pypa · henryiii · Jul 23, 2025 · Apr 4, 2025 · Apr 4, 2025 · Apr 15, 2025
diff --git a/.github/workflows/test.yml b/.github/workflows/test.yml
@@ -70,13 +70,23 @@ jobs:
 
     - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
 
-    # free some space to prevent reaching GHA disk space limits
-    - name: Clean docker images
+    - name: Free up disk space
       if: runner.os == 'Linux'
       run: |
         docker system prune -a -f
+        sudo rm -rf $ANDROID_HOME/ndk/{26,28}.* /opt/hostedtoolcache/CodeQL \
+          /usr/local/lib/node_modules /usr/local/share/chromium \
+          /usr/local/share/powershell
         df -h
 
+    # https://github.blog/changelog/2024-04-02-github-actions-hardware-accelerated-android-virtualization-now-available/
+    - name: Enable KVM for Android emulator
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux' && runner.arch == 'X64'
+      run: |
+          echo 'KERNEL=="kvm", GROUP="kvm", MODE="0666", OPTIONS+="static_node=kvm"' | sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/99-kvm4all.rules
+          sudo udevadm control --reload-rules
+          sudo udevadm trigger --name-match=kvm
+
     # for oci_container unit tests
     - name: Set up QEMU
       if: runner.os == 'Linux'

diff --git a/.pre-commit-config.yaml b/.pre-commit-config.yaml
@@ -26,13 +26,16 @@ repos:
   - id: mypy
     name: mypy 3.11 on cibuildwheel/
     args: ["--python-version=3.11"]
+    exclude: ^cibuildwheel/resources/_cross_venv.py$  # Requires Python 3.13 or later
     additional_dependencies: &mypy-dependencies
       - bracex
+      - build
       - dependency-groups>=1.2
       - humanize
       - nox>=2025.2.9
       - orjson
       - packaging
+      - pyelftools
       - pygithub
       - pytest
       - rich
@@ -47,7 +50,6 @@ repos:
       - validate-pyproject
   - id: mypy
     name: mypy 3.13
-    exclude: ^cibuildwheel/resources/.*py$
     args: ["--python-version=3.13"]
     additional_dependencies: *mypy-dependencies
 

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
@@ -23,20 +23,20 @@ What does it do?
 
 While cibuildwheel itself requires a recent Python version to run (we support the last three releases), it can target the following versions to build wheels:
 
-|                    | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux x86_64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux i686 | manylinux<br/>musllinux aarch64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux ppc64le | manylinux<br/>musllinux s390x | manylinux<br/>musllinux armv7l | iOS | Pyodide |
-|--------------------|----|-----|-----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|---|-----|-----|
-| CPython 3.8        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A |
-| CPython 3.9        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A |
-| CPython 3.10       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A |
-| CPython 3.11       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A |
-| CPython 3.12       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | N/A | ✅⁴ |
-| CPython 3.13³      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | ✅ | N/A |
-| CPython 3.14³      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | ✅ | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.8 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.9 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.10 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| PyPy 3.11 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
-| GraalPy 3.11 v24.2 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | N/A  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+|                    | macOS Intel | macOS Apple Silicon | Windows 64bit | Windows 32bit | Windows Arm64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux x86_64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux i686 | manylinux<br/>musllinux aarch64 | manylinux<br/>musllinux ppc64le | manylinux<br/>musllinux s390x | manylinux<br/>musllinux armv7l | Android | iOS | Pyodide |
+|--------------------|----|-----|----|-----|-----|----|-----|----|-----|-----|---|-----|-----|-----|
+| CPython 3.8        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.9        | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅ | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.10       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.11       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| CPython 3.12       | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | N/A | N/A | ✅⁴ |
+| CPython 3.13³      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | ✅ | ✅ | N/A |
+| CPython 3.14³      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅  | ✅² | ✅ | ✅  | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | ✅⁵  | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.8 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.9 v7.3      | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.10 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| PyPy 3.11 v7.3     | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | ✅¹  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
+| GraalPy 3.11 v24.2 | ✅ | ✅  | ✅  | N/A | N/A | ✅¹ | N/A  | ✅¹ | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
 
 <sup>¹ PyPy & GraalPy are only supported for manylinux wheels.</sup><br>
 <sup>² Windows arm64 support is experimental.</sup><br>
@@ -56,19 +56,19 @@ Usage
 
 `cibuildwheel` runs inside a CI service. Supported platforms depend on which service you're using:
 
