP library's async generator cleanup and shouldn't mask the
+                    # original error
+                    if isinstance(cleanup_error, RuntimeError) and "cancel scope" in str(
+                        cleanup_error
+                    ):
+                        logger.debug(
+                            f"Ignoring cancel scope error during cleanup of MCP server "
+                            f"'{self.name}': {cleanup_error}"
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        # Log other cleanup errors but don't raise - original error is more
+                        # important
+                        logger.warning(
+                            f"Error during cleanup of MCP server '{self.name}': {cleanup_error}"
+                        )
 
     async def list_tools(
         self,
@@ -301,21 +406,32 @@ async def list_tools(
         session = self.session
         assert session is not None
 
-        # Return from cache if caching is enabled, we have tools, and the cache is not dirty
-        if self.cache_tools_list and not self._cache_dirty and self._tools_list:
-            tools = self._tools_list
-        else:
-            # Fetch the tools from the server
-            result = await self._run_with_retries(lambda: session.list_tools())
-            self._tools_list = result.tools
-            self._cache_dirty = False
-            tools = self._tools_list
-
-        # Filter tools based on tool_filter
-        filtered_tools = tools
-        if self.tool_filter is not None:
-            filtered_tools = await self._apply_tool_filter(filtered_tools, run_context, agent)
-        return filtered_tools
+        try:
+            # Return from cache if caching is enabled, we have tools, and the cache is not dirty
+            if self.cache_tools_list and not self._cache_dirty and self._tools_list:
+                tools = self._tools_list
+            else:
+                # Fetch the tools from the server
+                result = await self._run_with_retries(lambda: session.list_tools())
+                self._tools_list = result.tools
+                self._cache_dirty = False
+                tools = self._tools_list
+
+            # Filter tools based on tool_filter
+            filtered_tools = tools
+            if self.tool_filter is not None:
+                filtered_tools = await self._apply_tool_filter(filtered_tools, run_context, agent)
+            return filtered_tools
+        except httpx.HTTPStatusError as e:
+            status_code = e.response.status_code
+            raise UserError(
+                f"Failed to list tools from MCP server '{self.name}': HTTP error {status_code}"
+            ) from e
+        except httpx.ConnectError as e:
+            raise UserError(
+                f"Failed to list tools from MCP server '{self.name}': Connection lost. "
+                f"The server may have disconnected."
+            ) from e
 
     async def call_tool(self, tool_name: str, arguments: dict[str, Any] | None) -> CallToolResult:
         """Invoke a tool on the server."""
@@ -324,7 +440,19 @@ async def call_tool(self, tool_name: str, arguments: dict[str, Any] | None) -> C
         session = self.session
         assert session is not None
 
-        return await self._run_with_retries(lambda: session.call_tool(tool_name, arguments))
+        try:
+            return await self._run_with_retries(lambda: session.call_tool(tool_name, arguments))
+        except httpx.HTTPStatusError as e:
+            status_code = e.response.status_code
+            raise UserError(
+                f"Failed to call tool '{tool_name}' on MCP server '{self.name}': "
+                f"HTTP error {status_code}"
+            ) from e
+        except httpx.ConnectError as e:
+            raise UserError(
+                f"Failed to call tool '{tool_name}' on MCP server '{self.name}': Connection lost. "
+                f"The server may have disconnected."
+            ) from e
 
     async def list_prompts(
         self,
@@ -349,8 +477,75 @@ async def cleanup(self):
         async with self._cleanup_lock:
             try:
                 await self.exit_stack.aclose()
+            except BaseExceptionGroup as eg:
+                # Extract HTTP errors from ExceptionGroup raised during cleanup
+                # This happens when background tasks fail (e.g., HTTP errors)
+                http_error = None
+                connect_error = None
+                timeout_error = None
+
+                for exc in eg.exceptions:
+                    if isinstance(exc, httpx.HTTPStatusError):
+                        http_error = exc
+                    elif isinstance(exc, httpx.ConnectError):
+                        connect_error = exc
+                    elif isinstance(exc, httpx.TimeoutException):
+                        timeout_error = exc
+
+                # If we found an HTTP error, raise it as UserError
+                if http_error:
+                    status_code = http_error.response.status_code
+                    if status_code == 401:
+                        raise UserError(
+                            f"Failed to connect to MCP server '{self.name}': "
+                            f"Authentication failed (401 Unauthorized). "
+                            f"Please check your credentials."
+                        ) from http_error
+                    elif status_code == 403:
+                        raise UserError(
+                            f"Failed to connect to MCP server '{self.name}': "
+                            f"Access forbidden (403 Forbidden). "
+                            f"Please check your permissions."
+                        ) from http_error
+                    elif status_code >= 500:
+                        raise UserError(
+                            f"Failed to connect to MCP server '{self.name}': "
+                            f"Server error ({status_code}). "
+                            f"The MCP server may be experiencing issues."
+                        ) from http_error
+                    else:
+                        raise UserError(
+                            f"Failed to connect to MCP server '{self.name}': HTTP error {status_code}"  # noqa: E501
+                        ) from http_error
+                elif connect_error:
+                    raise UserError(
+                        f"Failed to connect to MCP server '{self.name}': "
+                        f"Could not reach the server. "
+                        f"Please check that the server is running and the URL is correct."
+                    ) from connect_error
+                elif timeout_error:
+                    raise UserError(
+                        f"Failed to connect to MCP server '{self.name}': "
+                        f"Connection timeout. "
+                        f"The server did not respond in time."
+                    ) from timeout_error
+                else:
+                    # No HTTP error found, suppress RuntimeError about cancel scopes
+                    has_cancel_scope_error = any(
+                        isinstance(exc, RuntimeError) and "cancel scope" in str(exc)
+                        for exc in eg.exceptions
+                    )
+                    if has_cancel_scope_error:
+                        logger.debug(f"Ignoring cancel scope error during cleanup: {eg}")
+                    else:
+                        logger.error(f"Error cleaning up server: {eg}")
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"Error cleaning up server: {e}")
+                # Suppress RuntimeError about cancel scopes - this is a known issue with the MCP
+                # library when background tasks fail during async generator cleanup
+                if isinstance(e, RuntimeError) and "cancel scope" in str(e):
+                    logger.debug(f"Ignoring cancel scope error during cleanup: {e}")
+                else:
+                    logger.error(f"Error cleaning up server: {e}")
             finally:
                 self.session = None
 

src/agents/mcp/util.py

@@ -201,9 +201,14 @@ async def invoke_mcp_tool(
 
         try:
             result = await server.call_tool(tool.name, json_data)
+        except UserError:
+            # Re-raise UserError as-is (it already has a good message)
+            raise
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Error invoking MCP tool {tool.name}: {e}")
-            raise AgentsException(f"Error invoking MCP tool {tool.name}: {e}") from e
+            logger.error(f"Error invoking MCP tool {tool.name} on server '{server.name}': {e}")
+            raise AgentsException(
+                f"Error invoking MCP tool {tool.name} on server '{server.name}': {e}"
+            ) from e
 
         if _debug.DONT_LOG_TOOL_DATA:
             logger.debug(f"MCP tool {tool.name} completed.")