alibaba · Pangjiping · Mar 17, 2026 · Mar 14, 2026 · Mar 15, 2026 · Mar 16, 2026
@@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ cd ..
 sleep 10
 
 cd sdks/sandbox/kotlin
-./gradlew publishToMavenLocal
+./gradlew clean publishToMavenLocal --no-build-cache
 cd ../../../
 
 cd sdks/code-interpreter/kotlin
-./gradlew publishToMavenLocal -PuseMavenLocal
+./gradlew clean publishToMavenLocal --no-build-cache -PuseMavenLocal
 cd ../../../
 
 # run Java e2e

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 
 import json
 import logging
+import time
 
 import httpx
 from opensandbox.adapters.converter.event_node import EventNode
@@ -50,6 +51,22 @@
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
+def _normalize_sse_event(event_dict: dict) -> dict:
+    if "type" in event_dict and "timestamp" in event_dict:
+        return event_dict
+    if "code" in event_dict and "message" in event_dict:
+        return {
+            "type": "error",
+            "timestamp": int(time.time() * 1000),
+            "error": {
+                "ename": str(event_dict["code"]),
+                "evalue": str(event_dict["message"]),
+                "traceback": [],
+            },
+        }
+    return event_dict
+
+
 class CodesAdapter(Codes):
     """
     Adapter implementation for code execution service.
@@ -303,7 +320,7 @@ async def run(
                         data = data[5:].strip()
 
                     try:
-                        event_dict = json.loads(data)
+                        event_dict = _normalize_sse_event(json.loads(data))
                         event_node = EventNode(**event_dict)
                         await dispatcher.dispatch(event_node)
                     except json.JSONDecodeError:

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 
 import json
 import logging
+import time
 
 import httpx
 from opensandbox.adapters.converter.event_node import EventNode
@@ -45,6 +46,22 @@
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
+def _normalize_sse_event(event_dict: dict) -> dict:
+    if "type" in event_dict and "timestamp" in event_dict:
+        return event_dict
+    if "code" in event_dict and "message" in event_dict:
+        return {
+            "type": "error",
+            "timestamp": int(time.time() * 1000),
+            "error": {
+                "ename": str(event_dict["code"]),
+                "evalue": str(event_dict["message"]),
+                "traceback": [],
+            },
+        }
+    return event_dict
+
+
 class CodesAdapterSync(CodesSync):
     """
     Synchronous adapter for code execution service.
@@ -263,7 +280,7 @@ def run(
                     if data.startswith("data:"):
                         data = data[5:].strip()
                     try:
-                        event_dict = json.loads(data)
+                        event_dict = _normalize_sse_event(json.loads(data))
                         event_node = EventNode(**event_dict)
                         dispatcher.dispatch(event_node)
                     except json.JSONDecodeError:

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Manage the sandbox lifecycle, including renewal, pausing, and resuming.
 var info = await sandbox.GetInfoAsync();
 Console.WriteLine($"State: {info.Status.State}");
 Console.WriteLine($"Created: {info.CreatedAt}");
-Console.WriteLine($"Expires: {info.ExpiresAt}");
+Console.WriteLine($"Expires: {info.ExpiresAt}"); // null when manual cleanup mode is used
 
 await sandbox.PauseAsync();
 
@@ -80,6 +80,23 @@ var resumed = await sandbox.ResumeAsync();
 await resumed.RenewAsync(30 * 60);
 ```
 
+Create a non-expiring sandbox by setting `ManualCleanup = true`:
+
+```csharp
+var manual = await Sandbox.CreateAsync(new SandboxCreateOptions
+{
+    ConnectionConfig = config,
+    Image = "ubuntu",
+    ManualCleanup = true,
+});
+```
+
+Note: unlike the Python, JavaScript, and Kotlin SDKs, the C# SDK uses an explicit
+`ManualCleanup` flag instead of `TimeoutSeconds = null`. This is intentional:
+`int?` in the current options model cannot reliably distinguish "unset, use the
+default TTL" from "explicitly request manual cleanup" without making the default
+creation path ambiguous.
+
 ### Connect to an Existing Sandbox
 
 Use `ConnectAsync` when you already have a sandbox ID and need a new SDK instance bound to it.
@@ -294,6 +311,9 @@ var sandbox = await Sandbox.CreateAsync(new SandboxCreateOptions
 | `ReadyTimeoutSeconds` | Max time to wait for readiness | 30 seconds |
 | `HealthCheckPollingInterval` | Poll interval while waiting (milliseconds) | 200 ms |
 
+Note: metadata keys under `opensandbox.io/` are reserved for system-managed
+labels and will be rejected by the server.
+
 ```csharp
 var sandbox = await Sandbox.CreateAsync(new SandboxCreateOptions
 {