-|                 | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM | macOS ARM | Windows ARM | iOS |
-|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|-----------|-----------|-------------|-----|
-| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       | ✅        | ✅        | ✅          | ✅³  |
-| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       |           | ✅        | ✅²         | ✅³  |
-| Travis CI       | ✅    |       | ✅      | ✅        |           |             |     |
-| CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         | ✅        | ✅        |             | ✅³  |
-| Gitlab CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅¹       | ✅        |             | ✅³  |
-| Cirrus CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅        | ✅        |             |      |
+|                 | Linux | macOS | Windows | Linux ARM | macOS ARM | Windows ARM | Android | iOS |
+|-----------------|-------|-------|---------|-----------|-----------|-------------|---------|-----|
+| GitHub Actions  | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       | ✅        | ✅        | ✅²         | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
+| Azure Pipelines | ✅    | ✅    | ✅       |           | ✅        | ✅²         | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
+| Travis CI       | ✅    |       | ✅      | ✅        |           |             | ✅⁴      |     |
+| CircleCI        | ✅    | ✅    |         | ✅        | ✅        |             | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
+| Gitlab CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅¹       | ✅        |             | ✅⁴      | ✅³  |
+| Cirrus CI       | ✅    | ✅    | ✅      | ✅        | ✅        |             | ✅⁴      |      |
 
 <sup>¹ [Requires emulation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#emulation), distributed separately. Other services may also support Linux ARM through emulation or third-party build hosts, but these are not tested in our CI.</sup><br>
 <sup>² [Uses cross-compilation](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/faq/#windows-arm64). It is not possible to test `arm64` on this CI platform.</sup><br>
-<sup>³ Requires a macOS runner; runs tests on the simulator for the runner's architecture.</sup>
-
+<sup>³ Requires a macOS runner; runs tests on the simulator for the runner's architecture.</sup><br>
+<sup>⁴ Building for Android requires the runner to be Linux x86_64, macOS ARM64 or macOS x86_64. Testing has [additional requirements](https://cibuildwheel.pypa.io/en/stable/platforms/#android).</sup><br>
 <!--intro-end-->
 
 Example setup

diff --git a/azure-pipelines.yml b/azure-pipelines.yml
@@ -23,6 +23,11 @@ jobs:
     - task: UsePythonVersion@0
       inputs:
         versionSpec: '3.11'
+    - task: JavaToolInstaller@0
+      inputs:
+        versionSpec: '17'
+        jdkArchitectureOption: 'x64'
+        jdkSourceOption: 'PreInstalled'
     - bash: |
         docker run --rm --privileged docker.io/tonistiigi/binfmt:latest --install all
         python -m pip install -U pip

diff --git a/bin/generate_schema.py b/bin/generate_schema.py
@@ -348,6 +348,7 @@ def as_object(d: dict[str, Any]) -> dict[str, Any]:
     "windows": as_object(not_linux),
     "macos": as_object(not_linux),
     "pyodide": as_object(not_linux),
+    "android": as_object(not_linux),
     "ios": as_object(not_linux),
 }
 

diff --git a/bin/update_pythons.py b/bin/update_pythons.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 from collections.abc import Mapping, MutableMapping
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import Any, Final, Literal, TypedDict
+from xml.etree import ElementTree as ET
 
 import click
 import requests
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@
 from rich.syntax import Syntax
 
 from cibuildwheel.extra import dump_python_configurations, get_pyodide_xbuildenv_info
+from cibuildwheel.platforms.android import android_triplet
 
 log = logging.getLogger("cibw")
 
@@ -57,14 +59,20 @@ class ConfigApple(TypedDict):
     url: str
 
 
+class ConfigAndroid(TypedDict):
+    identifier: str
+    version: str
+    url: str
+
+
 class ConfigPyodide(TypedDict):
     identifier: str
     version: str
     default_pyodide_version: str
     node_version: str
 
 
-AnyConfig = ConfigWinCP | ConfigWinPP | ConfigWinGP | ConfigApple | ConfigPyodide
+AnyConfig = ConfigWinCP | ConfigWinPP | ConfigWinGP | ConfigApple | ConfigAndroid | ConfigPyodide
 
 
 # The following set of "Versions" classes allow the initial call to the APIs to
@@ -320,6 +328,39 @@ def update_version_macos(
         return None
 
