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perf(kv_index): fewer shared-memory writes and walks per routed request - #2766

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Description

Problem

Every request through the cache-aware policy walks a radix tree, and the walk did shared-memory writes on every matched node: the token tree took a GLOBAL_TIMESTAMP fetch_add per node on the match and again per node on the insert replay, and stamped the tenant with a read-locked contains_key followed by a write-locked get_mut, each a SipHash lookup; both trees cloned the node Arc twice per level. The string tree walked the matched prefix twice per node (byte compare, then advance_by_chars) and counted the request's characters in the tree and again in the policy closure. On the event-driven path, the per-request "is the indexer empty" check summed about 2048 atomics, the monitor lock and indexer lookup were taken twice, and each block's content hash built a seeded Xxh3 (a 192-byte secret derivation) and fed it 4 bytes at a time.

Solution

  • Token tree: one LRU stamp per request (every node the request touches gets the same value, which orders it after every earlier request and before every later one, the only property eviction needs); touch_any_tenant finds and stamps the node's tenant in one write-locked lookup; one Arc clone per node, with the path indexed instead of re-cloned; the insert replay skips the touch on nodes the match just stamped with the inserting tenant, after a read-locked check that the tenant is still attached (an eviction in between falls through to the normal re-attach and credit), and still counts the LFU hit; tenant maps and the intern pool use FxHash (tenant ids are operator-controlled worker URLs, hashed on every lookup; map order was already arbitrary under the randomly seeded default hasher). Other entry points (insert_tokens, match_prefix_with_counts, match_and_insert) keep a per-call stamp.
  • String tree: shared_prefix_len returns chars and bytes, so the second walk is gone; one Arc clone per node; the input length is consumed chars plus the unmatched tail instead of a chars().count(), and select_worker_with_text reuses that count; read-first attach on the replay; FxHash as above.
  • Event path: TreeSizes keeps a running total maintained by add/sub/sub_saturating/reset, so the per-request check is one load; event_index_for resolves indexer and block size under one monitor lock for both the check and select_worker_event_driven; compute_content_hash hashes the block's little-endian bytes one-shot from a stack buffer (heap above 256 tokens). A test pins the one-shot digest against the previous streaming hasher for every length from 0 to 300 tokens, so hashes still match the worker-reported ones.

Routing results, token and character accounting, and eviction order are unchanged. Timestamps within one request are now equal across the touched nodes rather than consecutive; eviction only orders across requests.

Not changed: OverlapScores.tree_sizes (public field, read by tests), the per-request matched_tenants Vec (public type), and eviction policy.

Changes

  • crates/kv_index/src/token_tree.rs: per-request stamp, touch_any_tenant, indexed path, replay skip, FxHash tenant maps.
  • crates/kv_index/src/string_tree.rs: shared_prefix_len, single walk, counted input, FxHash.
  • Both trees: match_and_insert_with is now a thin #[inline] shell over a non-generic match_and_insert_dyn(&mut dyn FnMut), so the fused walk is compiled in kv-index rather than monomorphized into each caller at the caller's opt-level (one indirect call per request; relevant to the per-package override in perf(build): compile the image, tokenizer and routing-tree crates at opt-level 3 #2768).
  • crates/kv_index/src/event_tree.rs: running total in TreeSizes, one-shot content hash, equivalence test.
  • model_gateway/src/policies/cache_aware.rs: EventIndex resolved once per request; reuse the tree's character count.
  • crates/kv_index/benches/match_insert.rs (new): the fused match-and-insert per request on 64 tenants with a 512-token shared prefix and distinct user turns, hit and miss, single-threaded and 8 threads contending.

