Add support for functools.partial #12085

Job	Run time
Test suite with py38-ubuntu, mypyc-compiled	18m 22s
Test suite with py38-windows-64	26m 48s
Test suite with py39-ubuntu	18m 35s
Test suite with py310-ubuntu	18m 4s
Test mypyc suite with 32-bit Python	8m 5s
Test suite with py311-ubuntu, mypyc-compiled	17m 49s
Test suite with py312-ubuntu, mypyc-compiled	20m 1s
mypyc runtime tests with py39-macos	5m 9s
mypyc runtime tests with py38-debug-build-ubuntu	5m 32s
Type check our own code (py38-ubuntu)	1m 52s
Type check our own code (py38-windows-64)	2m 47s
Formatting and code style with Black + ruff	36s
	2h 23m 40s

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