 
+class AndroidVersions:
+    # This should be replaced with official python.org downloads once they're available.
+    MAVEN_URL = "https://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2/com/chaquo/python/python"
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        response = requests.get(f"{self.MAVEN_URL}/maven-metadata.xml")
+        response.raise_for_status()
+        root = ET.fromstring(response.text)
+
+        self.versions: list[Version] = []
+        for version_elem in root.findall("./versioning/versions/version"):
+            version_str = version_elem.text
+            assert isinstance(version_str, str), version_str
+            self.versions.append(Version(version_str))
+
+    def update_version_android(
+        self, identifier: str, version: Version, spec: Specifier
+    ) -> ConfigAndroid | None:
+        sorted_versions = sorted(spec.filter(self.versions), reverse=True)
+
+        # Return a config using the highest version for the given specifier.
+        if sorted_versions:
+            max_version = sorted_versions[0]
+            triplet = android_triplet(identifier)
+            return ConfigAndroid(
+                identifier=identifier,
+                version=str(version),
+                url=f"{self.MAVEN_URL}/{max_version}/python-{max_version}-{triplet}.tar.gz",
+            )
+        else:
+            return None
+
+
 class CPythonIOSVersions:
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         response = requests.get(
@@ -413,6 +454,7 @@ def __init__(self) -> None:
         self.macos_pypy = PyPyVersions("64")
         self.macos_pypy_arm64 = PyPyVersions("ARM64")
 
+        self.android = AndroidVersions()
         self.ios_cpython = CPythonIOSVersions()
 
         self.graalpy = GraalPyVersions()
@@ -455,6 +497,8 @@ def update_config(self, config: MutableMapping[str, str]) -> None:
             config_update = self.windows_t_arm64.update_version_windows(spec)
         elif "win_arm64" in identifier and identifier.startswith("cp"):
             config_update = self.windows_arm64.update_version_windows(spec)
+        elif "android" in identifier:
+            config_update = self.android.update_version_android(identifier, version, spec)
         elif "ios" in identifier:
             config_update = self.ios_cpython.update_version_ios(identifier, version)
         elif "pyodide" in identifier:
@@ -490,17 +534,9 @@ def update_pythons(force: bool, level: str) -> None:
     with toml_file_path.open("rb") as f:
         configs = tomllib.load(f)
 
-    for config in configs["windows"]["python_configurations"]:
-        all_versions.update_config(config)
-
-    for config in configs["macos"]["python_configurations"]:
-        all_versions.update_config(config)
-
-    for config in configs["ios"]["python_configurations"]:
-        all_versions.update_config(config)
-
-    for config in configs["pyodide"]["python_configurations"]:
-        all_versions.update_config(config)
+    for platform in ["windows", "macos", "android", "ios", "pyodide"]:
+        for config in configs[platform]["python_configurations"]:
+            all_versions.update_config(config)
 
     result_toml = dump_python_configurations(configs)
 

diff --git a/cibuildwheel/__main__.py b/cibuildwheel/__main__.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 from cibuildwheel.ci import CIProvider, detect_ci_provider, fix_ansi_codes_for_github_actions
 from cibuildwheel.logger import log
 from cibuildwheel.options import CommandLineArguments, Options, compute_options
-from cibuildwheel.platforms import ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES, get_build_identifiers
+from cibuildwheel.platforms import ALL_PLATFORM_MODULES, get_build_identifiers, native_platform
 from cibuildwheel.selector import BuildSelector, EnableGroup, selector_matches
 from cibuildwheel.typing import PLATFORMS, PlatformName
 from cibuildwheel.util.file import CIBW_CACHE_PATH
@@ -93,14 +93,14 @@ def main_inner(global_options: GlobalOptions) -> None:
 
     parser.add_argument(
         "--platform",
-        choices=["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide", "ios"],
+        choices=["auto", "linux", "macos", "windows", "pyodide", "android", "ios"],
         default=None,
         help="""
             Platform to build for. Use this option to override the auto-detected
             platform. Specifying "macos" or "windows" only works on that
             operating system. "linux" works on any desktop OS, as long as
-            Docker/Podman is installed. "pyodide" only works on linux and macOS.
-            "ios" only work on macOS. Default: auto.
+            Docker/Podman is installed. "pyodide" and "android" only work on
+            Linux and macOS. "ios" only works on macOS. Default: auto.
         """,
     )
 