Test Plan

Micro-benchmark (benches/match_insert.rs, bench profile, this host; same binary on main's code and this branch, run back to back):

Operation main this branch
TokenTree hit (replayed prompt, routed to the matched tenant) 1.09 µs 0.91 µs
TokenTree miss (new turn) 1.60 µs 1.47 µs
TokenTree hit, 8 threads, wall per op 805 ns 638 ns
Tree (string) hit 2.26 µs 1.79 µs
Tree miss 3.93 µs 3.37 µs
Tree hit, 8 threads, wall per op 818 ns 655 ns
compute_request_content_hashes, 576 tokens, block 16 792 ns 562 ns
same, 2048 tokens 2.60 µs 1.76 µs
PositionalIndexer::current_size(), 64 workers 782 ns 0.3 ns

Correctness. cargo test -p kv-index: 239 passed, including the hash-equivalence test, an LFU test that pins per-node hit counts against match_prefix_with_counts + insert_tokens, and a test that removes the tenant from the path between match and replay and checks it is re-attached and re-credited. cargo test -p smg --lib -- cache_aware policies kv_event: 326 passed.

Gates

$ cargo +nightly fmt --all -- --check
(no output)
$ cargo clippy --workspace --all-targets -- -D warnings   # --all-features needs system OpenCV (opencv-video), not installed here
    Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 4m 32s
$ SKIP=clippy pre-commit run --from-ref origin/main --to-ref HEAD   # clippy hook = the --all-features command
12 hooks passed, 0 failed
Checklist
  • cargo +nightly fmt passes
  • cargo clippy --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings passes (see the note on --all-features)
  • (Optional) Documentation updated
  • (Optional) Please join us on Slack #sig-smg to discuss, review, and merge PRs

The cache-aware policy runs one TokenTree or Tree match_and_insert_with
per routed request, and the event-driven path hashes the request's
blocks and checks the indexer's size first. Nothing measured those
request-path costs: throughput_bench covers the PositionalIndexer only
and the gateway's radix_tree_benchmark drives the legacy match API.

match_insert.rs replays a warm tree of 64 tenants sharing a 512-token
(2 KiB) system prompt with one user turn each: a hit routed to its
matched tenant, a never-seen turn, the hit path on eight threads against
one tree (wall time per operation), the request content hashes for 576
and 2048 tokens at block size 16, and current_size() with 64 workers.

Signed-off-by: Simo Lin <25425177+slin1237@users.noreply.github.com>
…node

match_and_insert_with did, on every matched node: a global timestamp
fetch_add, a SipHash lookup under a shard read lock to find the node's
tenant, a second SipHash lookup under a shard write lock to stamp it,
and three Arc clones; then the insert replay repeated the timestamp and
the write-locked stamp on every node for the inserting tenant, which on
a cache hit is the tenant the match had just stamped.

Now one timestamp is taken per request and reused: every node the
request touches gets the same stamp, which still orders it after every
earlier request and before every later one, the only property eviction
uses. The match finds and stamps the node's tenant in one write-locked
lookup (touch_any_tenant), the descent clones each node once into the
path and indexes it, the replay skips a node whose stamped tenant is the
inserting tenant (it is attached, so there is nothing to credit), and
the root bookkeeping reads before it takes an entry. The tenant maps and
the intern pool hash with FxHash: keys are operator-controlled worker
URLs hashed on every lookup, and map order was already arbitrary (the
default hasher is randomly seeded per map). Routing results, token
accounting and eviction order are unchanged; the other call sites keep
a per-call timestamp.

benches/match_insert.rs (bench profile), 64 tenants, 512-token shared
prefix, 64-token turns, two alternating runs per side:

                         before        after
  hit                    1.09 us       0.90 us    (-17%)
  miss (new turn)        1.60 us       1.44 us    (-10%)
  hit, 8 threads, wall   805 ns        633 ns     (-21%)

Signed-off-by: Simo Lin <25425177+slin1237@users.noreply.github.com>
Per matched node, match_and_insert_with compared the shared prefix,
then walked it again in advance_by_chars (an is_ascii pass over the
same bytes), and cloned the node three times (path, current, the
resolving node). After the walk it counted the whole input with
text.chars().count(); the policy's closure counted the same text again.
On the insert replay, attach_tenant_if_absent took a write-locked entry
with an Arc clone on every ancestor, including the common case where the
tenant was already attached, and the root bookkeeping did the same.

