Infer correct types with overloads of Type[Guard | Is]

[sobolevn]

Closes #17579

Consider this as a prototype, because I understand that there might be a lot of extra work to get this right.

However, this does solve this problem in the original issue.

[github-actions]

Diff from mypy_primer, showing the effect of this PR on open source code:

pydantic (https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic)
+ pydantic/v1/json.py:80: error: Argument 1 to "asdict" has incompatible type "type[DataclassInstance] | DataclassInstance"; expected "DataclassInstance"  [arg-type]
- pydantic/v1/json.py:80: error: No overload variant of "asdict" matches argument type "type[DataclassInstance]"  [call-overload]
- pydantic/v1/json.py:80: note: Possible overload variants:
- pydantic/v1/json.py:80: note:     def asdict(obj: DataclassInstance) -> dict[str, Any]
- pydantic/v1/json.py:80: note:     def [_T] asdict(obj: DataclassInstance, *, dict_factory: Callable[[list[tuple[str, Any]]], _T]) -> _T

koda-validate (https://github.com/keithasaurus/koda-validate)
+ koda_validate/typehints.py:119: error: Argument 1 to "DataclassValidator" has incompatible type "type[DataclassInstance] | DataclassInstance"; expected "type[Any]"  [arg-type]
+ koda_validate/signature.py:81: error: Argument 1 to "DataclassValidator" has incompatible type "type[DataclassInstance] | DataclassInstance"; expected "type[Any]"  [arg-type]
+ koda_validate/signature.py:81: error: Argument 1 to "dataclass_no_coerce" has incompatible type "type[DataclassInstance] | DataclassInstance"; expected "type[DataclassInstance]"  [arg-type]

pytest (https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest)
+ src/_pytest/_io/pprint.py:114: error: Unused "type: ignore" comment  [unused-ignore]
+ src/_pytest/_io/pprint.py:116: error: "DataclassInstance" has no attribute "__dataclass_params__"  [attr-defined]
+ src/_pytest/_io/pprint.py:122: error: Unused "type: ignore" comment  [unused-ignore]

discord.py (https://github.com/Rapptz/discord.py)
- discord/ui/select.py:1072: error: "Callable[[V, Interaction[Any], BaseSelectT], Coroutine[Any, Any, Any]]" has no attribute "__discord_ui_model_type__"  [attr-defined]
+ discord/ui/select.py:1072: error: Item "function" of "Callable[[V, Interaction[Any], BaseSelectT], CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]] | Callable[..., CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]]" has no attribute "__discord_ui_model_type__"  [union-attr]
- discord/ui/select.py:1073: error: "Callable[[V, Interaction[Any], BaseSelectT], Coroutine[Any, Any, Any]]" has no attribute "__discord_ui_model_kwargs__"  [attr-defined]
+ discord/ui/select.py:1073: error: Item "function" of "Callable[[V, Interaction[Any], BaseSelectT], CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]] | Callable[..., CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]]" has no attribute "__discord_ui_model_kwargs__"  [union-attr]
- discord/ui/select.py:1082: error: "Callable[[V, Interaction[Any], BaseSelectT], Coroutine[Any, Any, Any]]" has no attribute "__discord_ui_model_kwargs__"  [attr-defined]
+ discord/ui/select.py:1082: error: Item "function" of "Callable[[V, Interaction[Any], BaseSelectT], CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]] | Callable[..., CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]]" has no attribute "__discord_ui_model_kwargs__"  [union-attr]
- discord/ui/select.py:1084: error: "Callable[[V, Interaction[Any], BaseSelectT], Coroutine[Any, Any, Any]]" has no attribute "__discord_ui_model_kwargs__"  [attr-defined]
+ discord/ui/select.py:1084: error: Item "function" of "Callable[[V, Interaction[Any], BaseSelectT], CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]] | Callable[..., CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]]" has no attribute "__discord_ui_model_kwargs__"  [union-attr]
- discord/ui/select.py:1100: error: "Callable[[V, Interaction[Any], BaseSelectT], Coroutine[Any, Any, Any]]" has no attribute "__discord_ui_model_kwargs__"  [attr-defined]
+ discord/ui/select.py:1100: error: Item "function" of "Callable[[V, Interaction[Any], BaseSelectT], CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]] | Callable[..., CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]]" has no attribute "__discord_ui_model_kwargs__"  [union-attr]
+ discord/ext/tasks/__init__.py:626: error: Incompatible return value type (got "Callable[[Any, BaseException], CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]] | Callable[..., CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]]", expected "ET")  [return-value]