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ catch (SandboxException ex)
 var info = await sandbox.GetInfoAsync();
 Console.WriteLine($"状态: {info.Status.State}");
 Console.WriteLine($"创建时间: {info.CreatedAt}");
-Console.WriteLine($"过期时间: {info.ExpiresAt}");
+Console.WriteLine($"过期时间: {info.ExpiresAt}"); // 使用手动清理模式时为 null
 
 await sandbox.PauseAsync();
 
@@ -80,6 +80,22 @@ var resumed = await sandbox.ResumeAsync();
 await resumed.RenewAsync(30 * 60);
 ```
 
+通过设置 `ManualCleanup = true` 创建一个不会自动过期的沙箱：
+
+```csharp
+var manual = await Sandbox.CreateAsync(new SandboxCreateOptions
+{
+    ConnectionConfig = config,
+    Image = "ubuntu",
+    ManualCleanup = true,
+});
+```
+
+注意：与 Python、JavaScript、Kotlin SDK 不同，C# SDK 使用显式的
+`ManualCleanup` 开关，而不是 `TimeoutSeconds = null`。这是有意的设计，
+因为在当前的 options 模型里，`int?` 不能稳定地区分“未设置，沿用默认 TTL”
+和“显式请求手动清理”。
+
 ### 2. 自定义健康检查
 
 定义自定义逻辑来确定沙箱是否就绪/健康。
@@ -279,6 +295,8 @@ var sandbox = await Sandbox.CreateAsync(new SandboxCreateOptions
 | `ReadyTimeoutSeconds` | 等待就绪的最大时间 | 30 秒 |
 | `HealthCheckPollingInterval` | 等待时的轮询间隔（毫秒） | 200 ms |
 
+注意：`opensandbox.io/` 前缀下的 metadata key 属于系统保留标签，服务端会拒绝用户传入。
+
 ```csharp
 var sandbox = await Sandbox.CreateAsync(new SandboxCreateOptions
 {

@@ -167,6 +167,11 @@ private static DateTime ParseIsoDate(string fieldName, JsonElement element)
         return date.ToUniversalTime();
     }
 
+    private static DateTime? ParseOptionalIsoDate(string fieldName, JsonElement element)
+    {
+        return element.ValueKind == JsonValueKind.Null ? null : ParseIsoDate(fieldName, element);
+    }
+
     private static SandboxInfo ParseSandboxInfo(JsonElement element)
     {
         var status = element.GetProperty("status");
@@ -193,7 +198,9 @@ private static SandboxInfo ParseSandboxInfo(JsonElement element)
                 Message = status.TryGetProperty("message", out var message) ? message.GetString() : null
             },
             CreatedAt = ParseIsoDate("createdAt", element.GetProperty("createdAt")),
-            ExpiresAt = ParseIsoDate("expiresAt", element.GetProperty("expiresAt"))
+            ExpiresAt = element.TryGetProperty("expiresAt", out var expiresAtElement)
+                ? ParseOptionalIsoDate("expiresAt", expiresAtElement)
+                : null
         };
     }
 
@@ -214,7 +221,9 @@ private static CreateSandboxResponse ParseCreateSandboxResponse(JsonElement elem
                 ? metadata.EnumerateObject().ToDictionary(p => p.Name, p => p.Value.GetString() ?? string.Empty)
                 : null,
             CreatedAt = ParseIsoDate("createdAt", element.GetProperty("createdAt")),
-            ExpiresAt = ParseIsoDate("expiresAt", element.GetProperty("expiresAt")),
+            ExpiresAt = element.TryGetProperty("expiresAt", out var expiresAtElement)
+                ? ParseOptionalIsoDate("expiresAt", expiresAtElement)
+                : null,
             Entrypoint = element.GetProperty("entrypoint").EnumerateArray().Select(e => e.GetString() ?? string.Empty).ToList()
         };
     }

@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ public class SandboxInfo
     /// Gets or sets the sandbox expiration time.
     /// </summary>
     [JsonPropertyName("expiresAt")]
-    public required DateTime ExpiresAt { get; set; }
+    public DateTime? ExpiresAt { get; set; }
 }
 
 /// <summary>
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ public class CreateSandboxRequest
     /// Gets or sets the timeout in seconds.
     /// </summary>
     [JsonPropertyName("timeout")]
-    public required int Timeout { get; set; }
+    public int? Timeout { get; set; }
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets or sets the resource limits.
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ public class CreateSandboxResponse
     /// Gets or sets the sandbox expiration time.
     /// </summary>
     [JsonPropertyName("expiresAt")]
-    public required DateTime ExpiresAt { get; set; }
+    public DateTime? ExpiresAt { get; set; }
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets or sets the sandbox creation time.