Now shared_prefix_len returns the common prefix in chars and bytes so
the descent slices past it directly; each node is cloned once into the
path and indexed from there; the input length is the consumed chars
plus the unmatched tail, which on a replayed prompt is empty; the
closure reuses the count the match result already carries; the replay
reads before it attaches; and the tenant maps and intern pool hash with
FxHash (operator-controlled worker URLs, map order already arbitrary).
Routing results, char accounting and eviction order are unchanged.

benches/match_insert.rs (bench profile), 64 tenants, 2 KiB shared
prefix, 256-char turns:

                         before        after
  hit                    2.26 us       1.79 us    (-21%)
  miss (new turn)        3.93 us       3.37 us    (-14%)
  hit, 8 threads, wall   818 ns        655 ns     (-20%)

Signed-off-by: Simo Lin <25425177+slin1237@users.noreply.github.com>
…h blocks one-shot

Before taking the event-driven path the policy asked the indexer whether
it holds anything; current_size() answered by summing every allocated
per-worker slot, 2048 atomics at minimum, on every request. It then
locked the KV monitor and looked the indexer up a second time inside
the selection. TreeSizes now carries a running total moved in step with
every slot update (add, sub, saturating sub, reset), so the check is one
load, and event_index_for resolves indexer and block size once for both
the check and the selection.

compute_content_hash built a seeded streaming XXH3 per block, which
derives a secret before it sees a byte, then fed it four bytes at a
time. It now hashes the block's little-endian bytes in one shot from a
stack buffer (heap only above 256 tokens). The digest is bit-identical,
which matters because workers report hashes computed the old way; a
test pins the two implementations against each other for every block
length from 0 to 300 tokens.

benches/match_insert.rs (bench profile):

                                          before     after
  content hashes, 576 tokens, block 16    792 ns     562 ns   (-29%)
  content hashes, 2048 tokens, block 16   2.60 us    1.76 us  (-32%)
  current_size(), 64 workers              782 ns     0.3 ns

Signed-off-by: Simo Lin <25425177+slin1237@users.noreply.github.com>
@github-actions github-actions Bot added dependencies Dependency updates model-gateway Model gateway crate changes kv-index KV index crate changes labels Oct 4, 2026
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📝 Summary

Summary by CodeRabbit

  • Performance

    • Improved token and text matching, including partial matches and requests involving multiple tenants.
    • Reduced overhead in content-hash generation and index size tracking.
    • Improved tenant tracking during matching and insertion for more consistent index updates.
  • Bug Fixes

    • Cache-aware routing now uses marker-adjusted input length when calculating request units.

Walkthrough

This pull request updates token-tree and string-tree match-and-insert paths, event-tree content hashing and size accounting, and cache-aware event selection. It also adds Criterion benchmarks for tree matching and event-index operations.

Changes

KV index and event paths

Layer / File(s) Summary
Token-tree match and insert
crates/kv_index/src/token_tree.rs
Tenant maps use FxBuildHasher. Match-and-insert records traversed nodes and a request timestamp, then replays insertion over the recorded path. Tests compare LFU hit counts and token counts with two-pass matching and insertion, including reattachment after eviction during selection.
String-tree match and insert
crates/kv_index/src/string_tree.rs
Tenant maps use FxBuildHasher. Prefix matching tracks character and byte lengths, and match-and-insert uses indexed path nodes and a precomputed input character count.
Event hashing and size accounting
crates/kv_index/src/event_tree.rs
Content hashing uses one-shot XXH3 over little-endian token bytes. TreeSizes maintains an atomic aggregate, and tests compare the new hash with the former implementation.
Cache-aware event selection
model_gateway/src/policies/cache_aware.rs
Event-index lookup resolves the indexer and block size before event-driven selection. String-tree candidate handling uses the marker-adjusted input character count.
Match and event-path benchmarks
crates/kv_index/Cargo.toml, crates/kv_index/benches/match_insert.rs
A Criterion target benchmarks token-tree and string-tree hit and miss paths, multi-threaded hits, content-hash generation, and index size. Workload helpers prepare tree and indexer state.

Priority: ➖ Normal

Estimated code review effort: 4 (Complex) | ~45 minutes

Change: Refactor

Merge Risk: ⚪ Minimal · up to 88cfc

The reported tenant-stamping race is fixed at the reviewed head. No actionable issue remains before merge, subject to normal checks.

