ACSC

Automatic extrinsic calibration for non-repetitive scanning solid-state LiDAR and camera systems.

System Architecture

1. Dependency

Tested with Ubuntu 16.04 64-bit and Ubuntu 18.04 64-bit.

• ROS (tested with kinetic / melodic)

• Eigen 3.2.5

• PCL 1.8

• python 2.X / 3.X

• python-pcl

• opencv-python (>= 4.0)

• scipy

• scikit-learn

• transforms3d

• pyyaml

• mayavi (optional, for debug and visualization only)

2. Preparation

2.1 Download and installation

Use the following commands to download this repo.

Notice: the SUBMODULE should also be cloned.

git clone --recurse-submodules https://github.com/HViktorTsoi/ACSC

Compile and install the normal-diff segmentation extension.

cd /path/to/your/ACSC/segmentation

python setup.py install

We developed a practical ROS tool to achieve convenient calibration data collection, which can automatically organize the data into the format in 3.1. We strongly recommend that you use this tool to simplify the calibration process.

It's ok if you don't have ROS or don't use the provided tool, just manually process the images and point clouds into 3.1's format.

First enter the directory of the collection tool and run the following command:

cd /path/to/your/ACSC/ros/livox_calibration_ws

catkin_make

source ./devel/setup.zsh # or source ./devel/setup.sh

File explanation

• ros/: The data collection tool directory (A ros workspace);

• configs/: The directory used to store configuration files;

• calibration.py: The main code for solving extrinsic parameters;

• projection_validation.py: The code for visualization and verification of calibration results;

• utils.py: utilities.

2.2 Preparing the calibration board

We use a common checkerboard as the calibration target.

Notice, to ensure the success rate of calibration, it is best to meet the following requirement, when making and placing the calibration board:

1. The size of the black/white square in the checkerboard should be >= 8cm;

2. The checkerboard should be printed out on white paper, and pasted on a rectangular surface that will not deform;

3. There are not supposed to be extra white borders around the checkerboard;

4. The checkerboard should be placed on a thin monopod, or suspended in the air with a thin wire. And during the calibration process, the support should be as stable as possible (Due to the need for point cloud integration);

5. When placing the checkerboard on the base, the lower edge of the board should be parallel to the ground;

6. There are not supposed to be obstructions within 3m of the radius of the calibration board.

Checkerboard placement

Sensor setup

3. Extrinsic Calibration

3.1 Data format

The images and LiDAR point clouds data need to be organized into the following format:

|- data_root
|-- images
|---- 000000.png
|---- 000001.png
|---- ......
|-- pcds
|---- 000000.npy
|---- 000001.npy
|---- ......
|-- distortion
|-- intrinsic

Among them, the images directory contains images containing checkerboard at different placements, recorded by the camera ;

The pcds directory contains point clouds corresponding to the images, each point cloud is a numpy array, with the shape of N x 4, and each row is the x, y, z and reflectance information of the point;

The distortion and intrinsic are the distortion parameters and intrinsic parameters of the camera respectively (will be described in detail in 3.3).

Sample Data

The sample solid state LiDAR point clouds, images and camera intrinsic data can be downloaded (375.6 MB) on:

Google Drive | BaiduPan (Code: dge4)

If you are testing with the provided sample data, you can directly jump to 3.4.

3.2 Data collection for your own sensors

First, make sure you can receive data topics from the the Livox LiDAR ( sensor_msgs.PointCloud2 ) and Camera ( sensor_msgs.Image );

Run the launch file of the data collection tool:

mkdir /tmp/data

cd /path/to/your/ACSC/ros/livox_calibration_ws
source ./devel/setup.zsh # or source ./devel/setup.sh

roslaunch calibration_data_collection lidar_camera_calibration.launch \                                                                                
config-path:=/home/hvt/Code/livox_camera_calibration/configs/data_collection.yaml \
image-topic:=/camera/image_raw \
lidar-topic:=/livox/lidar \
saving-path:=/tmp/data

Here, config-path is the path of the configuration file, usually we use configs/data_collection.yaml, and leave it as default;

The image-topic and lidar-topic are the topic names that we receive camera images and LiDAR point clouds, respectively;

The saving-path is the directory where the calibration data is temporarily stored.

After launching, you should be able to see the following two interfaces, which are the real-time camera image, and the birdeye projection of LiDAR.

If any of these two interfaces is not displayed properly, please check yourimage-topic and lidar-topic to see if the data can be received normally.

Place the checkerboard, observe the position of the checkerboard on the LiDAR birdeye view interface, to ensure that it is within the FOVof the LiDAR and the camera.

Then, press <Enter> to record the data; you need to wait for a few seconds, after the point cloud is collected and integrated, and the screen prompts that the data recording is complete, change the position of the checkerboard and continue to record the next set of data.