@@ -90,6 +90,11 @@ public class SandboxCreateOptions
     /// </summary>
     public int? TimeoutSeconds { get; set; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Gets or sets whether the sandbox should disable automatic expiration and require explicit cleanup.
+    /// </summary>
+    public bool ManualCleanup { get; set; }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Gets or sets whether to skip health checks during creation.
     /// </summary>

@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ public static async Task<Sandbox> CreateAsync(
                 Auth = options.ImageAuth
             },
             Entrypoint = options.Entrypoint ?? Constants.DefaultEntrypoint,
-            Timeout = options.TimeoutSeconds ?? Constants.DefaultTimeoutSeconds,
+            Timeout = options.ManualCleanup ? null : options.TimeoutSeconds ?? Constants.DefaultTimeoutSeconds,
             ResourceLimits = options.Resource ?? Constants.DefaultResourceLimits,
             Env = options.Env,
             Metadata = options.Metadata,

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 using FluentAssertions;
 using OpenSandbox.Adapters;
 using OpenSandbox.Internal;
+using OpenSandbox.Models;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace OpenSandbox.Tests;
@@ -58,6 +59,56 @@ public async Task GetSandboxEndpointAsync_ShouldDefaultUseServerProxyToFalse()
         handler.LastRequestUri!.Query.Should().Contain("use_server_proxy=false");
     }
 
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task GetSandboxAsync_ShouldTreatMissingExpiresAtAsNull()
+    {
+        var payload = """
+        {
+          "id": "sbx-1",
+          "image": { "uri": "python:3.11" },
+          "entrypoint": ["python"],
+          "status": { "state": "Running" },
+          "createdAt": "2026-03-14T12:00:00Z"
+        }
+        """;
+        var adapter = CreateAdapterWithJsonResponse(payload);
+
+        SandboxInfo sandbox = await adapter.GetSandboxAsync("sbx-1");
+
+        sandbox.ExpiresAt.Should().BeNull();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task CreateSandboxAsync_ShouldTreatMissingExpiresAtAsNull()
+    {
+        var payload = """
+        {
+          "id": "sbx-2",
+          "status": { "state": "Pending" },
+          "createdAt": "2026-03-14T12:00:00Z",
+          "entrypoint": ["python"]
+        }
+        """;
+        var adapter = CreateAdapterWithJsonResponse(payload);
+
+        CreateSandboxResponse response = await adapter.CreateSandboxAsync(new CreateSandboxRequest
+        {
+            Image = new ImageSpec { Uri = "python:3.11" },
+            ResourceLimits = new Dictionary<string, string>(),
+            Entrypoint = new List<string> { "python" }
+        });
+
+        response.ExpiresAt.Should().BeNull();
+    }
+
+    private static SandboxesAdapter CreateAdapterWithJsonResponse(string payload)
+    {
+        var handler = new StaticJsonHandler(payload);
+        var client = new HttpClient(handler);
+        var wrapper = new HttpClientWrapper(client, "http://localhost:8080/v1");
+        return new SandboxesAdapter(wrapper);
+    }
+
     private sealed class CaptureHandler : HttpMessageHandler
     {
         public Uri? LastRequestUri { get; private set; }
@@ -73,4 +124,16 @@ protected override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage reques
             return Task.FromResult(response);
         }
     }
+
+    private sealed class StaticJsonHandler(string payload) : HttpMessageHandler
+    {
+        protected override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
+            var response = new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.OK)
+            {
+                Content = new StringContent(payload, Encoding.UTF8, "application/json")
+            };
+            return Task.FromResult(response);
+        }
+    }
 }
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ Manage the sandbox lifecycle, including renewal, pausing, and resuming.
 const info = await sandbox.getInfo();
 console.log("State:", info.status.state);
 console.log("Created:", info.createdAt);
-console.log("Expires:", info.expiresAt);
+console.log("Expires:", info.expiresAt); // null when manual cleanup mode is used
 
 await sandbox.pause();
 
@@ -86,6 +86,16 @@ const resumed = await sandbox.resume();
 await resumed.renew(30 * 60);
 ```
 
+Create a non-expiring sandbox by passing `timeoutSeconds: null`:
+
+```ts
+const manual = await Sandbox.create({
+  connectionConfig: config,
+  image: "ubuntu",
+  timeoutSeconds: null,
+});
+```
+
 ### 2. Custom Health Check
 
 Define custom logic to determine whether the sandbox is ready/healthy. This overrides the default ping check used during readiness checks.
@@ -229,6 +239,9 @@ const config2 = new ConnectionConfig({
 | `readyTimeoutSeconds`        | Max time to wait for readiness                   | 30 seconds                   |
 | `healthCheckPollingInterval` | Poll interval while waiting (milliseconds)       | 200 ms                       |
 
+Note: metadata keys under `opensandbox.io/` are reserved for system-managed
+labels and will be rejected by the server.
+
 ```ts
 const sandbox = await Sandbox.create({
   connectionConfig: config,