@@ -241,28 +241,14 @@ def _compute_platform_only(only: str) -> PlatformName:
         return "windows"
     if "pyodide_" in only:
         return "pyodide"
+    if "android_" in only:
+        return "android"
     if "ios_" in only:
         return "ios"
     msg = f"Invalid --only='{only}', must be a build selector with a known platform"
     raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
 
 
-def _compute_platform_auto() -> PlatformName:
-    if sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
-        return "linux"
-    elif sys.platform == "darwin":
-        return "macos"
-    elif sys.platform == "win32":
-        return "windows"
-    else:
-        msg = (
-            'Unable to detect platform from "sys.platform". cibuildwheel doesn\'t '
-            "support building wheels for this platform. You might be able to build for a different "
-            "platform using the --platform argument. Check --help output for more information."
-        )
-        raise errors.ConfigurationError(msg)
-
-
 def _compute_platform(args: CommandLineArguments) -> PlatformName:
     platform_option_value = args.platform or os.environ.get("CIBW_PLATFORM", "") or "auto"
 
@@ -282,7 +268,7 @@ def _compute_platform(args: CommandLineArguments) -> PlatformName:
     elif platform_option_value != "auto":
         return typing.cast(PlatformName, platform_option_value)
 
-    return _compute_platform_auto()
+    return native_platform()
 
 
 def build_in_directory(args: CommandLineArguments) -> None:

diff --git a/cibuildwheel/architecture.py b/cibuildwheel/architecture.py
@@ -17,16 +17,25 @@
     "macos": "macOS",
     "windows": "Windows",
     "pyodide": "Pyodide",
+    "android": "Android",
     "ios": "iOS",
 }
 
 ARCH_SYNONYMS: Final[list[dict[PlatformName, str | None]]] = [
-    {"linux": "x86_64", "macos": "x86_64", "windows": "AMD64"},
+    {"linux": "x86_64", "macos": "x86_64", "windows": "AMD64", "android": "x86_64"},
     {"linux": "i686", "macos": None, "windows": "x86"},
-    {"linux": "aarch64", "macos": "arm64", "windows": "ARM64"},
+    {"linux": "aarch64", "macos": "arm64", "windows": "ARM64", "android": "arm64_v8a"},
 ]
 
 
+def arch_synonym(arch: str, from_platform: PlatformName, to_platform: PlatformName) -> str | None:
+    for arch_synonym_ in ARCH_SYNONYMS:
+        if arch == arch_synonym_.get(from_platform):
+            return arch_synonym_.get(to_platform, arch)
+
+    return arch
+
+
 def _check_aarch32_el0() -> bool:
     """Check if running armv7l natively on aarch64 is supported"""
     if not sys.platform.startswith("linux"):
@@ -42,7 +51,7 @@ def _check_aarch32_el0() -> bool:
 
 @typing.final
 class Architecture(StrEnum):
-    # mac/linux archs
+    # mac/linux/android archs
     x86_64 = auto()
 
     # linux archs
@@ -65,6 +74,9 @@ class Architecture(StrEnum):
     # WebAssembly
     wasm32 = auto()
 
+    # android archs
+    arm64_v8a = auto()
+
     # iOS "multiarch" architectures that include both
     # the CPU architecture and the ABI.
     arm64_iphoneos = auto()
@@ -123,15 +135,12 @@ def native_arch(platform: PlatformName) -> "Architecture | None":
         # we might need to rename the native arch to the machine we're running
         # on, as the same arch can have different names on different platforms
         if host_platform != platform:
-            for arch_synonym in ARCH_SYNONYMS:
-                if native_machine == arch_synonym.get(host_platform):
-                    synonym = arch_synonym[platform]
-
-                    if synonym is None:
-                        # can't build anything on this platform
-                        return None
+            synonym = arch_synonym(native_machine, host_platform, platform)
+            if synonym is None:
+                # can't build anything on this platform
+                return None
 
-                    native_architecture = Architecture(synonym)
+            native_architecture = Architecture(synonym)
 
         return native_architecture
 
@@ -166,6 +175,7 @@ def all_archs(platform: PlatformName) -> "set[Architecture]":
             "macos": {Architecture.x86_64, Architecture.arm64, Architecture.universal2},
             "windows": {Architecture.x86, Architecture.AMD64, Architecture.ARM64},
             "pyodide": {Architecture.wasm32},
+            "android": {Architecture.x86_64, Architecture.arm64_v8a},
             "ios": {
                 Architecture.x86_64_iphonesimulator,
                 Architecture.arm64_iphonesimulator,