🚥 Pre-merge checks | ✅ 4 | ❌ 1

❌ Failed checks (1 warning)

Check name Status Explanation Resolution
Docstring Coverage ⚠️ Warning Docstring coverage is 72.22% which is insufficient. The required threshold is 80.00%. Docstring coverage is scoped to functions touched by this diff. Analyzed 54 functions across 5 files. Write docstrings for the functions missing them to satisfy the coverage threshold.
✅ Passed checks (4 passed)
Check name Status Explanation
Title check ✅ Passed The title clearly summarizes the main performance improvements to shared-memory writes and tree walks per routed request.
Description check ✅ Passed The description explains the performance problems, the changes, benchmark results, and validation relevant to this pull request.
Linked Issues check ✅ Passed Check skipped because no linked issues were found for this pull request.
Out of Scope Changes check ✅ Passed Check skipped because no linked issues were found for this pull request.
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coderabbitai Bot requested review from CatherineSue and key4ng October 4, 2026 23:02
Comment thread crates/kv_index/src/token_tree.rs Outdated

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Actionable comments posted: 1


  • 🪄 Fix CodeRabbit comments on this PR
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Inline comments:
Review comments at @crates/kv_index/src/token_tree.rs:
- Around line 1400-1406: Update the replay loop over path to process every node
and remove the matched-tenant skip; ensure each node reaches touch_tenant so
ownership can be restored and its length credited.

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  • crates/kv_index/src/string_tree.rs
  • crates/kv_index/src/token_tree.rs
  • model_gateway/src/policies/cache_aware.rs

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Comment thread crates/kv_index/src/token_tree.rs
…ipping its replay touch

The insert replay in match_and_insert_with skipped every path node whose
match-time stamp was the inserting tenant. Two things slipped through
that skip. If an eviction removed the tenant from a shared node between
the match and the replay, the node was neither re-attached nor credited
to tokens_added, where the two-pass version's insert re-walk would have
done both. And under EvictionPolicy::Lfu the skipped touch_tenant was
one of the two hits a full-match node collects per request, so a request
routed back to the tenant it matched counted one hit while a request
routed elsewhere still counted two.

Keep the skip, but only after a read-locked contains_key confirms the
tenant is still on the node; count the owed LFU hit there. If the tenant
is gone, fall through to touch_tenant, which re-attaches and credits the
node as before. An eviction that lands after the check is
indistinguishable from one that lands right after the request returns.

Tests: under LFU, a hit routed to the matched tenant and one routed
elsewhere leave the same hit counts and tenant token counts as
match_prefix_with_counts followed by insert_tokens on a second tree; a
tenant stripped from the tree inside the select closure (between match
and replay) is re-attached on every path node and re-credited.

benches/match_insert, TokenTree (before the PR / PR / now):
  hit             1.09 us / 0.90 us / 0.91 us
  miss            1.60 us / 1.44 us / 1.47 us
  hit, 8 threads   805 ns /  633 ns /  638 ns

Signed-off-by: Simo Lin <25425177+slin1237@users.noreply.github.com>
Comment thread crates/kv_index/src/token_tree.rs Outdated
…hization

TokenTree::match_and_insert_with and Tree::match_and_insert_with are
generic over the select closure, so the whole fused descent (child-map
probes, compare loop, insert replay) was instantiated inside each
calling crate and compiled at that crate's optimization level. The
gateway builds at opt-level "z"; a per-package override for kv-index
would never have reached the request-path walk, and the in-crate bench
measured a build the gateway does not run.

The generic method is now an #[inline] shell that hands the closure to
a non-generic match_and_insert_dyn taking
&mut dyn FnMut(&PrefixMatchResult) -> Option<&str>; the FnOnce bound of
the public API is unchanged (an Option carries it through the FnMut
interface, and the walk calls it once). One indirect call per request,
and the walk is compiled once, in this crate. No other per-request entry
point in either tree is generic.

Behaviour is identical; the existing fused-path tests cover both trees.
The in-crate bench cannot see the difference (bench and library share
one profile); its numbers moved within the noise of the shared host.