hydra-zen (https://github.com/mit-ll-responsible-ai/hydra-zen)
- src/hydra_zen/structured_configs/_implementations.py:1130: note:     def [R, P`3934] builds(cls, type[BuildsWithSig[type[R], P]], /, *, zen_partial: Literal[False] | None = ..., populate_full_signature: Literal[True], zen_wrappers: Builds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | ZenPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | HydraPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | Just[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | type[Builds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[ZenPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[HydraPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[Just[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]] | str | None | Sequence[Builds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | ZenPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | HydraPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | Just[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | type[Builds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[ZenPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[HydraPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[Just[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]] | str | None] = ..., zen_meta: Mapping[str, SupportedPrimitive] | None = ..., hydra_recursive: bool | None = ..., hydra_convert: Literal['none', 'partial', 'all', 'object'] | None = ..., hydra_defaults: list[str | DataClass_ | type[DataClass_] | Mapping[str, str | Sequence[str] | None]] | None = ..., dataclass_name: str | None = ..., builds_bases: tuple[()] = ..., zen_dataclass: DataclassOptions | None = ..., frozen: bool = ..., zen_convert: ZenConvert | None = ...) -> type[BuildsWithSig[type[R], P]]
+ src/hydra_zen/structured_configs/_implementations.py:1130: note:     def [R, P`3937] builds(cls, type[BuildsWithSig[type[R], P]], /, *, zen_partial: Literal[False] | None = ..., populate_full_signature: Literal[True], zen_wrappers: Builds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | ZenPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | HydraPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | Just[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | type[Builds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[ZenPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[HydraPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[Just[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]] | str | None | Sequence[Builds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | ZenPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | HydraPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | Just[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | type[Builds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[ZenPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[HydraPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[Just[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]] | str | None] = ..., zen_meta: Mapping[str, SupportedPrimitive] | None = ..., hydra_recursive: bool | None = ..., hydra_convert: Literal['none', 'partial', 'all', 'object'] | None = ..., hydra_defaults: list[str | DataClass_ | type[DataClass_] | Mapping[str, str | Sequence[str] | None]] | None = ..., dataclass_name: str | None = ..., builds_bases: tuple[()] = ..., zen_dataclass: DataclassOptions | None = ..., frozen: bool = ..., zen_convert: ZenConvert | None = ...) -> type[BuildsWithSig[type[R], P]]
- src/hydra_zen/structured_configs/_implementations.py:1130: note:     def [P`3936, R] builds(cls, Callable[P, R], /, *, zen_partial: Literal[False] | None = ..., populate_full_signature: Literal[True], zen_wrappers: Builds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | ZenPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | HydraPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | Just[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | type[Builds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[ZenPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[HydraPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[Just[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]] | str | None | Sequence[Builds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | ZenPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | HydraPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | Just[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | type[Builds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[ZenPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[HydraPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[Just[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]] | str | None] = ..., zen_meta: Mapping[str, SupportedPrimitive] | None = ..., hydra_recursive: bool | None = ..., hydra_convert: Literal['none', 'partial', 'all', 'object'] | None = ..., hydra_defaults: list[str | DataClass_ | type[DataClass_] | Mapping[str, str | Sequence[str] | None]] | None = ..., dataclass_name: str | None = ..., builds_bases: tuple[()] = ..., zen_dataclass: DataclassOptions | None = ..., frozen: bool = ..., zen_convert: ZenConvert | None = ...) -> type[BuildsWithSig[type[R], P]]
+ src/hydra_zen/structured_configs/_implementations.py:1130: note:     def [P`3939, R] builds(cls, Callable[P, R], /, *, zen_partial: Literal[False] | None = ..., populate_full_signature: Literal[True], zen_wrappers: Builds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | ZenPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | HydraPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | Just[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | type[Builds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[ZenPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[HydraPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[Just[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]] | str | None | Sequence[Builds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | ZenPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | HydraPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | Just[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]] | type[Builds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[ZenPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[HydraPartialBuilds[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | type[Just[Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]]]] | Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], Callable[..., Any]] | str | None] = ..., zen_meta: Mapping[str, SupportedPrimitive] | None = ..., hydra_recursive: bool | None = ..., hydra_convert: Literal['none', 'partial', 'all', 'object'] | None = ..., hydra_defaults: list[str | DataClass_ | type[DataClass_] | Mapping[str, str | Sequence[str] | None]] | None = ..., dataclass_name: str | None = ..., builds_bases: tuple[()] = ..., zen_dataclass: DataclassOptions | None = ..., frozen: bool = ..., zen_convert: ZenConvert | None = ...) -> type[BuildsWithSig[type[R], P]]