To ensure the robustness of the calibration results, the placement of the checkerboard should meet the following requirement:

1. The checkerboard should be at least 2 meters away from the LiDAR;

2. The checkerboard should be placed in at least 6 positions, which are the left, middle, and right sides of the short distance (about 4m), and the left, middle, and right sides of the long distance (8m);

3. In each position, the calibration plate should have 2~3 different orientations.

When all calibration data is collected, type Ctrl+c in the terminal to close the calibration tool.

At this point, you should be able to see the newly generated data folder named with saving-path that we specified, where images are saved in images, and point clouds are saved in pcds:

3.3 Camera intrinsic parameters

There are many tools for camera intrinsic calibration, here we recommend using the Camera Calibrator App in MATLAB, or the Camera Calibration Tools in ROS, to calibrate the camera intrinsic.

Write the camera intrinsic matrix

fx s x0
0 fy y0
0  0  1

into the intrinsic file under data-root. The format should be as shown below:

Write the camera distortion vector

k1  k2  p1  p2  k3

into the distortion file under data-root. The format should be as shown below:

3.4 Extrinsic Calibration

When you have completed all the steps in 3.1 ~ 3.3, the data-root directory should contain the following content:

If any files are missing, please confirm whether all the steps in 3.1~3.3 are completed.

Modify the calibration configuration file in directory config, here we take sample.yaml as an example:

1. Modify the root under data, to the root directory of data collected in 3.1~3.3. In our example, root should be /tmp/data/1595233229.25;

2. Modify the chessboard parameter under data, change W and H to the number of inner corners of the checkerboard that you use (note that, it is not the number of squares, but the number of inner corners. For instance, for the checkerboard in 2.2, W= 7, H=5); Modify GRID_SIZE to the side length of the squares of the checkerboard (unit is m);

Then, run the extrinsic calibration code:

python calibration.py --config ./configs/sample.yaml

After calibration, the extrinsic parameter matrix will be written into the parameter/extrinsic file under data-root.

4. Validation of result

After extrinsic calibration of step 3, run projection_projection.py to check whether the calibration is accurate:

python projection_validation.py --config ./configs/sample.yaml

It will display the point cloud reprojection to the image with solved extrinsic parameters, the RGB-colorized point cloud, and the visualization of the detected 3D corners reprojected to the image.

Note that, the 3D point cloud colorization results will only be displayed if mayavi is installed.

Reprojection of Livox Horizon Point Cloud

Reprojection Result of Livox Mid100 Point Cloud

Reprojection Result of Livox Mid40 Point Cloud

Colorized Point Cloud

Detected Corners

Appendix

I. Tested sensor combinations

No.	LiDAR	Camera	Chessboard Pattern
1	LIVOX Horizon	MYNTEYE-D 120	7x5, 0.08m
2	LIVOX Horizon	MYNTEYE-D 120	7x5, 0.15m
3	LIVOX Horizon	AVT Mako G-158C	7x5, 0.08m
4	LIVOX Horizon	Pointgrey CM3-U3-31S4C-CS	7x5, 0.08m
5	LIVOX Mid-40	MYNTEYE-D 120	7x5, 0.08m
6	LIVOX Mid-40	MYNTEYE-D 120	7x5, 0.15m
7	LIVOX Mid-40	AVT Mako G-158C	7x5, 0.08m
8	LIVOX Mid-40	Pointgrey CM3-U3-31S4C-CS	7x5, 0.08m
9	LIVOX Mid-100	MYNTEYE-D 120	7x5, 0.08m
10	LIVOX Mid-100	MYNTEYE-D 120	7x5, 0.15m
11	LIVOX Mid-100	AVT Mako G-158C	7x5, 0.08m
12	LIVOX Mid-100	Pointgrey CM3-U3-31S4C-CS	7x5, 0.08m
13	RoboSense ruby	MYNTEYE-D 120	7x5, 0.08m
14	RoboSense ruby	AVT Mako G-158C	7x5, 0.08m
15	RoboSense ruby	Pointgrey CM3-U3-31S4C-CS	7x5, 0.08m
16	RoboSense RS32	MYNTEYE-D 120	7x5, 0.08m
17	RoboSense RS32	AVT Mako G-158C	7x5, 0.08m
18	RoboSense RS32	Pointgrey CM3-U3-31S4C-CS	7x5, 0.08m

II. Paper

ACSC: Automatic Calibration for Non-repetitive Scanning Solid-State LiDAR and Camera Systems

@misc{cui2020acsc,
      title={ACSC: Automatic Calibration for Non-repetitive Scanning Solid-State LiDAR and Camera Systems}, 
      author={Jiahe Cui and Jianwei Niu and Zhenchao Ouyang and Yunxiang He and Dian Liu},
      year={2020},
      eprint={2011.08516},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CV}
}

III. Known Issues

Updating...