Signed-off-by: Simo Lin <25425177+slin1237@users.noreply.github.com>
@slin1237

slin1237 commented Oct 4, 2026

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Two follow-up commits on top of the reviewed head: 32f2319 (the replay-skip fix discussed in the threads above, with the two new tests) and 8a39b57, which makes both trees' match_and_insert_with a thin #[inline] shell over a non-generic match_and_insert_dyn(&mut dyn FnMut). The second one comes from a review note on #2768: generic functions are instantiated in the calling crate at that crate's opt-level, so with the walk generic over the select closure the kv-index override there could not reach the per-request descent. One indirect call per request; results identical; cargo test -p kv-index 239 passed, the 326 cache-aware/policy/kv-event gateway tests pass, clippy and fmt clean.

…stamped

The test removed and re-routed to "w1", but both tenants own the path
node and the match stamps whichever one touch_any_tenant picks: the
node's cached last_tenant, written only when the request's timestamp is
a multiple of 16 on a counter other tests advance, or else the first
tenant in map order. When it picked w2 the replay fell through to
touch_tenant regardless of the attachment guard, and the test passed
with the guard removed.

Route to matched.tenant instead: remove that tenant inside the select
closure, record which one it was, and assert re-attachment and credit
on it and the other tenant's state by name. The sequence lives in one
node, asserted, so the stamped tenant is exactly matched.tenant. With
the contains_key guard removed the test now fails on every run; with it
it passes on every run.

The LFU test is unaffected: only w1 owns the path until the second
request's replay attaches w2, so its match always stamps w1.

Signed-off-by: Simo Lin <25425177+slin1237@users.noreply.github.com>

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⚠️ Outside diff range comments (1)

🟡 Minor · Do not return a tenant when the stamp fails. · token_tree.rs:357-360

crates/kv_index/src/token_tree.rs:357-360
🎯 Functional Correctness | 🟡 Minor | ⚡ Quick win

Do not return a tenant when the stamp fails.

If eviction removes the tenant after the iterator selects it, get_mut returns None. This branch still returns Some(tenant), so the fused match can report a tenant that it did not stamp. The separate match path calls touch_tenant after selection and reattaches that tenant. Retry selection or reattach the selected tenant when get_mut fails.

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Review comment at @crates/kv_index/src/token_tree.rs around lines 357 - 360:
Update the tenant-selection branch around tenant_last_access_time.get_mut so it
returns Some(tenant) only after successfully stamping the tenant. If the stamp
is missing, retry selection or reattach the selected tenant using the existing
touch_tenant path.

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Outside diff comments:
Review comments at @crates/kv_index/src/token_tree.rs:
- Around line 357-360: Update the tenant-selection branch around
tenant_last_access_time.get_mut so it returns Some(tenant) only after
successfully stamping the tenant. If the stamp is missing, retry selection or
reattach the selected tenant using the existing touch_tenant path.

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Node::touch_any_tenant's fallback took the first tenant from a read
iteration, dropped that guard, and stamped it with a separate get_mut.
An eviction between the two could remove the pick; the stamp then
failed silently and the function still returned the tenant, so the
fused match could report, route to and list in matched_tenants a tenant
that no longer owned the node. The two-call version it replaced
(get_any_tenant then touch_tenant) re-attached the evicted tenant via
entry() instead, which was not right either: a match restoring
ownership that eviction had just taken away, with no token credit.

Pick and stamp through one iter_mut entry: the first tenant in map
order is stamped under the shard's write guard, so a returned tenant is
always one this call stamped, and None still means no tenant owns the
node. The cached last_tenant fast path already required its stamp to
succeed and is unchanged.

The string tree has no such helper: its match resolves the tenant
read-only and stamps through insert, untouched here.

Test on the node directly: the cached tenant is stamped when attached;
an evicted cached tenant is skipped for an attached one, which is
stamped and becomes the cached pick, without re-attaching the evicted
one; with two owners and no cache, evicting whichever iterates first
makes the other the stamped pick; with every owner evicted the result
is None and nothing is attached.

Signed-off-by: Simo Lin <25425177+slin1237@users.noreply.github.com>

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