... (truncated 2 lines) ...

core (https://github.com/home-assistant/core)
+ homeassistant/util/frozen_dataclass_compat.py:114: error: Argument 1 to "__new__" of "object" has incompatible type "type[DataclassInstance] | DataclassInstance"; expected "type[DataclassInstance]"  [arg-type]

steam.py (https://github.com/Gobot1234/steam.py)
- steam/ext/commands/commands.py:331: error: Incompatible types in assignment (expression has type "InvokeT", variable has type "None")  [assignment]
- steam/ext/commands/commands.py:339: error: Incompatible types in assignment (expression has type "InvokeT", variable has type "None")  [assignment]
+ steam/ext/commands/commands.py:324: error: Incompatible return value type (got "Callable[[VarArg(Any), KwArg(Any)], CoroutineType[Any, Any, None]] | Callable[[VarArg(Any), KwArg(Any)], CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]]", expected "ErrT")  [return-value]
+ steam/ext/commands/commands.py:331: error: Incompatible types in assignment (expression has type "Callable[[VarArg(Any), KwArg(Any)], CoroutineType[Any, Any, None]] | Callable[[VarArg(Any), KwArg(Any)], CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]]", variable has type "None")  [assignment]
+ steam/ext/commands/commands.py:332: error: Incompatible return value type (got "Callable[[VarArg(Any), KwArg(Any)], CoroutineType[Any, Any, None]] | Callable[[VarArg(Any), KwArg(Any)], CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]]", expected "InvokeT")  [return-value]
+ steam/ext/commands/commands.py:339: error: Incompatible types in assignment (expression has type "Callable[[VarArg(Any), KwArg(Any)], CoroutineType[Any, Any, None]] | Callable[[VarArg(Any), KwArg(Any)], CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]]", variable has type "None")  [assignment]
+ steam/ext/commands/commands.py:340: error: Incompatible return value type (got "Callable[[VarArg(Any), KwArg(Any)], CoroutineType[Any, Any, None]] | Callable[[VarArg(Any), KwArg(Any)], CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]]", expected "InvokeT")  [return-value]
- steam/ext/commands/help.py:138: note:          ErrT
+ steam/ext/commands/help.py:138: note:          Callable[[VarArg(Any), KwArg(Any)], CoroutineType[Any, Any, None]] | Callable[[VarArg(Any), KwArg(Any)], CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]]
+ steam/ext/commands/cog.py:180: error: Incompatible return value type (got "Callable[[Any, VarArg(Any), KwArg(Any)], CoroutineType[Any, Any, None]] | Callable[[Any, VarArg(Any), KwArg(Any)], CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]]", expected "F")  [return-value]
- steam/ext/commands/bot.py:467: error: Incompatible types in assignment (expression has type "BotInvokeT", variable has type "None")  [assignment]
- steam/ext/commands/bot.py:475: error: Incompatible types in assignment (expression has type "BotInvokeT", variable has type "None")  [assignment]
+ steam/ext/commands/bot.py:467: error: Incompatible types in assignment (expression has type "Callable[[Context[Any]], CoroutineType[Any, Any, None]] | Callable[[Context[Any]], CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]] | Callable[..., CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]]", variable has type "None")  [assignment]
+ steam/ext/commands/bot.py:468: error: Incompatible return value type (got "Callable[[Context[Any]], CoroutineType[Any, Any, None]] | Callable[[Context[Any]], CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]] | Callable[..., CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]]", expected "BotInvokeT")  [return-value]
+ steam/ext/commands/bot.py:475: error: Incompatible types in assignment (expression has type "Callable[[Context[Any]], CoroutineType[Any, Any, None]] | Callable[[Context[Any]], CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]] | Callable[..., CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]]", variable has type "None")  [assignment]
+ steam/ext/commands/bot.py:476: error: Incompatible return value type (got "Callable[[Context[Any]], CoroutineType[Any, Any, None]] | Callable[[Context[Any]], CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]] | Callable[..., CoroutineType[Any, Any, Any]]", expected "BotInvokeT")  [return-value]

xarray-dataclasses (https://github.com/astropenguin/xarray-dataclasses)
- xarray_dataclasses/typing.py:300: error: Unused "type: ignore" comment  [unused-ignore]